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1、 第一講：英語句子成分 一， 什么是句子？ 句子是由詞按照一定的語法結(jié)構(gòu)組成的，是能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整概念的語言單位．句子的第一個(gè)字母必須大寫，結(jié)尾要有．？ ！ （1）I am a teacher. （2）Are you a student? （3）How beautiful the girl is ! 二，句子包括哪些成分？ 現(xiàn)代漢語里一般的句子成分有六種，即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語。英語的基本成分有七種：主語（subject）、謂語（predicate）、表語（predicative）、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）、狀語(adverbial) 和

2、補(bǔ)語（complement）。 三 英語各種成分的基本含義及用法 （一）、主語 主語是全句談?wù)摰闹行脑掝}。我們?cè)谡f一句話的時(shí)候，首先要明確我們講的是“哪個(gè)人”？或者是一件“什么事”？或者是一件“什么物體”，等。這些代表“哪個(gè)人”、“什么事”、“什么物體”等的部分就是句子的主語。? 主語是指句子的某個(gè)部分，它可能是一個(gè)詞，也可能是一個(gè)詞組，還有可能是一個(gè)從句，甚至一句話中會(huì)有幾個(gè)并列的主語等等。所以，英語中很多詞類(或詞組、從句)都可以做主語。另外，英語中還有一種特殊的主語形式叫“形式主語”，例如：It .... that ...句式等。 ?1. Peter is a well-k

3、nown pianist. （名詞作主語） ?2. Two-thirds of the students are boys in our school. ( 數(shù)詞詞組作主語) ?3. He likes reading storybooks. (代詞作主語) ?4. To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure. （不定式短語作主語） ?5. What we shall do next is not yet decided. （從句作主語） ?6. It took us two hours to travel

4、around the city by subway. (It 是形式主語, to travel...部分是真正的主語) 操練1： 請(qǐng)指出下列句中的主語。 1. The teacher with two of her students is walking into the classroom. 2. There is a bird flying in the sky. 3. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. ?（二）、謂語 ? 在明確了主語后，我們?cè)賮碚f謂語。謂語是用來回答、說明、解釋主

5、語“做什么”、“是什么”、“怎么樣”等的部分。英語句子中，除少數(shù)情況外，謂語必須是動(dòng)詞。而且，除了倒裝等特殊情況外，謂語的位置相對(duì)來說是固定的，它總是位于主語的后面。? 1. His parents are teachers. （系動(dòng)詞和表語一起作謂語） 2. We study hard. （行為動(dòng)詞作謂語） 3. We have finished reading the book. （助動(dòng)詞和行為動(dòng)詞一起作謂語） 4. He can speak English. （情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和行為動(dòng)詞一起作謂語） 操練2： 請(qǐng)選出下列句中的謂語。 1. I don't like th

6、e picture on the wall. 2. Do you usually go to school by bus? 3. What I want to tell you is this.????? ?（三）、賓語 ①?gòu)恼Z法角度說，及物動(dòng)詞后面要接賓語 (介詞后也有賓語) 。從意義上來說，賓語是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象、目標(biāo)。賓語是對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)一步說明和解釋。 1. We often help him. （代詞作賓語） 2. He likes to play basketball. （不定式作賓語） 3. We enjoy listening to the music. （

7、動(dòng)名詞短語作賓語） 4. She said? that she felt sick.? （從句做賓語） 操練3： 請(qǐng)?zhí)舫鱿铝芯渲械馁e語。 1. My brother hasn't done his homework. 2. People all over the world speak English. 3. How many new words did you learn last class? ?②分析句子： The sun gives us light and warmth. （us為間接賓語，light and warmth為直接賓語） ?1、間接賓語多指人，直接

8、賓語多指物?？梢詭蓚€(gè)賓語的動(dòng)詞有：bring, give, show, send, pass, tell 等。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面。 2、如果強(qiáng)調(diào)直接賓語，可把直接賓語放在間接賓語的前面，但間接賓語前須加介詞 “to”或“for”。接to的動(dòng)詞有：give, bring, pass, lend, sell, send, show, tell, write等。 Give your mother the letter. ＝Give the letter to your mother. 直接賓語 間接賓語 （接for的動(dòng)詞有：buy, find, c

9、ook, draw, get, sing等。） Can you find me my bag? ＝Can you find my bag for me? 直接賓語 間接賓語 (這正是：人前物后看清楚，換位要加for或to。) 操練4： 請(qǐng)劃出下列句中的直接賓語和間接賓語。 1. Please tell us a story. 2. My father bought a new computer for me last week. 3. Mr. Brown is going to teach us chemistry next term. （四）、賓語補(bǔ)

10、足語? 現(xiàn)在一般認(rèn)為，賓語補(bǔ)足語是對(duì)賓語進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的補(bǔ)充說明。賓語補(bǔ)足語主要與英語及物動(dòng)詞有關(guān)。這個(gè)問題分兩點(diǎn)來說明。 1、 英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞，不但會(huì)涉及到一個(gè)對(duì)象(賓語)，還會(huì)使賓語產(chǎn)生一種結(jié)果。動(dòng)詞引發(fā)賓語的結(jié)果就是賓語補(bǔ)足語。 例如： ① We call him Little Tom. (稱呼的對(duì)象是him, 稱呼的結(jié)果是Little Tom. Little Tom 就是賓語補(bǔ)足語。) ② ?I find smoking bad for health. (find 的對(duì)象是smoking,? 結(jié)論是bad for health.) 2、英語中表示看、聽之類的動(dòng)詞，不僅看到一

11、個(gè)人(賓語)，還會(huì)看到他在做什么事。賓語所做的事也是賓語補(bǔ)足語。例如： I saw a bird in a cage. (看到小鳥在籠子里，“在籠子里”是賓語補(bǔ)足語。) We heard her singing a song. (聽到她在唱歌，“在唱歌”是賓語補(bǔ)足語。) ?（這一類帶賓語補(bǔ)足語動(dòng)詞有：see, hear, notice, watch, feel, observe 等。） 操練5： 請(qǐng)找出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語。 1. We call her Lily sometimes. 2. I saw Jerry get on the bus. 當(dāng)堂檢測(cè) (一).

12、指出下列句子中主語的中心詞 ① The student with a book is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here. ③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. ④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. (二) 選出句中謂語的中心詞 ① I don't like the picture on the wall. A.

13、don't B. like C. picture D. wall ② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer ③ Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus ④ There will be a meeting at t

14、he library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon ⑤ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday. A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework (三) 挑出下列句中的賓語 ① My mother is doing housework. ②I like playing football with you. ③ You must pay

15、 good attention to your pronunciation. ④ How many new words did you learn last class? ⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? (四) 劃出句中的直接賓語和間接賓語 ① Please tell us a story. ② My father bought a new bike for me last week. ③ Mr Li is going to teach us history nex

16、t term. ④ Here is a pen.Give it to Tom. ⑤ Did he leave any message for me? (五) 挑出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語 ① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. ② He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus. ④ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the

17、playground just now? 第一講答案 操練1： 請(qǐng)指出下列句中的主語。 1. The teacher with two of her students is walking into the classroom. 2. There is a bird flying in the sky. 3. The useful dictionary was given by my mo

18、ther last year. 操練2： 請(qǐng)選出下列句中的謂語。 1. I don't like the picture on the wall. 2. Do you usually go to school by bus? 3. What I want to tell you is this.????? 操練3： 請(qǐng)?zhí)舫鱿铝芯渲械馁e語。 1.My mother is doing housework. 2.I like playing football with you. 3. How many new words did you learn last class? 操練4

19、： 請(qǐng)劃出下列句中的直接賓語和間接賓語。 1. Please tell us a story. 2. My father bought a new computer for me last week. 3. Mr. Brown is going to teach us chemistry next term. 操練5： 請(qǐng)找出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語。 1. We call her Lily sometimes. 2. I saw Jerry get on the bus. 當(dāng)堂檢測(cè) (一). 指出下列句子中主語的中心詞 ① The student

20、 with a book is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here. ③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. ④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. (二) 選出句中謂語的中心詞 B A C A C (三) 挑出下列句中的賓語 ① My brother hasn't done his homework. ② P

21、eople all over the world speak English. ③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. ④ How many new words did you learn last class? ⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? (四) 劃出句中的直接賓語和間接賓語 ① Please tell us a story. ② My father bought a new bike for me

22、 last week. ③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term. ④ Here is a pen.Give it to Tom. ⑤ Did he leave any message for me? (五) 挑出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語 ① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. ② He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③ I saw Mr Wang get on the b

23、us. ④ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? 第二講：英語句子成分 （五）、表語 ? 英語有一類動(dòng)詞叫系動(dòng)詞。系動(dòng)詞是側(cè)重于表示人或事物狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)的動(dòng)詞，它沒有明顯的外觀的動(dòng)作形式，例如：be (am/is/are)(是), get(變得), sound(聽起來), look, seem(看起來), feel(感到)等等。與系動(dòng)詞連用的部分叫“系表結(jié)構(gòu)”，“表”就是“表語”的意思。注意：系表結(jié)構(gòu)合起來共同組成謂語，來說明主語的狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)等。例如： ?I am a teacher. (

24、系動(dòng)詞am + 表語 a teacher) ?They are on the playground now. (系動(dòng)詞are + 表語 on the playground.) ?It sounds interesting. (sound為系動(dòng)詞，interesting為表語) 操練6：請(qǐng)劃出下列句中的表語。 1.The leaves have turned yellow. 2. She was the first to learn about it. 3. The old man is feeling better now. 4. The kids are really

25、 interested in joining the chess club.? （六）、定語 ? 定語是修飾名詞或代詞，說明人或事物的狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、數(shù)量等的詞。請(qǐng)記?。憾ㄕZ最關(guān)鍵的一點(diǎn)是，定語是用來修飾、限定人和事物(即名詞)特點(diǎn)的成分。動(dòng)詞不可能有定語，形容詞也沒有。一般情況下，定語可以是一個(gè)詞，也可能是幾個(gè)詞或一個(gè)詞組，也可能是一個(gè)從句(定語從句)。例如：? The black bike is mine. (單個(gè)的詞作定語) The office is ten minutes’ walk from here. (詞組作定語) This is a book which te

26、lls about rocket technology. ?(從句作定語) ? 英語中定語的位置可以在名詞前面，也可以在名詞后面，特別是放在名詞后面的定語，與中文習(xí)慣不同，同學(xué)們要注意分辨清楚。 He works in a shoe factory. This is my book, not your book. Is there anything important in today’s newspaper?? The boy, tired, hungry and thirsty, fell down on the beach. 操練7：請(qǐng)劃出下列句中的定語。 1.

27、What is your family name? 2. The boy in blue is Tom. 3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 4. There are five boys who will play the game. （七）、狀語 狀語用來修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞或副詞．它表示行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，目的，方式，程度． 例如：動(dòng)作在什么時(shí)間發(fā)生，什么地點(diǎn)發(fā)生，什么條件下發(fā)生，為什么目的發(fā)生，等等。一般由副詞，介詞短語，不定式或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語充當(dāng)，也可由從句來充當(dāng)． 狀語的核心是：狀語是修飾動(dòng)詞的，只有動(dòng)詞才有

28、狀語。 一般來說，狀語的位置比較靈活，它可以放在句子的任何位置，可以放在句首、句中或者句末，而不一定是緊跟在動(dòng)詞的前后位置。我們?cè)诜g的時(shí)候，要視具體情況而定。同樣，狀語可以是一個(gè)單詞，也可以是幾個(gè)單詞或詞組，也可以是一個(gè)狀語從句。 例如： ?We often help him. (often 副詞，位置在help 前面。) ?I really don't like the food. (也可以說：I don't like the food really. ) (注意狀語really 的位置。) ?He did his homework carefully at home.

29、(carefully 副詞；at home 是詞組，位置都在did 后面。) ?When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher. (when從句是時(shí)間狀語，在句首；to be...是目的狀語。) 操練8：請(qǐng)劃出下列句中的狀語。 1. Every night he practices playing the piano. 2. We must work hard to pass the exam. 3. She loves the library because she loves books. 利用口訣綜述以上內(nèi)容：主在前、謂在中，賓

30、語、狀語后面沖。短語定語主賓后，形、代定語主賓前。 間賓直賓緊相依，直、間之間to、for連。賓補(bǔ)位于賓語后，地狀常在時(shí)狀前。 （八）同位語 同位語是在名詞或代詞之后,對(duì)其作進(jìn)一步解釋或說明，在語法上處于同等地位。名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、和從句等均可作同位語。如： We students should study hard. (students是we的同位語，都是指同一批‘學(xué)生’） We all are students. (all是we的同位語，都指同樣的‘我們’） The news that we’re having a holiday tomorrow is true.

31、（從句作同位語） 總結(jié)： 按句子成分劃分，此句為： The students? of Class Two? are? seriously reading the book? written by Lu Xun. ?? (主語)? ? (定語)??? (謂語) (狀語)? (謂語)? (賓語)? ?????(定語) 當(dāng)堂檢測(cè) (一) 挑出下列句中的表語 ① The old man was feeling very tired. ② The leaves have turned yellow. ③ Soon They all became interest

32、ed in the subject. (二) 挑出下列句中的定語 ① They use Mr, Mrs with the family name. ② What is your given name? ③ The man downstairs was trying to sleep. (三) 挑出下列句中的狀語 ① Every night he heard the noise upstairs. ② He began to learn English when he was eleven. ③With the medicine box under her arm, M

33、iss Li hurried off. ④The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. （四）指出下列句子中劃線部分的句子成分： 1.Whether we’ll go depend on the weather . 2. People’s standards of living are going up steadily . 3. That was how they were defeated.

34、 4.The nursery takes good care of our children . 5.I’ll return the book to you tomorrow . 6.The woman with a baby in her arms is his other . 7.There are many film that I’d like to see.

35、 （五）單項(xiàng)填空 1 ___ six years since I began to study English. A. It is B. I have been C. There are D. It was 2 It’s very noisy outside. ___ is going on? A. Who B. What C. Which D. Where 3 There must be____ near the factory. A. a

36、book store B. book store C. books store D. books stores 4 The doctor as well as the nurses ___ great concern for the patients. A. show B. shows C. have shown D. are showing 5 Your son must be a clever boy, ___ he? A. is B. isn't C. must

37、 D. mustn't 6 The computer center, ___ last year, is very popular among students in this school. A. open B. opening C. opened D. being opened 7 I ___ go to the shop today, for there is a lot of food at home. A. mustn't B. had to C. can't D. needn'

38、t 8 This room ___ every morning. A. is cleaning B. is cleaned C. cleans D. cleaning 9 Glad to meet you! ___ is your full name? A. What B. Where C. How D. Who 10 He is ___ to lift the heavy box. A. too weak B. weak tooC. enough weak D. weak enough

39、 11 The days are ___ warmer and warmer in spring. A. getting B. looking C. seeming D. going 12 His job is____English. A. teach B. to teach C. taught D. teaches 13 We should get ready___ others. A. helping B. to help C. help

40、 D. help with 14 Let ____ do it again. A. I B. me C. he D. she 15 I found ___ difficult to work together with him. A. it B. its C. that D. those

41、 第二講答案 操練6：請(qǐng)劃出下列句中的表語。 1.The leaves have turned yellow. 2. She was the first to learn about it. 3. The old man is feeling better now. 4. The kids are really interested in joining the chess club.? 操練7：請(qǐng)劃出下列句中的定語。 1. What is your family name? 2. The boy in blue is Tom.

42、 3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 4. There are five boys who will play the game. 操練8：請(qǐng)劃出下列句中的狀語。 1. Every night he practices playing the piano. 2. We must work hard to pass the exam. 3. She loves the library because she loves books. 當(dāng)堂檢測(cè) (一) 挑出下列句中的表語 ① The old man was feeling ver

43、y tired. ④ The leaves have turned yellow. ③ Soon They all became interested in the subject. (二) 挑出下列句中的定語 ① They use Mr, Mrs with the family name. ② What is your given name? ⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep. (三) 挑出下列句中的狀語 ① Every night he heard the noise upstairs. ② He began to

44、 learn English when he was eleven. ③ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. ④ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. （四）指出下列句子中劃線部分的句子成分： 1.Whether we’ll go depend on the weather .（主語） 2. People’s standards of living are going up steadily .（謂語） 3. That w

45、as how they were defeated. （表語） 4.The nursery takes good care of our children . （賓語） 5.I’ll return the book to you tomorrow . （賓語補(bǔ)足語） 6.The woman with a baby in her arms is his other . （狀語） 7.There are many film that I’d like to see. （定語） （五）單項(xiàng)填空 1—5 A B A B B 6---10 C D C A A 11---15 A A B B A 10