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中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法 三大從句匯總

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1、 在英語(yǔ)中,主要有三大從句,即名詞性從句(包括主語(yǔ)從句,賓語(yǔ)從句,表語(yǔ)從句,同位語(yǔ)從句)、形容詞性從句(即定語(yǔ)從句)、副詞性從句(即狀語(yǔ)從句,包括時(shí)間、條件、結(jié)果、目的、原因、讓步、地點(diǎn)、方式等)。 以下是一些基本的從句的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn) A、定語(yǔ)從句專(zhuān)項(xiàng)講解與訓(xùn)練 一、定語(yǔ)從句概念 定語(yǔ)從句(attributive clause),顧名思義,就是一個(gè)句子作定語(yǔ)從屬于主句。定語(yǔ)一般是由形容詞充當(dāng),所以定語(yǔ)從句又稱(chēng)作形容詞從句。另外,定語(yǔ)從句是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的,故又稱(chēng)作關(guān)系從句。 定語(yǔ)從句一般放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞之后,這種名詞或代詞被稱(chēng)作先行

2、詞。請(qǐng)看示例: The woman who lives next door is a teacher. 先行詞 定語(yǔ)從句 在所有的從句中,算定語(yǔ)從句最難掌握,因?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)里沒(méi)有定語(yǔ)從句,漢語(yǔ)里只有定語(yǔ),而且總是放在名詞之前來(lái)修飾名詞。 二、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 關(guān)系代詞代替前面的先行詞,并且在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)句子成分,可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。常見(jiàn)的關(guān)系代詞有:who, that, which。它們的主格、賓格和所有格如下表所示: 格 先行詞 主格 賓格 所有格 人 who whom whose 物 which which who

3、se of which 人、物 that that — (一)關(guān)系代詞who, whom和 whose的用法 who代替人,是主格,在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。例如: An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑師是設(shè)計(jì)房屋的人。 I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school. 我將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記在高一時(shí)教我們化學(xué)的那位老師。 Anyone who wants t

4、o apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. 想應(yīng)聘這個(gè)職位的任何人都必須先通過(guò)電子郵件向我們發(fā)送簡(jiǎn)歷。 whom代替人,是賓格,在定語(yǔ)從句作賓語(yǔ),在非正式英語(yǔ)??墒÷?。例如: Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我們?cè)趯W(xué)校圖書(shū)館里遇到的那位先生你認(rèn)識(shí)嗎? This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago. 這是我爸爸十年前教的學(xué)生。

5、 The girl who I saw is called Mary. 我見(jiàn)到的那個(gè)女孩名叫瑪麗。(在非正式英語(yǔ)中,主格who代替了賓格whom,亦可省略) whose一般代替人,有時(shí)亦可代替物,是所有格,在定語(yǔ)從句作定語(yǔ)。例如: The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高級(jí)工程師的那個(gè)女學(xué)生過(guò)去在國(guó)外留學(xué)。 Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我們這兒能看到窗戶(hù)的那個(gè)賓館叫什

6、么名字,你知道嗎?(關(guān)系代詞whose指代先行詞hotel,正式用法應(yīng)該用of which。whose window=the window of which,意思是:the window of the hotel。) (二)關(guān)系代詞which的用法 which代替物,在定語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)還可省略。例如: I do not like stories which have unhappy endings. 我不喜歡有不幸結(jié)局的小說(shuō)。(which可以換成that) Tom works for a factory which makes watches. 湯姆在

7、一個(gè)制表廠(chǎng)工作。(which可以換成that) (三)關(guān)系代詞that的用法 that既可指人又可指物,在當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)中大多指物,在定語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)還可省略。例如: Is she the girl that sells newspapers? 她是賣(mài)報(bào)紙的那個(gè)女孩嗎?(that可以換成who) Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge? 放在冰箱的冰激凌哪兒去了?(that可以換成which) Is this the book that you want to buy? 這是你要買(mǎi)的那本書(shū)嗎? (tha

8、t可以換成which,在定語(yǔ)從句作賓語(yǔ),還可以省略) 三、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 常用的關(guān)系副詞只有三個(gè):when, where, why,在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因狀語(yǔ)。它們的用法大家不妨記住一個(gè)口訣: the time when the place where the reason why (一)關(guān)系副詞when的用法 關(guān)系副詞when代替的先行詞表示的是時(shí)間,when在定語(yǔ)從句作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如: In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often. 北京的七月和

9、八月是常下雨的月份。(when先行詞是months) Do you remember the day when we first went to the Summer Palace? 你還記得我們第一次去頤和園的那一天嗎?(when先行詞是day, 當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)里when可以用that替代,這時(shí)關(guān)系代詞that就變成了表示時(shí)間的關(guān)系副詞) I haven’t seen her since the year when I left Tokyo. 自從我離開(kāi)東京的那一年我就一直沒(méi)見(jiàn)到過(guò)她。(when先行詞是year,同樣when可以用that代替) (二)關(guān)系副詞where的用

10、法 關(guān)系副詞where代替的先行詞表示的是地點(diǎn),where在定語(yǔ)從句作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。例如: During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up. 春節(jié)期間,我回到了生我養(yǎng)我的家鄉(xiāng)。(where的先行詞是town) This is the place where Li Bai once lived. 這是李白曾經(jīng)生活過(guò)的地方。(where先行詞是place) 上面這個(gè)句子不可以將where改為that,因?yàn)閠hat不能作為表示地點(diǎn)的關(guān)系副詞。試比較下句: This is the

11、 place that Li Bai once visited. 這是李白曾經(jīng)游覽過(guò)的地方。(that的先行詞同樣是place,但這個(gè)that是關(guān)系代詞,在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ),可以省略,還可以用which替換) (三)關(guān)系副詞why的用法 關(guān)系副詞why代替的先行詞表示的是原因,why在定語(yǔ)從句作原因狀語(yǔ)。例如: The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email. 我打電話(huà)給你的原因是想問(wèn)問(wèn)你是否收到了我的電子郵件。(why先行詞是reason, 當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)里why可以用t

12、hat替代,這時(shí)關(guān)系代詞that就變成了表示原因的關(guān)系副詞,還可以將why省略) This is the reason why he came late to school. 這就是他為什么上學(xué)遲到的原因。(why先行詞是reason,why可以用that替代,還可以省略) 注意:如果上面的句子將the reason省略,那么這個(gè)句子就變成了(This is why he came late to school. )表語(yǔ)從句,句子意思絲毫未變。 四、特殊關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 as是個(gè)比較特殊的關(guān)系代詞,一是用在某些句型搭配里,二是獨(dú)立于主句之外。下面分別講解。

13、 (一)在固定搭配as…as, so…as, such…as, the same…as中,as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句 You may take as many books as you want. 你想要拿多少書(shū)就拿多少。(第一個(gè)as是副詞,修飾many的;第二個(gè)as才是關(guān)系代詞,代替先行詞books,在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)) I have got such a computer as yours. 我有一臺(tái)你這樣的電腦。(as是關(guān)系代詞,代替先行詞computer,在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ),因?yàn)閥ours后省略了is ) I have never seen so beautiful a pl

14、ace as Guilin. 我從未見(jiàn)過(guò)像桂林那樣美麗的地方。(as是關(guān)系代詞,代替先行詞place,在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ),因?yàn)镚uilin后省略了is ) (二)獨(dú)立于主句之外,as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句 As we know, the earth turns around the sun. 正如我們所知,地球圍繞太陽(yáng)旋轉(zhuǎn)。 As is known to us, (As we know和 As is known to us均為定語(yǔ)從句,as分別作賓語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ),替代后面的主句。) Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part o

15、f China. 你知道,臺(tái)灣是中國(guó)不可分割的一部分。(關(guān)系代詞as指代整個(gè)主句,在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)。) 五、關(guān)系代詞who, which與that的區(qū)別 (一)關(guān)系代詞who與that的區(qū)別 1. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞用作主語(yǔ)時(shí),多用主格who。例如: He who loses hope loses all. 失去希望的人就失去一切。(先行詞為代詞he, they, any, all, one等時(shí),多用who) I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese. 我遇見(jiàn)艾麗斯,她告訴我她在學(xué)漢語(yǔ)。(在非限制

16、性定語(yǔ)從句中,用who) 2. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞用作介詞后的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),用賓格whom,不用that。例如: The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher. 我們校長(zhǎng)剛才與他談話(huà)的那個(gè)人是我們的英語(yǔ)老師。(介詞與關(guān)系代詞緊密相連時(shí),只能用賓格whom,不可用主格who) 注意:介詞與關(guān)系代詞不是緊密相連時(shí),或者說(shuō)介詞放在句子后面時(shí),這時(shí)可以用主格who,也可用that,還可以省略關(guān)系代詞。因此,上面的這句話(huà)還可以有如下四種說(shuō)法: (1) The man whom our headmaster

17、 talked to just now is our English teacher. (2) The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. (3) The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. (4) The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. 第4句簡(jiǎn)潔、自然,所以口語(yǔ)中用得最多。 3. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代

18、詞泛指人時(shí),多用that。例如: He is a man that is never afraid of failure. 他是個(gè)從不怕失敗的人。(that用來(lái)泛指人) 4. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞出現(xiàn)在who開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句時(shí),應(yīng)用that。例如: Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English? 用英語(yǔ)同湯姆交談的那個(gè)女孩是誰(shuí)?(避免重復(fù)使用who,以免造成誤解或語(yǔ)義含混不清) (二)關(guān)系代詞which與that的區(qū)別 1. 當(dāng)先行詞為all, much, little以及不定代詞anything, something,

19、everything等時(shí),關(guān)系代詞多用that。例如: All that glitters is not gold. 閃閃發(fā)光物,未必盡黃金。 She told me everything that she knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告訴了我。 2. 當(dāng)先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞或限定詞the only, the very, all, every, any, no等時(shí),關(guān)系代詞一般都用that。例如: This is the best novel that I have ever read. 這是我讀過(guò)的最好的一部小說(shuō)。 He is the only pers

20、on that has been invited to the ball. 他是惟一應(yīng)邀參加舞會(huì)的人。 3. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞出現(xiàn)在which開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句時(shí),應(yīng)用that。例如: Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest? 哪一個(gè)是推薦給外賓的賓館?(這里使用that很明顯是為了避免重復(fù)which) 4. 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,關(guān)系代詞一般只用which。例如: Beijing, which is the capital of the People’s Republic of China, will h

21、ost the 2008 Olympic Games. 北京是中華人民共和國(guó)的首都,將主辦2008年奧運(yùn)會(huì)。 5. 介詞后的關(guān)系代詞用which,而不用that。例如: She has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps. 她收集了600張郵票,其中60%是德國(guó)郵票。 六、定語(yǔ)從句的位置 如前所述,定語(yǔ)從句一般總是直接置于所修飾的名詞或代詞之后。有時(shí)候,定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間插入了其他的短語(yǔ),這樣它們被分隔了,這種情況下的定語(yǔ)從句被稱(chēng)作隔離定語(yǔ)從句。例如: There was a girl u

22、pstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad. 樓上有一個(gè)女孩,大喊大叫。很明顯,她瘋了。(定語(yǔ)從句who was shouting and crying修飾the girl,被upstairs所隔開(kāi)) A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 明天要來(lái)一位新老師教你們德語(yǔ)了。(定語(yǔ)從句置于句末以示強(qiáng)調(diào)) B、賓語(yǔ)從句 賓語(yǔ)從句是英語(yǔ)復(fù)合句中的其中非常重要的從句之一。它是用一個(gè)句子做另一個(gè)句子的賓語(yǔ),將這個(gè)句子叫做賓語(yǔ)從句。賓語(yǔ)從句

23、做介詞或及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。現(xiàn)在從下列三個(gè)方面總結(jié)歸納如下: ??  一,引導(dǎo)詞 ??  A,由that 引導(dǎo)的陳述句性的賓語(yǔ)從句,在很多動(dòng)詞如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等動(dòng)詞后。連詞that只起連接作用,在從句中不做句子的成分,也無(wú)詞匯意義,在口語(yǔ)中常被省略,但在大多數(shù)情況下還是以不省為好,特別是在筆語(yǔ)中。 ??  例:I told him that he was wrong. ??  l在think,believe, suppose, expect等動(dòng)詞引起的賓語(yǔ)從句中,有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)盡管

24、是否定意義,卻不用否定形式,而將think 等動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问健? ??  例:I don’t think you are right. (我認(rèn)為你做的不對(duì)) ??  l在許多帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子中,that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句經(jīng)常移到句子的后面,而用it做形式賓語(yǔ)。 ??  例:We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我認(rèn)為他向每一個(gè)人撒謊是錯(cuò)誤的) ??  B,由連詞if、 whether 引導(dǎo)的表示“是否…”的賓語(yǔ)從句。Whether,if 在從句中不做句子的成分,一般情況下,whether和if 可以替換。 ??  例:I d

25、on’t know if/whether he will come tomorrow. ??  The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment. ??  l在介詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中不用if引導(dǎo) ??  例:Everything depends on whether we have enough money。 ??  l賓語(yǔ)從句中有or not時(shí)不用if引導(dǎo). ??  例:I don’t know whether the movie star will come or not. ??  l和不定式連用作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不用i

26、f引導(dǎo). ??  例:Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided. ??  C,由wh-引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。連接代詞who,whom,whose, what, which,和連接副詞when, where, why, how 等連接的賓語(yǔ)從句,它們?cè)诰渲屑从羞B接從句的作用,又在句中充當(dāng)句子的成分。 ??  例:Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定語(yǔ)) ??  I don’t know where he lives. (where 做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)) ??  二,賓語(yǔ)從句的

27、語(yǔ)序, ??  賓語(yǔ)從句從句的語(yǔ)序必須是陳述語(yǔ)序,既連接詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+其他成分 ??  例:I believe that they will come soon. ??  He asked me whether I was a teacher. ??  They wanted to know what they can do for us. ??  二,賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)。 ??  賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)受主句的限制, ??  既:主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài),從句根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定。 ??  主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),從句用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài)。如果從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句之前,則從句要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。 ??

28、  例: ??  1)She says that she is a student. ??  She said that she was a student. ??  2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week. ??  She said that she would fly to Japan in a week. ??  3)She says that she has finished her homework already. ??  She said that she had finished her homework al

29、ready. ??  4)She says that she can sing a song in English. ??  She said that she could sing a song in English. ??  l如果賓語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)的是客觀(guān)真理、自然現(xiàn)象或事實(shí)時(shí),這時(shí)賓語(yǔ)從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。 ??  例:The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. ??  He told me that Japan is an island country. ??  lCould you tell me…是用來(lái)征詢(xún)對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)

30、,語(yǔ)氣委婉,并不表示過(guò)去。 ??  例:Could you tell me when we will visit the Histury Museum? ??  注意事項(xiàng): ??  u由陳述句變成賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),要注意人稱(chēng)的變化。 ??  例:She said: “I have been to England before.” ??  She said that she had been to England before. ??  She asked me: “Do you like maths?” ??  She asked me if I liked maths. ??  u

31、賓語(yǔ)從句與簡(jiǎn)單句的交換。 ??  由連接代詞和連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,如果賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)是同一個(gè)人時(shí),可以用“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式 ??  ”做賓語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單句結(jié)構(gòu)。 ??  例:I don’t know what I should do next. ??  I con’t know what to do next. ??  He didn’t know where he would live. ??  He didn’t know where to live. ??  DO SOME EXERCISES: ??  1.Can you see________? ??  A.

32、 what he’s reading B. what is he reading ??  C. what does he read D. he reads what ??  2.Does Jack come from Japan? Do you know?(合并成一個(gè)句子) ??  Do you know_____Jack _____from Japan? ??  3._What did your son say in the letter? ??  _He told me that he___ the Disney would the next day ??  A.will vi

33、sit B. has visited ??  C. is going to visit D. would visit ??  4.He didn’t know__________ ??  A.what’s the matter B.what the matter is ??  C. what was the matter D. what the matter was ??  5.Somebody called you just now,but I didn’t know____ ??  A.who were they B. who they were ??  C. who was

34、 it D. who it was ??  6.I want to know_____ ??  A.what is his name B. what’s his name ??  C. that his name is D. what his name is ??  7.---Could you tell me ___she is looking for? ??  ---Her cousin,susan. ??  A.that B.whose C .who D.which ??  8.---What are you searching the Internet for? ??

35、  ---I’m trying to find out____. ??  A.What is the difference between SARS and BIRDFLU ??  B.How many persons have died in Iraq ??  C.How to protect our environment ??  D.Why is our Chinese team be able to beat Korea ??  9.Do you know___________?(誰(shuí)正在唱歌) ??  10.Do you know___________?(她正在和誰(shuí)談話(huà))

36、 ??  11.Do you know___________?(昨天發(fā)生了什么事) ??  The keys: 1 A.2 if ,comes.3D. 4 C. 5 D. 6 D. 7 C. 8 B ??  9 who is singing ??  10 who she is talking with ??  11 what happened yesterday C、同位語(yǔ)從句 (一) 概念 一般來(lái)說(shuō),在主從復(fù)合句中,用作同位語(yǔ)的從句叫同位語(yǔ)從句。它通常跟在某些名詞之后,用以說(shuō)明或解釋該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容??梢愿徽Z(yǔ)從句的名詞通常有:advice, decision,

37、fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word(消息),problem, question, doubt, thought等。例如: They were delighted at the news that their team had won. 當(dāng)聽(tīng)到他們隊(duì)獲勝的消息時(shí),他們欣喜若狂。 Where did you get the idea that I could not come?你從哪兒聽(tīng)說(shuō)我不能來(lái)? 有時(shí)同位語(yǔ)從句可以不緊跟在

38、被說(shuō)明的名詞后面,而被別的詞隔開(kāi)。 如: The thought came to him that Tom might have returned the book. 他突然想起湯姆可能已經(jīng)還了書(shū)了。 (二)引導(dǎo)詞 [尋規(guī)找矩] 請(qǐng)仔細(xì)觀(guān)察下列句子,注意從句引導(dǎo)詞的用法。 1. The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. 2. He hasn’t made the decision whether he will go there. 3. The question who should do

39、the work is being discussed at the meeting. 4. I have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now. 5. We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation this year. 6. I have no idea how I can get to the railway station. 7. I have no idea when he will be b

40、ack. [小結(jié)歸納] ① that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)無(wú)詞義,也不充當(dāng)任何成分,但通常不可以省略,如句1; ② whether引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)意為“是否”,通常不能用if來(lái)代替,如句2; ③ 連接代詞who, what等可以引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句,如句3, 4; ④ 連接副詞where, how, when等可以引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句, 如句5,6,7。 (三) that 引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句 ① 意義不同:同位語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明前面名詞的內(nèi)容;而定語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)修飾、限定前面的先行詞。試比較: 1. The news that our team has won the final mat

41、ch is encouraging. 2. The news that you told us is really encouraging. [分析] 句1中that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句,說(shuō)明“news”的內(nèi)容:我們隊(duì)取得了決賽勝利。 句2中that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,對(duì)“news”加以限定:是你告訴我們的,而非來(lái)自其他渠道。 ② that的功能不同:that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)是一個(gè)純連詞,不充當(dāng)任何成分;而引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),不僅起連接作用,而且還指代先行詞并在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等成分。試比較: 1. Dad made a promise that he would buy me

42、a CD player if I passed the English test. 2. Dad made a promise that excited all his children. [分析] 句1中 that引導(dǎo) 同位語(yǔ)從句,其中that無(wú)詞義,也不充當(dāng)任何成分; 句2中that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,that指代promise,又在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),且that可以用which替換。 ③ 可否省略:that在引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí),通常不可省略。在引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),若在從句中作賓語(yǔ),通常可以省略,若作主語(yǔ)則不可以省略。 [即學(xué)即用] I. 請(qǐng)用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空,使下列句子意思完整。

43、 1. They expressed the hope _______ they would come over to China soon. 2. The fact _______ he didn’t see Tom this morning is true. 3. Word has come _______ some American guests will come to our college for a visit next week. 4. He can’t answer the question _______ he got the money from his home

44、yesterday. 5. Do you have any idea _______ is actually going on in the classroom? 6. The problem _______ we should have the meeting in the hall now must be decided at once. II. 下列各句中均有一處錯(cuò)誤,請(qǐng)改正。 1. Our team has won the game, that made us very happy. 2. I’ve come with a message from Mr Wang

45、how he won’t be able to see you this afternoon. 3. He must answer the question if he agrees with what she said or not. 4. I’ve read the book where you gave me the day before yesterday. 5. One of the men held the pinion when what the book said was right. III. 把下列句子翻譯成英語(yǔ)。 1. 我向他許諾說(shuō)我一到北京就給他寫(xiě)信。 2.

46、 他經(jīng)常問(wèn)我這個(gè)問(wèn)題,那就是這個(gè)工作是否值得做。 3. 他什么也不說(shuō),這一事實(shí)使大家都感到驚奇。 4. 在我看來(lái),他剛才告訴我的這個(gè)消息是真實(shí)的。 5. 他突然想起他本來(lái)應(yīng)該去接兒子的。 Key: I. 1. that 2. that 3. that 4. how 5. what 6. whether II. 1 that→which 2. how→that 3. if→whether 4. where→that / which或省略where 5. when→that 6. that→how III. 1. I made a promise tha

47、t I would write to him as soon as I got to Beijing. 2. He often asked me the question whether the work was worth doing. 3. The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody. 4. In my opinion, the news (that / which) he told me just now is true. 5. A thought suddenly came to him that he

48、 should have picked up his son. D、 狀語(yǔ)從句的種類(lèi) § 1狀語(yǔ)從句的種類(lèi) 用來(lái)修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、其它動(dòng)詞、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或整個(gè)句子的從句叫做狀語(yǔ)從句。狀語(yǔ)從句可分為: 1.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句2.地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句;3.原因狀語(yǔ)從句;4.條件狀語(yǔ)從句;5.目的狀語(yǔ)從句;6.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句;7.比較狀語(yǔ)從句;8.程度狀語(yǔ)從句;9.方式狀語(yǔ)從句;10.結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。 §2狀語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)特點(diǎn) 一般情況下,時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”表示“一般將來(lái)時(shí)”,用“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”表示“將來(lái)完成時(shí)”。 二 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 §3時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句(adverb

49、ial clause of time) 1.由when, while, as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 【區(qū)別】when, while和as的區(qū)別:when引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞,又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞。并且when有時(shí)表示“就在那時(shí)”。 While引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作必須是延續(xù)性的,并強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生(或者相對(duì)應(yīng))。并且while有時(shí)還可以表示對(duì)比。例如: While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞,was reading和was watch

50、ing同時(shí)發(fā)生) As表示“一邊……一邊”,as引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作,一般用于主句和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生;as也可以強(qiáng)調(diào)“一先一后。 As we was going out, it began to snow.當(dāng)我們出門(mén)時(shí),開(kāi)始下雪了。(as強(qiáng)調(diào)句中兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著先后發(fā)生,而不強(qiáng)調(diào)開(kāi)始下雪的特定時(shí)間) 2.由before和after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。注意before引導(dǎo)的從句不再用否定式的謂語(yǔ),并且當(dāng)before引導(dǎo)的從句位于主句之后,有時(shí)譯成“就,才”。還要注意主句和從句之間的時(shí)間關(guān)系。當(dāng)主句用將來(lái)時(shí),從句總是用現(xiàn)在時(shí);如果before引導(dǎo)的從句謂語(yǔ)用的是過(guò)去時(shí),則主句動(dòng)詞多用

51、過(guò)去完成時(shí),這樣以便體現(xiàn)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后。After表示主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)作之后。主句和從句的動(dòng)作的時(shí)間關(guān)系正好與before引導(dǎo)的從句相反。 3.由till或until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。till和until一般情況下兩者可以互換,但是在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中多用until。并且要注意的是:如果主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞時(shí),必須用否定形式;如果主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí),用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表達(dá)的意思不同。例如: 4.由since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 since引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞,又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞。一般情況下,從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí),而主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

52、但在It is +時(shí)間+since從句的句型中,主句多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如: 5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。這些連詞都表示“一……就”。 【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相當(dāng)于as soon as之意。主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí),從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。當(dāng)hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首時(shí),主句應(yīng)用倒裝語(yǔ)序。 6

53、.由by the time引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。注意時(shí)態(tài)的變化:在一般情況下,如果從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí),主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí);如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用將來(lái)完成時(shí)。 7.由each time, every time和whenever引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 8.由as long as和so long as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。這兩個(gè)連詞表示“有多久……就多久”。 三 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 §4地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 (adverbial clause of place) 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句一般由連接副詞where, wherever等引導(dǎo),已經(jīng)形成了固定的句型,例如:

54、 句型1:Where+地點(diǎn)從句,(there)+主句。 【注意】此句型通常譯成“哪里……哪里就……”;主句在從句后面時(shí),there可用可不用;如果主句在從句的前面時(shí),一般都不用there。 句型2:Anywhere/ wherever+地點(diǎn)從句,+主句。 狀語(yǔ)從句是句子的狀語(yǔ)由一個(gè)從句充當(dāng),來(lái)修飾主句中的動(dòng)詞,形容詞或副詞等。狀語(yǔ)從句都由從屬連詞引導(dǎo),與主句連接,放在句末時(shí),一般不在前面加逗號(hào)。 狀語(yǔ)從句根據(jù)它表示的意思可分為時(shí)間,原因,條件,比較,結(jié)果,目的等類(lèi)。 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句:是由when, as, while, after, before, since, until,

55、 as soon as 等從屬連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句。 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能用一般將來(lái)時(shí),只能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。 原因狀語(yǔ)從句: because, since, as和for都表示原因。because語(yǔ)勢(shì)最強(qiáng),回答why提出的問(wèn)題,用來(lái)說(shuō)明人所不知的原因。當(dāng)能夠很明顯的看出原因或人們已知原因,就用as或since。 由because引導(dǎo)的從句如果放在句末,且前面有逗號(hào),則可以用for來(lái)代替。但如果不是說(shuō)明直接原因,而是多種情況加以推斷,就只能用for。 目的狀語(yǔ)從句:表示目的狀語(yǔ)的從句可以由in order that, so that,等詞引導(dǎo)。

56、 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句:結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句常由so...that 或 such...that引導(dǎo),要掌握和區(qū)分這兩個(gè)句型, 首先要了解so和such后面分別跟什么詞。such是形容詞,修飾名詞或名詞詞組,so是副詞,只能修 飾形容詞或副詞。so 還可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞many, few, much, little連用,形成固定搭配。 如:The box is so heavy that I can't carry it. 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句:是由though, although 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句。 E、表語(yǔ)從句 表語(yǔ)從句就是用一個(gè)句子作為表語(yǔ)。說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)是什么或者怎么樣,由名詞、形容詞

57、或相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞的詞或短語(yǔ)充當(dāng),和連系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。   表語(yǔ)從句只能置于主句之后,而主句的動(dòng)詞只能是聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞。   名詞性從句在be等系動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ)時(shí)被稱(chēng)為表語(yǔ)從句, 例如: The problem is how we can get the things we need.問(wèn)題是我們?cè)鯓幽芘轿覀冃枰臇|西。(how 在表語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)方式狀語(yǔ))// The scissors are not what I need. 這把剪刀不是我所需要的。(what 在表語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ))// What I told him was that I would find him a good

58、play. 我告訴他的是我會(huì)給他找個(gè)好劇本。(what在主語(yǔ)從句中作直接賓語(yǔ), that作為表語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞在該表語(yǔ)從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分, 不能省略)// That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要對(duì)你講的。(what在表語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)直接賓語(yǔ))// That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考試不及格的原因。(why 在表語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ))   “That is why...”是常用句型, 意為“這就是……的原因/因此……”, 其中why引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句在句中作表語(yǔ), 該句型通常用于針對(duì)前面已經(jīng)說(shuō)明過(guò)的原

59、因進(jìn)行總結(jié), 又如: That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne. 珍妮, 這就是現(xiàn)在這個(gè)老太婆出現(xiàn)在你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne對(duì)老婦人顯得蒼老憔悴深感詫異, 說(shuō)話(huà)人對(duì)她講述了其中的原因之后,用這一句來(lái)進(jìn)行概括)。// That is why I came. 這就是我來(lái)的原因。   下面是兩個(gè)與“That is why...”形式相似的結(jié)構(gòu), 它們與“That is why...”結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系要能夠辨析清楚:   (1)“That is why...”與“That is the reason why.

60、..”同義, 只不過(guò)從語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)上講, “That is the reason why...”中why引導(dǎo)的是—個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句, 將其中的the reason去掉則與“That is why...”結(jié)構(gòu)一樣, 例如:   That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 這就是我不能同意的理由。   (2)“That is because...”句型中從屬連詞because引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句在此作表語(yǔ), 這也是個(gè)常用句型, 意為“這就是為什么……/因?yàn)椤??!癟hat is because...”與“That is why...”之間的不同在于“That is

61、 because...”指原因或理由, “That is why...”則指由于各種原因所造成的后果, 例如:   He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他沒(méi)有去看電影, 那是因?yàn)樗脦椭拿妹米鲎鳂I(yè)。(第一句話(huà)說(shuō)明結(jié)果, 第二句話(huà)說(shuō)明原因)   He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看過(guò)那部電影, 因

62、此他昨天晚上沒(méi)有去看。(第一句話(huà)說(shuō)明原因, 第二句話(huà)說(shuō)明結(jié)果) [考題1]   The traditional view is ____ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. (2007上海)   A. when B. why C. whether D. that  ?。鄞鸢福?D  ?。劢馕觯?下劃線(xiàn)處之后是包含一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的表語(yǔ)從句, 如果看不出它是充當(dāng)整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的表語(yǔ)從句將難以把握整個(gè)句子的意思。因此, 應(yīng)選擇可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句且不充當(dāng)任何成分的that。 [考題2]   Yo

63、u are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ____ I disagree. (2004)   A. why B. where C. what D. how  ?。鄞鸢福?B   [解析] 下劃線(xiàn)處的引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)系動(dòng)詞is后的表語(yǔ)從句并在該表語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)(“disagree”屬于不及物動(dòng)詞, “I disagree”本身是完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)), 下劃線(xiàn)應(yīng)填入引導(dǎo)詞where, 表語(yǔ)從句“where I disagree”的意思是“我不同意之處、 我不同意的地方”。 [考題3]   — I drove to

64、Zhuhai for the air show last week.   — Is that ____ you had a few days off? (1999)   A. why B. when C. what D. where  ?。鄞鸢福?A  ?。劢馕觯?下劃線(xiàn)處的引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)與系動(dòng)詞is連用的表語(yǔ)從句并在該表語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ), 下劃線(xiàn)應(yīng)填入表示“因此……”(指因某種原因所造成的結(jié)果)的引導(dǎo)詞why。 [考題4]   ____ she couldn’t understand was ____ fewer and fewer students showed in

65、terest in her lessons. (2000上海)   A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that  ?。鄞鸢福?A  ?。劢馕觯?第一個(gè)下劃線(xiàn)處的引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句并在該主語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ), 特指她所不理解的事情, 應(yīng)填入關(guān)系代詞型的引導(dǎo)詞what; 第二個(gè)下劃線(xiàn)處表示“因此……”(指因某種原因所造成的后果, 由why引導(dǎo)對(duì)應(yīng)的名詞性從句)而不是“為什么……”(指原因、 理由, 由because引導(dǎo)對(duì)應(yīng)的名詞性從句), 應(yīng)填入引導(dǎo)詞why。 [考題5]   ____ made the scho

66、ol proud was ____ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. (2003上海春)   A. What; because B. What; that   C. That; what D. That; because   [答案] B  ?。劢馕觯?第一個(gè)下劃線(xiàn)處的引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句并在該主語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ), 特指令校方驕傲的事情, 應(yīng)選用關(guān)系代詞型的引導(dǎo)詞what; 第二個(gè)下劃線(xiàn)處引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句表示原因、 理由, 應(yīng)由that引導(dǎo)對(duì)應(yīng)的名詞性從句。 [考題6]   — Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game?   — Oh, that’s ____. (2003北京春)   A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about   C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited

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