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1、第2講數(shù)列的求和問(wèn)題專題四數(shù)列、推理與證明熱點(diǎn)分類突破真題押題精練熱點(diǎn)分類突破熱點(diǎn)一分組轉(zhuǎn)化求和有些數(shù)列,既不是等差數(shù)列,也不是等比數(shù)列,若將數(shù)列通項(xiàng)拆開或變形,可轉(zhuǎn)化為幾個(gè)等差、等比數(shù)列或常見的數(shù)列,即先分別求和,然后再合并.例例1(2017屆安徽省合肥市模擬)已知等差數(shù)列an的前n項(xiàng)和為Sn,且滿足S424,S763.(1)求數(shù)列an的通項(xiàng)公式;解答解解an為等差數(shù)列,解答思維升華2( 1),nannnba (2)若 求數(shù)列bn的前n項(xiàng)和Tn.解解22n1(1)n(2n1)24n(1)n(2n1),2( 1)nannnba 思維升華思維升華在處理一般數(shù)列求和時(shí),一定要注意使用轉(zhuǎn)化思想.把一
2、般的數(shù)列求和轉(zhuǎn)化為等差數(shù)列或等比數(shù)列進(jìn)行求和,在求和時(shí)要分析清楚哪些項(xiàng)構(gòu)成等差數(shù)列,哪些項(xiàng)構(gòu)成等比數(shù)列,清晰正確地求解.在利用分組求和法求和時(shí),由于數(shù)列的各項(xiàng)是正負(fù)交替的,所以一般需要對(duì)項(xiàng)數(shù)n進(jìn)行討論,最后再驗(yàn)證是否可以合并為一個(gè)公式.132log1().nnban(1)求證:數(shù)列bn為等差數(shù)列;1312log ( )121(N ),3nnbnn 所以則bn1bn2(n1)12n12.所以數(shù)列bn是以1為首項(xiàng),2為公差的等差數(shù)列.證明(2)設(shè)cnanb2n,求數(shù)列cn的前n項(xiàng)和Tn.解答解解由(1)知,b2n4n1,則數(shù)列b2n是以3為首項(xiàng),4為公差的等差數(shù)列.熱點(diǎn)二錯(cuò)位相減法求和錯(cuò)位相減法是
3、在推導(dǎo)等比數(shù)列的前n項(xiàng)和公式時(shí)所用的方法,這種方法主要用于求數(shù)列anbn的前n項(xiàng)和,其中an,bn分別是等差數(shù)列和等比數(shù)列.例例2(2017河南省夏邑一高模擬)已知an是等差數(shù)列,其前n項(xiàng)和為Sn,bn是等比數(shù)列,且a1b12,a4b427,S4b410.(1)求數(shù)列an與bn的通項(xiàng)公式;解答解解設(shè)等差數(shù)列an的公差為d,等比數(shù)列bn的公比為q,由a1b12,得a423d,b42q3,S486d,故an3n1,bn2n (nN*).(2)求Tna1b1a2b2anbn的值.解解Tn22522823(3n1)2n, 2Tn222523824(3n1)2n1, ,得Tn2232232332n(3n
4、1)2n13232232332n2(3n1)2n1(43n)2n18,Tn8(3n4)2n1.解答思維升華思維升華思維升華(1)錯(cuò)位相減法適用于求數(shù)列anbn的前n項(xiàng)和,其中an為等差數(shù)列,bn為等比數(shù)列.(2)所謂“錯(cuò)位”,就是要找“同類項(xiàng)”相減.要注意的是相減后得到部分求等比數(shù)列的和,此時(shí)一定要查清其項(xiàng)數(shù).(3)為保證結(jié)果正確,可對(duì)得到的和取n1,2進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證.跟蹤演練跟蹤演練2(2017江西省贛州市十四縣(市)聯(lián)考)等差數(shù)列an的前n項(xiàng)和為Sn,已知a27,a3為整數(shù),且Sn的最大值為S5.(1)求an的通項(xiàng)公式;解答解解由a27,a3為整數(shù)知,等差數(shù)列an的公差d為整數(shù).又SnS5,故a
5、50,a60,因此d2,數(shù)列an的通項(xiàng)公式為an112n(nN*).(2)設(shè)bn ,求數(shù)列bn的前n項(xiàng)和Tn.解答熱點(diǎn)三裂項(xiàng)相消法求和裂項(xiàng)相消法是指把數(shù)列和式中的各項(xiàng)分別裂開后,某些項(xiàng)可以相互抵消從而求和的方法,主要適用于 (其中an為等差數(shù)列)等形式的數(shù)列求和.例例3(2017屆湖南省郴州市質(zhì)量檢測(cè))已知等差數(shù)列an的前n項(xiàng)和為Sn(nN*),a33,且Snanan1,在等比數(shù)列bn中,b12,b3a151.(1)求數(shù)列an及bn的通項(xiàng)公式;解答思維升華解解Snanan1,a33,a1a1a2,且(a1a2)a2a33a2,a2,a1a2a33,數(shù)列an是等差數(shù)列,a1a32a2,即2a2a
6、13,由得a11,a22,ann,2,b14,b316,則bn2n1或bn(2)n1(nN*).思維升華思維升華裂項(xiàng)相消法的基本思想就是把通項(xiàng)an分拆成anbnkbn(k1,kN*)的形式,從而在求和時(shí)達(dá)到某些項(xiàng)相消的目的,在解題時(shí)要善于根據(jù)這個(gè)基本思想變換數(shù)列an的通項(xiàng)公式,使之符合裂項(xiàng)相消的條件.解答思維升華思維升華思維升華常用的裂項(xiàng)公式跟蹤演練跟蹤演練3(2017吉林省吉林市普通高中調(diào)研)已知等差數(shù)列an的前n和為Sn,公差d0,且a3S542,a1,a4,a13成等比數(shù)列.(1)求數(shù)列an的通項(xiàng)公式;解答解解設(shè)數(shù)列an的首項(xiàng)為a1,因?yàn)榈炔顢?shù)列an的前n和為Sn,a3S542,a1,a
7、4,a13成等比數(shù)列.又公差d0,所以a13,d2,所以ana1(n1)d2n1.解答則Tnb1b2b3bn真題押題精練真題體驗(yàn)1.(2017全國(guó))等差數(shù)列an的前n項(xiàng)和為Sn,a33,S410,則_.答案解析12解析解析設(shè)等差數(shù)列an的公差為d,則122.(2017天津)已知an為等差數(shù)列,前n項(xiàng)和為Sn(nN*),bn是首項(xiàng)為2的等比數(shù)列,且公比大于0,b2b312,b3a42a1,S1111b4.(1)求an和bn的通項(xiàng)公式;12解答解解設(shè)等差數(shù)列an的公差為d,等比數(shù)列bn的公比為q.由已知b2b312,得b1(qq2)12,而b12,所以q2q60.又因?yàn)閝0,解得q2,所以bn2n
8、.由b3a42a1,可得3da18,由S1111b4,可得a15d16,聯(lián)立,解得a11,d3,由此可得an3n2.所以數(shù)列an的通項(xiàng)公式為an3n2,數(shù)列bn的通項(xiàng)公式為bn2n.12(2)求數(shù)列a2nb2n1的前n項(xiàng)和(nN*).12解答解解設(shè)數(shù)列a2nb2n1的前n項(xiàng)和為Tn,由a2n6n2,b2n124n1,得a2nb2n1(3n1)4n,故Tn24542843(3n1)4n,4Tn242543844(3n4)4n(3n1)4n1,得3Tn2434234334n(3n1)4n1(3n2)4n18,12押題預(yù)測(cè)答案解析押題依據(jù)押題依據(jù)數(shù)列的通項(xiàng)以及求和是高考重點(diǎn)考查的內(nèi)容,也是考試大綱中
9、明確提出的知識(shí)點(diǎn),年年在考,年年有變,變的是試題的外殼,即在題設(shè)的條件上有變革,有創(chuàng)新,但在變中有不變性,即解答問(wèn)題的常用方法有規(guī)律可循.121.已知數(shù)列an的通項(xiàng)公式為an ,其前n項(xiàng)和為Sn,若存在MZ,滿足對(duì)任意的nN*,都有Sn0),且4a3是a1與2a2的等差中項(xiàng).(1)求an的通項(xiàng)公式;解答押題依據(jù)押題依據(jù)錯(cuò)位相減法求和是高考的重點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn),本題先利用an,Sn的關(guān)系求an,也是高考出題的常見形式.12押題依據(jù)解解當(dāng)n1時(shí),S1a(S1a11),所以a1a,當(dāng)n2時(shí),Sna(Snan1),Sn1a(Sn1an11),12故an是首項(xiàng)a1a,公比為a的等比數(shù)列,所以anaan1an.故a2a2,a3a3.由4a3是a1與2a2的等差中項(xiàng),可得8a3a12a2,即8a3a2a2,因?yàn)閍0,整理得8a22a10,即(2a1)(4a1)0,12解答1212所以Tn32522723(2n1)2n1(2n1)2n, 2Tn322523724(2n1)2n(2n1)2n1, 由,得Tn322(22232n)(2n1)2n122n2(2n1)2n12(2n1)2n1,所以Tn2(2n1)2n1.