喜歡就充值下載吧。。資源目錄里展示的文件全都有，，請(qǐng)放心下載，，有疑問(wèn)咨詢(xún)QQ:414951605或者1304139763 ======================== 喜歡就充值下載吧。。資源目錄里展示的文件全都有，，請(qǐng)放心下載，，有疑問(wèn)咨詢(xún)QQ:414951605或者1304139763 ======================== Computers and Electronics in Agriculture25 (2000) 87106Providing measured position data foragricultural machineryHermann SpeckmannFederal Agricultural Research Centre Braunschweig(FAL), Institute for Biosystems Engineering,Bundesallee50, D-38116Braunschweig, GermanyAbstractAgricultural machinery and vehicles require position data for guidance and to controlimplements for optimal working positions. Position data are also needed for such applica-tions as precision farming. The necessary accuracy, resolution and frequency of position datavary according to the specific application. Only one system, installed at a central vehicle (e.g.the tractor), should provide position data for each task. The basic concept for the proposedcentral system is that position data are calculated in accordance with the application andtransferred directly to the point at which they will be used. The paper describes thefundamentals of measurement and calculation of position data, and gives a short introduc-tion to the existing agricultural networks to transfer these data. It concentrates on a proposalfor a network service to provide and transfer position data. The solution discussed is basedon the agricultural BUS (DIN 9684, ISO 11783). 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rightsreserved.Keywords:Local area network; Controller area network; Agricultural BUS system; LBS; Calculation ofposition; Calculation of direction; LBS IntroductionThe purpose of position guidance is to bring the means of production to theplants, which grow at a fixed location on the field. The plants, or rather theirlocation on the field surface, are the reference for guidance. Position data areneeded to guide agricultural vehicles, to control implements and to supportprecision farming. Accuracy, resolution and frequency depend on their application.E-mail address:hermann.speckmannfal.de (H. Speckmann)0168-1699/00/$ - see front matter 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.PII: S0168-1699(99)00057-5H. Speckmann/Computers and Electronics in Agriculture25 (2000) 8710688It must be emphasized that this paper does not address the problem of suitablesensors to generate the data. Rather, the problem studied here is that a positionsignal is generated with reference to a certain location on the mobile unit, but thisposition is not identical with the location where the position data are needed.Moreover, position information may be needed for several purposes at the sametime, and the configuration of the vehicleimplement combination may changefrequently.As mentioned by Freyberger and Jahns (1999), Wilson (1999), the measuringsystem can either be an absolute position system, such as the satellite systemdescribed by Bell (1999), or a relative system, such as the machine vision systemsdescribed by Debain et al. (1999), Hague et al. (1999). It may also include auxiliarysensors.Sensor systems measure position only in reference to a specific location, such asthe mounting point of the camera or the foot of the aerial. In the followingpresentation, this location is called the measuring point. For various reasons, thelocation of this measuring point is predetermined, meaning the satellite antenna willbe mounted as high as possible on the roof of the tractor cab to minimize shading.A camera will be mounted where optimal view is guaranteed. Movement caused byrough or sloping field surfaces may cause the measured position and the position onthe field surface to differ widely. For example, for a vehicle with a satellite antennamounted on top of the cab, at about 3.5 m, driving on a sloping surface of 10, thedifference in direction of the inclination will be about 60 cm. Fig. 1 illustrates thisscenario for one dimension. In this example, it may be appropriate to calculate theposition of a reference point. Bell (1999) proposes the middle rear axes of theFig. 1. Difference in position for two locations due to sloping terrain.H. Speckmann/Computers and Electronics in Agriculture25 (2000) 8710689tractor as a reference point. A point in the field surface, for example, vertical underthe middle of the rear axis seems more appropriate for some applications. Forcertain applications, such as the control of implements, the position of a certainpoint of the implement may be of final importance. This point will be called thetarget point.In cases where position data are needed for different purposes, it is not veryefficient to measure the position for each purpose separately with an independentmeasuring system. Multiple hardware can be avoided when the position is measuredonly once, and the positions of the other points on the vehicle or implements arecalculated. This is possible if position and attitude are measured, and the spatialvector between the measuring point and the point to be calculated is known. If bothpoints are rigidly coupled, meaning that both points are on the tractor, the vectorbetween these points is constant, and a simple matrix calculation yields the result.If these points are not rigidly coupled, meaning, for example, that one point is onthe tractor and the other is on an attached implement, the vector is variable.Additional measurements become necessary to establish the vector between thesetwo points or other principles to calculate the position of the target point must beapplied.2. Data processing and data transferPosition data of any point on the vehicle or implement can be calculated fromthe position and attitude measured at a measuring point. This calculation can bemade by the measuring system (central data processing) or by each systemrequesting target position data (distributed data processing).2.1. Distributed data processingThe measuring system serves only as an intelligent sensor in the case ofdistributed data. It measures position and attitude on request, and provides thesedata without any processing. Characteristics such as frequency and accuracy aredetermined by the requesting unit. This unit performs all processing to calculate theposition. The unit must know the position of the measuring point and all relevantparameters to do this. The advantage of this procedure is that the measuring devicecan be relatively simple. On the other hand, each requesting unit needs the fullcapacity to perform this calculation.2.2. Central data processingThe measuring unit is extended by components to calculate the position of targetpoints for any user. This measuring and processing system forms one unit of aso-called position and navigation service (PNS), which provides final position dataof any target point. In this case, only one measuring and processing system isnecessary even when position data are requested by more than one user. To do so,only the PNS must know all of the relevant parameters for the calculation.H. Speckmann/Computers and Electronics in Agriculture25 (2000) 87106902.3. Data transferA data transfer is necessary no matter where the data are processed. For such adata transfer, a standardized network is appropriate. For agricultural purposes, aBUS for data transfer between mobile units and stationary farm computers exists.The agricultural BUS system (LBS) has been standardized to exchange informationbetween the electronic units (LBS participants or BUS nodes) in a network. Thestandard defines the physical layer of the network, network protocol, systemmanagement, data objects and central services for common tasks (Speckmann andJahns, 1999).The LBS has been standardized as DIN 9684 (DIN, 19891998). Currently,efforts are being made to establish an international standard (Nienhaus, 1993),ISO 11783, for such purposes. Like LBS, ISO 11783 will also define an agri-cultural BUS as an open system to exchange data on agricultural machinery,particularly on tractorimplement combinations and from the mobile units tothe stationary farm computer. The standards are based on the controller areanetwork data protocol (CAN; BOSCH, 1991). Corresponding hardware is on themarket.In the LBS, data objects are defined for the transmission of general position data(geographical positions: longitude, latitude, altitude, or position in a tramline). Thestandard allows definition of additional data objects such as multidimensionaldistances, directions and speeds. No data objects exist presently in the LBS forgeometric implement parameters. ISO 11783 provides, in Part 7 (Implement Mes-sages Application Layer), the first definitions of implement navigational offsets.Current standards do not define where which data are processed. Therefore, it isimmaterial on which unit the BUS calculates the data for the target point, andwhich unit or units measure the data.The LBS provides so-called LBS services to execute common tasks. LBSservices are functional units, which perform frequently recurring tasks forLBS participants. Such a service is the LBS user station. This is a centralinterface to the user (operator) for input and output of data which is at thedisposal of any node (LBS participant) on the BUS. Another service providesthe data exchange between the mobile unit and the stationary computer, thefarm computer. Some more services are named in the LBS but not yet stan-dardizedindetail,suchasfordiagnosisservicesortheserviceOrtungund Navigation (position and navigation), which will be discussed in the followingas PNS. In Fig. 2, an exemplary simplified scheme of an agricultural networkis shown for a tractorsprayer combination. This scheme includes the physicalBUS line, which is the backbone of the network. At this BUS, participantssuchaselectroniccontrolunits(ECUs)ofthetractorandsprayerarecoupled. Additionally, two LBS services are connected on the BUS. Oneof these services represents the LBS user station. The other is the LBS serviceposition and navigation, with the measuring and processing system for positiondata.H. Speckmann/Computers and Electronics in Agriculture25 (2000) 8710691Fig. 2. Scheme of an agricultural network in a tractorsprayer combination.2.4. Comparison of distributed and central data processingFor a distributed data processing, the agricultural BUS, according to DIN 9684or ISO 11783, defines the necessary data exchange between the measuring systemand any participant; respectively, any ECU. The question how each ECU getsgeometric and kinematic parameters that are necessary to compute position dataremains open. Each ECU knows its own parameter from its coupling point to thetarget point, but it does not know the parameter from the coupling point to themeasuring point. These parameters must be provided from other ECUs. None ofthe standards define corresponding data objects or procedures requesting the data.For distributed data processing, these definitions have to be supplemented.Also, for central data processing, all kinematic parameters between the measur-ing point and the target point must be known. In addition, methods are to bedefined for the use of the central service with regard to the calculation of positiondata of target points. A position and navigation service requires an extension of thestandards, but the following advantages in practical use are essential:?To determine the position data of a target point, the corresponding ECU hasonly one dialogue partner in the network. It works independently from therespective network configuration, delivers only its own parameters and receivesonly its specific position data.?The PNS receives parameters from all ECUs. It knows all geometric conditionsand kinematic parameters of the vehicleimplement combination. Thereby, anunambiguous determination of the position of any target point is possible.H. Speckmann/Computers and Electronics in Agriculture25 (2000) 8710692?The standard defines the procedures to calculate and present the position data ofa target point unambiguously.?The computing performance to calculate the position data is provided solely bythe PNS. No computing capacity is needed for this purpose from the ECUs.As mentioned in the previous section, a service to provide position and naviga-tion data is already planned in the LBS. In the following, a sample solution of aPNS is presented.3. Proposal for a positioning and navigation serviceAt this time, it should be mentioned that the following description of a PNS isa proposal. It provides a platform for discussion, which may lead to the standard-ization of such a service.3.1. Main features of a PNSThe features of a PNS depend, first of all, on the purpose for which it will beused. From the foregoing, it is clear that position data are measured at one locationand used at different locations. The following requirements must be fulfilled toprovide the data needed to guide a vehicle, to control positions of implements andto assist any kind of precision farming:The PNS provides data related to the measurement point(s).The PNS provides data related to the reference point(s).The PNS provides data related to the target point(s).The characteristics of such a service are as follows:1. The way the data are requested and transmitted is already standardized anddefined by the LBS (DIN 9684) and will be standardized by ISO 11783.Therefore, it will not be discussed here. In the following, LBS will be used as astandardized agricultural BUS system.2. The volume, accuracy, frequency and range of the data are determined by thepurpose of the data.3. The hardware and software to fulfil these demands should not be standardized,but be determined by the manufacturers.3.2. Influence of the standard on measuring and calculation methods for positiondataThe kinds of measuring systems and methods used to determine position data bythe PNS is not in the scope of the standard. Systems based on satellites, machinevision, inertial navigation, geomagnetics or a combination of these may be applied.As a consequence, the manufacturer may determine how to generate the positiondata as long as he meets the stated requirements and accuracy.H. Speckmann/Computers and Electronics in Agriculture25 (2000) 87106933.3. Integration of the PNS into an agricultural BUS systemThere are some benefits of integrating the positioning and navigation service intothe LBS, because many characteristics are already defined. The LBS alreadyincludes the option of a PNS as part of the standard. It allows the realization of aservice either as an independent physical unit or as a logical unit inside of anotherphysical unit. The physical properties of the BUS interface and the BUS protocol(DIN 9684, part 2) are defined by the standard. For integration of the service intothe LBS, the definitions of the system functions are decisive (DIN 9684, part 3).They define the performance of the nodes at the LBS. Part 3 also gives the generaldefinitions of LBS services.An LBS service forms a point-to-point link with LBS participants. The use of aservice by an LBS participant can neither be influenced by other users, nor can anLBS participant influence links between the service and other participants. Allfurther definitions of the PNS are not yet standardized.3.4. General mode of operation of the PNSFor the design of the PNS, the following basic assumptions apply:1. Each ECU knows only its parameters, meaning coordinates and numbers ofreferencepoints,targetpoints,positionsofcouplings,vehicletypesorwheelbases.2. Only the ECU can define necessary time intervals, accuracy and resolution forposition data, depending on the working conditions.3. Each ECU can get different position data at arbitrary times.4. Parameters and the way of calculating and providing position data will bedefined before the working processes of the field machinery are started.5. The PNS provides a library of procedures to calculate position data forstandard implement and vehicle types.6. Position data are provided automatically (cyclically) or on demand.To meet these requirements, the service provides the tools, and the ECUsdetermine how and which tools are used. This means they define one or severaltask(s). Such a task basically represents a list that includes commands to activatethe specific tools. These tasks are sent to the PNS, which subsequently performsthese tasks. Different tasks of one ECU are executed independently of each other.Fig. 3 illustrates the data transfer between the PNS and one ECU. It also showsthe main parts of the PNS. The tools of the PNS include the system for measuringthe position and attitude data of the measuring point, and a library of methods toprocess these data. Methods exist:?to calculate position data (position methods);?to calculate mean, maximum, minimum and integral values of position data(arithmetic methods);?to export and import data (transport methods);?to send data to the ECU (transmission methods); and?to control the data processing (data control methods).H. Speckmann/Computers and Electronics in Agriculture25 (2000) 8710694For some of these methods, the ECU has to define corresponding parameters. Italso defines data objects for position data.The central tool of the PNS is the program system to execute the tasks definedby the ECU. Simplified, the program system interprets the instructions of the task,calls the corresponding methods, calculates the demanded position and sends thedata to the ECU.For the definition of a task, the ECU generates a task resource. A task resourceis mainly a list of instructions to call methods of the PNS or to call nested taskresources. Parameters are defined by the ECU and placed in parameter resources.To store calculated position data, the ECU has to define data resources. Theresources have to be transmitted from the ECU via the BUS to the PNS beforeactivating corresponding tasks.Fig. 3. Strcture of a PNS and its data exchange with one ECU.H. Speckmann/Computers and Electronics in Agriculture25 (2000) 8710695Fig. 4. Example of the use of a position method in the course of a task resource.3.5. Predefined methods of the PNSPredefined methods of the PNS are procedures to process position data or tocontrol this data processing. Methods exist to perform different functions. Thedifferent methods are distinguished by a unique designator. They are called withintasks (task resources). It will be a part of the standard to define the designators,function specifications and calling specifications of the methods.3.5.1. Position methodsPosition methods (methods to calculate position data) are the basis for calculat-ing position data of target points. These methods calculate from an initial position(input position data, data of a reference point or previously computed data) theposition of a new point (output position data, data of a target point or as aninterim result). Position methods exist for different configurations (one-, two- orthree-dimensional model considerations, rigidly coupled points, non-rigidly coupledpoints for several basic types of vehicles, implements and vehicleimplementcombinations). These methods get their actual parameters (coordinates of the targetpoint, vehicle length, width, height, type or wheelbases) from parameter resourceswhich are defined by the concerned implement ECU.Fig. 4 shows a section of a task resource using a position method. The programsystem of the PNS executes this task resource. At a certain part of the taskresource, it finds a calling instruction for a position method. This calling instructionincludes the designator of the specific method and a reference to a relevantparameter resource. At this moment, the program system owns actual positiondata, which result from previous operations. Now it uses these actual data as inputdata, and the parameter resource reference for the position method. Then, itexecutes the specified method. This method calculates the output position datausing the specified parameters. It then returns to the program system. The outputposition data of the position method become the new actual position data. Theprogram system continues and executes the following instructions.3.5.2. Arithmetic methodsArithmetic methods are used to compute mean, maximum, minimum or integralvalues of position