2020年高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí) 句子成分
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1、2020;2020年高考英語一輪語法復(fù)習(xí):句子成分 一. 主語 主語(subject) 是一個句子的主題( theme), 是句子所述說的主體。它的位置一般在一句之首??捎米髦髡Z的有單詞、短語和從句。 1.名詞作主語。 如:A tree has fallen across the road. 2.代詞用作主語。如:You’re not far wrong. 注意: * 反身代詞不能充當(dāng)句子主語。如You can express yourself at the meeting. * 指人的不定代詞(someone, somebody ,no one, nobody, anyone,
2、anybody ,everyone, everybody)與指物的不定代詞(something, anything, everything ,nothing)做主語,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如:everyone is here。但是都不能跟of短語,不能說someone of , no one of, something of, 但是可以說every one of,none of。做主語反意疑問句用復(fù)數(shù),everyone is here,aren’t they?但是 someone lost his pen,didn’t he? 3.?dāng)?shù)詞用作主語。如:Three is enough. 4.名詞化
3、的形容詞用作主語。 The idle are forced to work. 當(dāng)the+adj表示抽象名詞時謂語動詞采用單數(shù)形式。 The new replaces the old。(新陳代謝) 5.不定式用作主語。 如:To find your way can be a problem. 注意: 動詞不定式做主語, 通常有兩種情形: 一種是不定式直接放在句首(這種形式較少),另一種是用it做形式主
4、語,把不定式置于句末,達(dá)到平衡句子的目的. To see is to believe. Seeing is believing。(眼見為實(shí)) It’s nice of you to help me with my English. 6. 動名詞用作主語。如:Smoking is bad for you. 注意:不定式與動名詞做主語一般來說差別不大,有時兩者可以互換。但按照傳統(tǒng)語法來說,動名詞表示說話人的習(xí)慣、愛好或事抽象動作;而動詞不定式表示具體的、一次性動作。例如: Smoking is prohibited here . It's not very good for you t
5、o smoke so much. 7.從句用作主語。如: Whenever you are ready will be fine. 二.謂語 謂語(predicate) 或謂語動詞(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主語之后。謂語由簡單動詞或動詞短語(助動詞或情態(tài)動詞+主要動詞)構(gòu)成。 1.由簡單的動詞構(gòu)成。 (1). What happened? (2). He worked hard all day today. 2.由動詞短語構(gòu)成的謂語。 (1). The plane took off at ten o’clock. (2). What’s been keep
6、ing you all this time? 這半天你在干什么來著? (3). You can do it if you try hard. 你努力就可以做到。 3.英語常用某些動作名詞代替表動態(tài)的謂語動詞,表生動。這種動作名詞之前常用沒有多大意義的動詞have, get, take, give 等。如: (1). I had a swim yesterday.(had a swim 代替了swam) (2). Take a look at that!?。╰ake a look 代替了 look) (3). He gave a sigh.(gave a sigh 代替了sighed)
7、 (4). I got a good shake-up.(a good shake-up 代替了was shaken up thoroughly(充分,徹底的)) 三.表語 表語的功能是表述主語的特征、狀態(tài)、身份等。它也可以說是一種主語補(bǔ)語。它位于聯(lián)系動詞之后,與之構(gòu)成所謂的系表結(jié)構(gòu)。在系表結(jié)構(gòu)鐘,聯(lián)系動詞只是形式上的謂語,二真正起謂語作用的則是表語??梢宰鞅碚Z的詞有:名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語、從句等。 1.The wedding was that Sunday.(名詞) 2.So that’s that.(代詞) 3.We are seven
8、.(數(shù)詞) 4.Are you busy?(形容詞) 5.Are you there?(電話用語)(副詞) 6.All I could do was to wait.(不定式) 7. Is that asking so much?(動名詞) 8.I was so much surprised at it.(過去分詞) 9.She is in good health.(介詞短語) 10.Is that why you were angry?(從句) 四.賓語 賓語(object)在句中主要充當(dāng)動作的承受者,因此一般皆置于及物動詞之后。如: Our team beat all
9、the others. 可以用作賓語的有:名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、副詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的分詞、從句等。 1.Do you fancy a drink?(名詞) 2.They won’t hurt us.(代詞) 3.If you add 5 to 5, you get 10.(數(shù)詞)。 4.I shall do my possible.(名詞化形容詞) 5.He left there last week.(副詞) 6.Does she really mean to leave home?(不定式) 7.He never did the unexpected(想
10、不到的,意外的). (名詞化的分詞) 8.Do you understand what I mean?(從句) 注意:(一).賓語中有些動詞需要兩個同等的賓語,即直接賓語(direct object)與間接賓語(indirect object)。直接賓語一般指動作的承受者,間接賓語指動作所向的或所為的人和物(多指人),具有這種雙賓語的及物動詞叫做與格動詞(dative verb), 常用的有:answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play,
11、 promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等,間接賓語一般須與直接賓語連用,通常放在直接賓語之前。如:I have found him a place. 我給他找到了一個職位。 (二).英語中有些常用搭配,直接賓語和間接賓語交換位置后介詞不能省略,常見的有:appologize to sb for sth, explain to sb sth 五.補(bǔ)語 補(bǔ)語(complement)是一種補(bǔ)足主語和賓語的意義的句子成分。補(bǔ)足主語意義的句子成分叫做主語補(bǔ)語(subject complement),補(bǔ)足賓語意義的句子成分叫做賓語補(bǔ)語(
12、object complement). (1). 容詞用作主語補(bǔ)語是常置于主語之前,后有逗號。 Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 有時可以置于主語之后,前后都有逗號,與非限定性定語相似。如: The man, cruel beyond belief, didn’t listen to their pleadings. (2).可以用做賓語補(bǔ)語的有名詞、形容詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語等 1.They named the child Jimmy.(名詞用作并與補(bǔ)語) 2.My mother looks so young that you wou
13、ld think her my sister. (名詞短語作賓語補(bǔ)語) 3. He boiled the egg hard.(形容詞用作賓語補(bǔ)語) 4.I found the book very interesting.(形容詞短語用作賓補(bǔ)) 5.The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover. (不定式用作賓語補(bǔ)語) 6.I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.(動名作賓補(bǔ)) 7.Don’t take his kindness for granted.(介詞短語) 六.定語 定語是用來說明名詞(代詞
14、)的品質(zhì)與特征的詞或一組詞??捎米鞫ㄕZ的有:形容詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語和從句. 1.形容詞用作定語是大量的。 (1). She is a natural musician.(2). He must be the best violinist alive.(后置定語) 2. 名詞用作定語。如 (1). A baby girl 女嬰 (2). well water 井水 (3). Sports car 雙座輕型汽車 (4). A fool’s paradise 夢幻的天堂 2.代詞作定語。 (1). Your hair needs cuttin
15、g.(物主代詞用作定語) (2). Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. 人人負(fù)責(zé)就是無人負(fù)責(zé)。 (不定代詞所有格作定語) 3.?dāng)?shù)詞作定語 (1). There’s only one way to do it. (2). Do it now, you may not get a second chance. 基數(shù)詞用作后置定語: page 24 Room 201 the year 1949 4. 副詞充當(dāng)定語時常后置,如: the room above 樓上的房間 the world today 今日世界 the way ou
16、t 出路 a day off 休息日 5.不定式用作定語 (1). Her promise to write was forgotten. (2). That’s the way to do it. 6.動名詞用作定語. A walking stick 拐杖 sleeping pills 安眠藥 eating implements 吃飯用具 learning method 學(xué)習(xí)方法 7.分詞充當(dāng)定語 a sleeping child 正在睡中的小孩 a drinking man 嗜酒者 a retired worker 一個退休工人 a faded flower 一朵謝了的花
17、 8.介詞短語用作定語。 (1). This is a map of China. (2). The wild look in his eyes spoke plainer than words. 9.從句用作定語,即定語從句 The car that’s parked outside is mine. Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one. 七.同位語 當(dāng)兩個指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置時,一個句子成分可被用來說明或解釋另一個句子成分,前者就叫做后者的同位語(appositive).這
18、兩個句子成分多由名詞(代詞)擔(dān)任,同位語通常皆放在其說明的名詞(代詞)之后。 1.We have two children, a boy and a girl. 2.They all wanted to see him. 3.Are you two ready? 4.Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with some opposition. 5.The city of Rome 羅馬城 the art of writing 寫作藝術(shù) The vice of smoking 吸煙嗜好
19、 6.The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 八.狀語 狀語(adverbial)是修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞以及全句的句子成分。。如: 1.The girl is improving remarkably. 這個女孩大有進(jìn)步。 2.可用作狀語的有副詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語、從句等。 副詞最常用作狀語,位置比較靈活,可置句末、句首和句中。 He speaks the language badly but read it well. Naturally we expect ho
20、tel guests to lock their doors. 3.狀語按用途來分,可以分為時間、地點(diǎn)、方式、原因、結(jié)果、目的、條件、讓步、程度、方式、伴隨等 (1).Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow? (2). There are plenty of fish in the sea. (3).Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job. (4). She spoke so softly that I couldn’t hear what she said. (5). In order to get
21、into a good school, I must study even harder. (6). If he were to come, what should we say to him? (7). For all his money, he didn’t seem happy. (8). To what extent would you trust them? (9).He stood there ,pipe(煙斗) in mouth. 注意事項(xiàng): 若時間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語同時修飾一動詞,通常先說地點(diǎn)狀語然后再說時間狀語。 The held a meeting in the
22、great hall yesterday afternoon.昨天下午他們在大廳舉行了一次會議。 如果修飾同一個時間狀語或地點(diǎn)狀語不止一個,則一般按照“由小到大”的順序排列。 He arrived here at about ten o’clock yesterday morning.他大約是在昨天上午10點(diǎn)到達(dá)這兒的。 He lived in a small village in the north .他住在北方的一個小村子里。 [真題演練] 1.-----What do you think it was that made her so upset ? ---_____. A
23、. lost her bike B. Losing her bike C. She lost her bike D. Because of losing her bike 2. The old ____taken care of in our country. A. is B. has C. are D. have 3. The music sounded _____. We all ____it. A. wonderfully; are like B. badly; like
24、 C. nice; like D. well; like 4. Setting fires to wild plants _____very dangerous. A. is B. are C. has D. were 5. With his money _____,he couldn’t go home . A. leaving B. missed C. running out D. run out 6. Don’t lose he
25、art ,If you work hard ,you’ll ____a successful electronic engineer. A. turn B. learn C. have D. make 7. Although the working mother is very busy, she still____a lot of time to children. A. devotes B. spends C. offers D. provides
26、 8. A library with five thousand books _____to the nation as a gift. A. is offered B. had offered C. are offered D. have offered 9. My mother’s suggestion _____useful by them all. A. was considered to be B. was considered being C. considered to be D. c
27、onsidered being 10. I felt ____that she should change her mind at the last minute. A. it is strange B. it strange C. that was a strange thing D. very strange 答案解析: 選B。句意:你認(rèn)為是什么事使得她那么不高興?再分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知:do you think 插入了強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的特殊疑問句式中,what是句子主語。即What made her so upset?因此答語必須符合主語條件。經(jīng)過分析可知B對。 選C。
28、the+adj. 如果表示一類人,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù);如表示一類事或一個人則用單數(shù)。 選C。sounded 在此作系動詞,后跟形容詞做表語,意思是:聽起來。A、B兩項(xiàng)均是副詞。D項(xiàng)well可作形容詞,但是有一個意思:身體好,well在這里不適當(dāng)。故選C。 選A。動名詞或不定式作主語,謂語動詞用單數(shù),但如果有and連接兩個不相關(guān)的動名詞或不定式,不指同一概念時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù),指同一個概念則仍然用單數(shù),如:Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy.早睡早起身體好。這個and連接的兩個不定式就是同一概念,所以謂語用單數(shù)makes。 選C
29、. with+賓語+doing .run out 快用完了。 選D。turn變得,強(qiáng)調(diào)性質(zhì),狀態(tài),顏色的改變;make有素質(zhì)成為----,能成為----。另外連個選項(xiàng)learn“學(xué)習(xí)”,have“擁有”與題干語言環(huán)境相差較遠(yuǎn)。 選A。根據(jù)句意“雖然他上班很忙,她仍然花大量的時間在孩子身上?!笨蛇x出A。其中a lot of time 直接賓語,children間接賓語。 選A。該題既考查offer一詞的用法,有考查主謂一致的用法。主語+with(as well as;along with;rather than---)+動詞(動詞的數(shù)和主語一致)。Offer為及物動詞。 選A。is considered to be +n./adj. 被認(rèn)為是------,該題的useful是主語補(bǔ)足語。 選B。it是形式賓語,strange是賓補(bǔ),不能選A。因?yàn)榫渲幸延兄^語動詞felt。
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