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1、閱讀理解精講精煉21 116. Harvard researchers have created a tough, low-cost, biodegradable(可生物降解的) material inspired by insects' hard outer shells. The material's inventors say it has a number of possible uses and someday could provide a more environmentally friendly alternative to plastic. The material, m

2、ade from shrimp (蝦) shells and proteins produced from silk, is called “shrilk.” It is thin, clear, flexible and strong. A major benefit of the material is its biodegradability. Plastic's toughness and flexibility represented a revolution in materials science during the 1950s and '60s. Decades later

3、, however, plastic's very durability (耐用性) is raising questions about how appropriate it is for one-time products such as plastic bags, or short-lived consumer goods, used in the home for a few years and then cast into a landfill where they will degrade for centuries. What is the point of making som

4、ething that lasts 1,000 years? Shrilk not only will degrade in a landfill, but its basic components are used as fertilizer (肥料), and so will enrich the soil. Shrilk has great potential, the inventors said. Materials from which it is made are plentiful in nature, found in everything ranging from sh

5、rimp shells, insect bodies to living plants. That makes shrilk low-cost, and its mass production possible should it be used for products demanding a lot of material. Work on shrilk is continuing in the lab. The inventors said the material becomes flexible when wet, so they’re exploring ways to us

6、e it in wet environments. They’re also developing simpler production processes, which could be used for non-medical products，like for computer cases and other products inside the home. They’re even exploring combining it with other materials，like carbon fibers, to give it new properties. 66. Para

7、graph 1 of the passage is mainly about shrilk's ________. A．remarkable design B．interesting name C．major features D．basic elements 67. What has become a concern about plastic? A．Using it properly. B．Producing it cheaply. C．Developing its properties quickly. D．Evaluating its contributions fa

8、irly. 68. According to the inventors，shrilk has great potential partly because ________. A．it can help plastic degrade B．it can be found in living things C．its mass production has been realized D．its raw materials are abundant in nature 69. What are the inventors doing in the lab? A．Replacing

9、 carbon fibers with shrilk. B．Testing shrilk's use in wet conditions. C．Making shrilk out of used household goods. D．Improving shrilk’s flexibility for medical purposes. 70. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? A．Recent Progress in Environmental Protection B．Benefits o

10、f Insects in Scientific Research C．The Harm of One-time Products D.A Possible Alternative to Plastic 【要點(diǎn)綜述】本文是一篇科普說明文。介紹了科技新發(fā)現(xiàn)：從動(dòng)物外殼提煉的具有可生物降解特性的材料以及它的廣泛用途。 66. C　段落大意題。考查對(duì)段落主題的理解和判斷能力。根據(jù)第一段Harvard researchers have created a tough, low-cost, biodegradable…可以推知，選項(xiàng)C符合文意。 67. A　細(xì)節(jié)理解題

11、。考查對(duì)文章特定細(xì)節(jié)的理解和判斷能力。根據(jù)文章第二段…h(huán)owever, plastic’s very durability is raising questions about how appropriate it is for one-time products…可以推知，選項(xiàng)A符合文意。 68. D　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。考查對(duì)文章特定細(xì)節(jié)的理解和判斷能力。根據(jù)文章第四段Materials from which it is made are plentiful in nature, found in everything…可以推知，選項(xiàng)D符合文意。 69. B　細(xì)節(jié)理解題?？疾閷?duì)文章特定細(xì)節(jié)的理

12、解和判斷能力。根據(jù)文章最后一段so they’re exploring ways to use it in wet environments.可以推知，選項(xiàng)B符合文意。 70. D　主旨大意題。考查對(duì)文章整體的歸納理解能力。根據(jù)文章第一段The material’s …could provide a more environmentally friendly alternative to plastic.以及后文具體談?wù)摰脑摬牧蟽?yōu)于塑料的內(nèi)容可以推知，選擇D符合文意。 117. Brrriiinnng. The alarm clock announces the start of a

13、nother busy weekday in the morning. You jump out of bed, rush into the shower, into your clothes and out the door with hardly a moment to think. A stressful journey to work gets your blood pressure climbing. Once at the office, you glance through the newspaper with depressing stories or reports of d

14、isasters. In that sort of mood, who can get down to work, particularly some creative, original problem-solving work? The way most of us spend our mornings is exactly opposite to the conditions that promote flexible, open-minded thinking. Imaginative ideas are most likely to come to us when we're un

15、focused. If you are one of those energetic morning people, your most inventive time comes in the early evening when you are relaxed. Sleepy people's lack of focus leads to an increase in creative problem solving. By not giving yourself time to tune_into_your_wandering_mind,_you're missing out on the

16、 surprising solutions it may offer. The trip you take to work doesn't help, either. The stress slows down the speed with which signals travel between neurons (神經(jīng)細(xì)胞), making inspirations less likely to occur. And while we all should read a lot about what's going on in the world, it would not make

17、you feel good for sure, so put that news website or newspaper aside until after the day's work is done. So what would our mornings look like if we wanted to start them with a full capacity for creative problem solving? We'd set the alarm a few minutes early and lie awake in bed, following our thoug

18、hts where they lead. We'd stand a little longer under the warm water of the shower, stopping thinking about tasks in favor of a few more minutes of relaxation. We'd take some deep breaths on our way to work, instead of complaining about heavy traffic. And once in the office—after we get a cup of cof

19、fee—we'd click on links not to the news of the day but to the funniest videos the web has to offer. 67．According to the author, we are more creative when we are ________. A．focused B．relaxed C．a(chǎn)wake D．busy 68．What does the author imply about newspapers? A．They are solution providers.

20、 B．They are a source of inspiration. C．They are normally full of bad news. D．They are more educational than websites. 69．By “tune into your wandering mind” (in Para. 2), the author means “________”． A．wander into the wild B．listen to a beautiful tune C．switch to the traffic channel D．stop con

21、centrating on anything 70．The author writes the last paragraph in order to ________. A．offer practical suggestions B．summarize past experiences C．a(chǎn)dvocate diverse ways of life D．establish a routine for the future 【要點(diǎn)綜述】此篇作者根據(jù)自己的觀察，發(fā)現(xiàn)人們工作中的問題，并提出了增強(qiáng)創(chuàng)造性的建議。 67．B　信息理解題。根據(jù)第二段…your most inventive

22、time comes in the early evening when you are relaxed.可知正確答案為B。 68．C　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段最后兩句話：“當(dāng)你瀏覽報(bào)紙上令人沮喪的消息和關(guān)于災(zāi)難的報(bào)道時(shí)，你怎么能安心工作呢？”所以C項(xiàng)正確。 69．D　詞義理解題。劃線部分句子的意思為：不給自己時(shí)間隨著自己的思緒徜徉，你將錯(cuò)過一些令人吃驚的(好的)解決問題的方案。D項(xiàng)正確。 70．A　主旨大意題。最后一段首句即為此段中心句，它交代了這一段的寫作意圖，所以A項(xiàng)正確。 118. I have been consistently opposed to feeding a

23、baby regularly. As a doctor, mother and scientist in child development I believe there is nothing to recommend it, from the baby's point of view. Mothers, doctors and nurses alike have no idea of where a baby's blood sugar level lies. All we know is that a low level is harmful to brain development

24、 and makes a baby easily annoyed. In this state, the baby is difficult to calm down and sleep is impossible. The baby asks for attention by crying and searching for food with its mouth. It is not just unkind but also dangerous to say a four-hourly feeding schedule will make a baby satisfied. The fi

25、rst of the experts to advocate a strict clock-watching schedule was Dr Frederic Truby King who was against feeding in the night. I've never heard anything so ridiculous. Baby feeding shouldn't follow a timetable set by the mum. What is important is feeding a baby in the best way, though it may cause

26、 some inconvenience in the first few weeks. Well, at last we have copper-bottomed research that supports demand feeding and points out the weaknesses of strictly timed feeding. The research finds out that babies who are fed on demand do better at school at age 5, 7, 11 and 14, than babies fed accor

27、ding to the clock. By the age of 8, their IQ (智商) scores are four to five percent higher than babies fed by a rigid timetable. This research comes from Oxford and Essex University using a sample (樣本) of 10,419 children born in the early 1990s, taking account of parental education, family income, a c

28、hild's sex and age, the mother's health and feeding style. These results don't surprise me. Feeding according to schedule runs the risk of harming the rapidly growing brain by taking no account of sinking blood sugar levels. I hope this research will put an end to advocating strictly timed baby fee

29、ding practices. 31. According to Paragraph 2, one reason why a baby cries is that it feels ________. A．sick B．upset C．sleepy D．hungry 32. What does the author think about Dr King? A．He is strict. B．He is unkind. C．He has the wrong idea. D．He sets a timetable for mothers. 3

30、3. The word copper-bottomed in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to________. A．basic B．reliable C．surprising D．interesting 34. What does the research tell us about feeding a baby on demand? A．The baby will sleep well. B．The baby will have its brain harmed. C．The baby will have a low blood s

31、ugar level. D．The baby will grow to be wiser by the age of 8. 35. The author supports feeding the baby ________. A．in the night B．every four hours C．whenever it wants food D．a(chǎn)ccording to its blood sugar level 【要點(diǎn)綜述】這是一篇議論文。主要介紹了怎樣喂嬰兒，是根據(jù)嬰兒的需求還是按照時(shí)間表。根據(jù)調(diào)查研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，按照嬰兒的需求喂嬰兒要比按照時(shí)間規(guī)定喂嬰兒要好很多。 31. D　

32、細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從第二段The baby asks for attention by crying and searching for food with its mouth.看出嬰兒哭是因?yàn)轲I了。故選D。 32. C　作者觀點(diǎn)題。根據(jù)第三段I’ve never heard anything so ridiculous. Baby feeding shouldn’t follow a timetable set by the mum. What is important is feeding a baby in the best way, though it may cause some in

33、convenience in the first few weeks.看出作者認(rèn)為Dr Frederic Truby King的觀點(diǎn)是不正確的。故選C。 33. B　詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)本段的…research that supports demand feeding and points out the weaknesses of strictly timed feeding. The research finds out that babies who are fed on demand do better at school at age 5, 7 , 11 and 14, than b

34、abies fed according to the clock. By the age of 8, their IQ (智商)scores are four to five percent higher than babies fed by a rigid timetable.看出這個(gè)研究是非常可靠的。basic“基礎(chǔ)的，基本的”；reliable“可依賴的，可靠的”；surprising“令人吃驚的”；interesting“有趣的”。故選B。 34. D　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段By the age of 8, their IQ (智商)scores are four to five

35、percent higher than babies fed by a rigid timetable.看出答案。故選D。 35. C　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。本文的第一句(I have been consistently opposed to feeding a baby regularly)就提出觀點(diǎn)，“反對(duì)定時(shí)喂嬰兒”，最后一句(I hope this research will put an end to advocating strictly timed baby feeding practices)希望結(jié)束嚴(yán)格按時(shí)喂養(yǎng)的習(xí)慣。既然是“不定時(shí)”，也就是按嬰兒需要喂養(yǎng)，故選C。

36、 119. Do you know how it is when you see someone yawn and you start yawning too? Or how hard it is to be among people laughing and not laugh yourself? Well, apparently it's because we have mirror neurons(神經(jīng)元)in our brains. Put simply, the existence of mirror neurons suggests that every time w

37、e see someone else do something, our brains imitate(模仿)it, whether or not we actually perform the same action. This explains a great deal about how we learn to smile, talk, walk, dance or play sports. But the idea goes further: mirror neurons not only appear to explain physical actions, they also te

38、ll us that there is a biological basis for the way we understand other people. Mirror neurons can undoubtedly be found all over our brains, but especially in the areas which relate to our ability to use languages, and to understand how other people feel. Researchers have found that mirror neurons r

39、elate strongly to language. A group of researchers discovered that if they gave people sentences to listen to (for example：“The hand took hold of the ball”), the same mirror neurons were triggered as when the action was actually performed (in this example, actually taking hold of a ball)． Any probl

40、ems with mirror neurons may well result in problems with behavior. Much research suggests that people with social and behavioral problems have mirror neurons which are not fully functioning. However, it is not yet known exactly how these discoveries might help find treatments for social disorders.

41、Research into mirror neurons seems to provide us with ever more information concerning how humans behave and interact(互動(dòng))．Indeed, it may turn out to be the equivalent(相等物)for neuroscience of what Einstein's theory of relativity was for physics. And the next time you feel the urge to cough in the cin

42、ema when someone else does—well, perhaps you'll understand why. 67．Mirror neurons can explain ________. A．why we cry when we are hurt B．why we cough when we suffer from a cold C．why we smile when we see someone else smile D．why we yawn when we see someone else stay up late 68．The underlined wo

43、rd “triggered” in the third paragraph probably means “________”． A．set off B．cut off C．built up D．broken up 69．We can learn from the passage that mirror neurons ________. A．relate to human behavior and interaction B．control human physical actions and feelings C．result in bad behavior and soc

44、ial disorders D．determine our knowledge and language abilities 70．What is the passage mainly about? A．Ways to find mirror neurons. B．Problems of mirror neurons. C．Existence of mirror neurons. D．Functions of mirror neurons. 【要點(diǎn)綜述】本文是一篇科普說明文。介紹了鏡像神經(jīng)元的作用。 67.C　推理判斷題。從第二段的第一句話“every time we see

45、someone else do something, our brains imitate it”可知鏡像神經(jīng)元的作用就是當(dāng)我們看到別人做某事，我們也會(huì)跟著做。 68. A　詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三段鏡像神經(jīng)元對(duì)語言的作用，當(dāng)人們聽到“手抓住球”這句話時(shí)，神經(jīng)元就開始起作用了，就像手抓住球這個(gè)動(dòng)作真的發(fā)生一樣。set off：出發(fā)；觸發(fā)。 69. A　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句可知答案。 70. D　主旨大意題。本文主要介紹了人體鏡像神經(jīng)元的作用。 120. Decision-making under Stress A new review based on a resea

46、rch shows that acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages, causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative(負(fù)面的) consequences of a decision. The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways. “Stress

47、affects how people learn，” says Professor Mara Mather.“People learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress.” For example, two recent studies looked at how people learned to connect images(影像)with either rewards or punishments. In one experiment, some of the participants were firs

48、t stressed by having to give a speech and do difficult math problems in front of an audience; in the other, some were stressed by having to keep their hands in ice water. In both cases, the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurate

49、ly than those who hadn't gone through the stress. This phenomenon is likely not surprising to anyone who has tried to resist eating cookies or smoking a cigarette while under stress—at those moments, only the pleasure associated with such activities comes to mind. But the findings further suggest t

50、hat stress may bring about a double effect. Not only are rewarding experiences remembered better, but negative consequences are also easily recalled. The research also found that stress appears to affect decision-making differently in men and women. While both men and women tend to focus on rewards

51、 and less on consequences under stress, their responses to risk turn out to be different. Men who had been stressed by the cold-water task tended to take more risks in the experiment while women responded in the opposite way. In stressful situations in which risk-taking can pay off big, men may ten

52、d to do better; when caution weighs more, however, women will win. This tendency to slow down and become more cautious when decisions are risky might also help explain why women are less likely to become addicted than men: they may more often avoid making the risky choices that eventually harden in

53、to addiction. 64．We can learn from the passage that people under pressure tend to ________. A．keep rewards better in their memory B．recall consequences more effortlessly C．make risky decisions more frequently D．learn a subject more effectively 65．According to the research, stress affects peopl

54、e most probably in their ________. A．ways of making choices B．preference for pleasure C．tolerance of punishments D．responses to suggestions 66．The research has proved that in a stressful situation, ________. A．women find it easier to fall into certain habits B．men have a greater tendency to s

55、low down C．women focus more on outcomes D．men are more likely to take risks 【要點(diǎn)綜述】本文主要講述的是壓力對(duì)人做出決定的影響以及男女在面對(duì)壓力時(shí)決定方式的不同。 64. A　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段“In both cases, the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurately than those who hadn't go

56、ne through the stress.”可知A為正確答案。 65. A　推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章標(biāo)題和實(shí)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容，可知作者要說明的是“The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways.”(第二段)。所以選A。 66. D　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第七段“Men who had been stressed by the cold-water task tended to take more risks in the experiment while women

57、responded in the opposite way.”可知D為正確選項(xiàng)。 121. Welcome to one of the largest collections of footwear(鞋類)in the world that will make you green with envy. Here at the Footwear Museum you can see exhibits(展品)from all over the world. You can find out about shoes worn by everyone from the Ancien

58、t Egyptians to pop stars. Room 1 The celebrity(名人)footwear section is probably the most popular in the entire museum. Started in the 1950s there is a wide variety of shoes and boots belonging to everyone from queens and presidents to pop stars and actors! Most visitors find the celebrities' choi

59、ce of footwear extremely interesting. Room 2 Most of our visitors are amazed—and shocked—by the collection of “special purpose” shoes on exhibition here at the Museum of Footwear. For example, there are Chinese shoes made of silk that were worn by women to tie their feet firmly to prevent them f

60、rom growing too much！ Room 3 As well as shoes and boots, the museum also exhibits shoe-shaped objects. The variety is unbelievable. For example, there is a metal lamp that resembles a pair of shoes, and Greek wine bottles that look like legs！ The Footwear Library People come from all over th

61、e world to study in our excellent footwear library. Designers and researchers come here to look up information on anything and everything related to the subject of footwear. 56. Where would you find a famous singer's shoes? A. Room 1. B. Room 2. C. Room 3. D. The Footwear Library. 57. All exh

62、ibits each room ________. A. share the same theme B. have the same shape C. are made of the same material D. belong to the same social class 58. Which of the following is true according to the text? A. The oldest exhibits in Room 1 were made in the 1950s. B. Room 2 is the most visited place

63、in the museum. C. Room 3 has a richer variety of exhibits than the other two. D. Researchers come to the Footwear Library for data. 59. The purpose of the text is to get more people to ________. A. do research B. design shoes C. visit the museum D. follow celebrities 【要點(diǎn)綜述】本文講述世界上最大的收集鞋

64、類的博物館之一——Footwear Museum。 56. A　細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。Room 1中有名人鞋的展品，所以選A。 57. A　推理判斷題。每個(gè)展廳的展品都和“鞋類”有關(guān)。所以選A。 58. D　細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)The Footwear Library中Designers and researchers come here to look up information on anything and everything related to the subject of footwear.可判斷研究者是為了收集資料。 59. C　推理判斷題。本文講述了世界上最大的收集鞋類的博物館之

65、一——Footwear Museum，目的是吸引更多的人來參觀。 122. Welcome to your future life! You get up in the morning and look into the mirror. Your face is firm and young-looking. In 2035, medical technology is better than ever. Many people your age could live to be 150，so at 40, you're not old at all. And your parent

66、s just had an anti-aging(抗衰老的) treatment. Now, all three of you look the same age! You say to your shirt, “Turn red.” It changes from blue to red. In 2035, “smart clothes” contain particles(粒子) much smaller than the cells in your body. The particles can be programmed to change your clothes' color or pattern. You walk into the kitchen. You pick up the milk, but a voice says，“ You shouldn't drink that！” Your fridge has read the chip (芯片) that contains information about the milk, and it knows the