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1、Mechanical DesignAbstract: A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits, or utilizes energy, force, or motion for a useful purpose. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the princi

2、ples and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines, from hub caps and filing cabinets to instruments and nuclear pressure vessels. The term mechanicaldesign is used in a broader sense than machine design to include their design.For some a

3、pparatus, the thermal and fluid aspects that determine the requirements of heat, flow path,and volume are separately considered. However, the motior and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mecha

4、nical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical evices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.keyword: Mechanical Designmechanisms Design Process Tolerance Design processThe design begins from real of or the demand of imagination. The existin

5、g instrument may need to take in to improve on the enduring, efficiency,weight, speed or the cost. May need new instrument to complete before function done by person, such as Assemble or maintain. The target is all or partly after making sure, design of the next move is to conceive outline the organ

6、ization that can complete the function needed and it arranges for this, drawing grass diagram to be worth barehanded biggest,it isnt only one personal record of viewpoint with with others discussion of assistance means, and be suitable for to communicate with own viewpoint particularly, is the stimu

7、lant which creates sex way of thinking to still need extensive knowledge concerning parts, because a the set new machine usually from be familiar with of each kind of spareparts reschedule or substitute but become, changed size and material perhaps. Regardless at conceive outline process in still af

8、ter, a design will carry on a fast or rough calculation or analyze to make sure regulation size and possibility. When some concerning need or can use amount of space of viewpoint assurance after, can start pro rata painting grass diagram. Finally, 1 completed according to the design of the function

9、and the credibility, can make kind machine.lf test satisfied, and if the device wants mass production, will to the first design carry on a certain modification to insure with lower cost mass-produce. Later on several years of make and use a period, design probably because of conceive outline new vie

10、wpoint perhaps according to test and experience foundation of further analytical the change shown but change. Sell attraction, customer s satisfaction and manufacturing costs to all have something to do with design, the success which designs ability and engineering investment is closely related. Som

11、e design standardsAt this part, someone suggests the attitude of the usage creation carries on of analysis, this kind of analysis can cause a graveness improvement and to back up the product conceive outline with perfect,perhaps the product function is more, more economic and more enduring. Creating

12、 the stages needing not is first with independentstage. Although analyze personnel the whole probably irresponsible design, he isn t only the right answer of with problem that can be from the numeral put forward wanting him to resolve only, not only only is give should dint value, the size works to

13、limit perhaps. He can put forward more extensive views, for the purpose of improvement norm or project. Because in the analysis the行ont or the analysis the process,he will acquaint with to equip and its work condition, he is fully placed in a beneficial position which conceives outline to choose a p

14、roject. Best he can put forward a suggestion change shape to Elimination moment of force or should dint concentration, not allow to set up to have to cut the organization that noodles and excessive dynamic state carry a lotus greatly best is he discards his meticulous of design but is not see a mach

15、ine discard afterwards. For stiring up to create sex thinking, the suggestion designs a personnel and analytical the personnel use following standard.6 ex-standards are particularly applicable to an analysis personnel,although he may involve to all this 10.1. Create the physical function that sex la

16、nd utilization need when using combine the control dont need.2. Know practical carry lotus and its importance.3. Consider in advance there is no function carrying a lotus.4. Invent to add to carry a condition more beneficially.5. Provide minimum weight the most beneficial of distribute in response t

17、o the dint with rigid.6. Use a basic and square distance calculation a comparison and make size superior to turn.7. Select by examinations material to acquire a function combination.8. At spare parts and integrated spare parts careful choice.9. Modify a function design with the orientation productio

18、n line and decline low cost10. Consider to make parts accurate to position in the assemble with with each other not interference Mechanical Design The whole machine design is a complicated process. Designing the personnel have to at thus of realm, such as calm down mechanics, kinetics dynamics and m

19、aterial mechanics have good cultivated manners, have to also acquaint with manufacturing material and make a craft in addition. Designing the personnel has to can combine all related facts, carrying on Teaches Wei and creating grass diagram and graphics to cometo deliver the manufacturing request to

20、 the car.The square one that any product designs works it an is the material that the choice useds for making each parts. The design personnel of today can get an innumerable. While choosing, function, external appearance,material cost and manufacturing costs of product are all very important. Had t

21、o be careful to evaluate the function of material before any calculation.It is necessary a careful calculation with the usefulness of insuring the design. Compute to never appear on the diagram, but from ten various reason be saved. Once the whichever parts loses efficacy, will clear up to do what w

22、hile designing this defective spare parts at the beginning;And, can acquire an experience document from compute past item. While needing the design for ising similar to, the past record will have a tremendous help.The check of computing(with diagram top size) is the most important. A decimal point s

23、 mislaying position can ruin an original and acceptable item. For example, if a person wants to design a bracket that can prop up 100 pounds, but it should can prop up 1000 pounds originally, the result affirmation will fail. The square aspect noodles had to check a check to design again a work.The

24、calculator speaks to is an of great use tool for the staff member,can ease a dull calculation and provide to expand analysis to the existing data. Hand over system to make the calculator assistance design (CAD) with each other according to the calculator function and the calculator lend support to a

25、 manufacturing(CAM) to make possible.Pass thus of system, may conceive outline a first step to deliver to beat bore paper to take to used for numeral to process control but need not to draw formal construction diagram.The machine design for the laboratory test, model and kind machine is very helpful

26、. The laboratory provided a lot of build up basic concept need of information, however, can also acquire with them some concerning product Finally,how on the spot would the understanding for working.a design personnel of success should offer the step that the utmost effort keeps up with ages. Will a

27、ppear new material and produce a method everyday. If painting and design personnels dont acquainting with modern method and material may put out action.A good design personnel should usually read technique periodical to keep up with anew development The engineering work is bad The solid is made sure

28、 boundary by its surface boundary. Typical model ground, design a personnel to specify Mr. to call size to a spare parts to make it contented its demand. Actually because of the surface irregular and proper surface rough degree, each spare parts cant make into Mr. to call sizes hasing to allow size

29、to have some varieties can make with insuring repeatedly. But, the variety allowed cant certainly too big with as for make to assemble the function of the piece to become bad. Single the variety allowed by spare parts is called business trip. Business trip this technical term not only is applicable

30、to from the acceptable scope of the parts size ofwith manufacturing craft creation, but also is applicable to a machine or processes of exportation. For example, a give already set number of thepower each pedestals of I. C. engine have variety. Actually, we usually discover this kind of variety mode

31、l will be a frequency to distribute curve, for example t. The distributes. (call the Gauss distribute again) One of the work which designs a personnel is the variety which specifies size for a spare parts and allows, this value canproduce acceptable function. Spare parts business tripWhen there is n

32、o appointed accurate size in the diagram, most organizations all have in general use business trip of being applicable to the size. For process size, in general use business trips maying bea士is 0.5 millimeters. Therefore being specified to 15.0 millimeter scopes of sizes can be of 14.5-15.5 millimet

33、ers. Other in general use business trips can be applicable to such as the angle and drill a hole with blunt bore, The casting, the forging, the welded joint and weld the angle etc. situation.Can make reference to the diagram of past or general engineering to practice while giving the appointed busin

34、ess trip of a spare parts. The business trip of typical models ising specified is martial become JSO standard define of range. Give to settle business trip to 1, for example H7/s 6, can use for being studying of spare parts size having 1 set and chart to shoulding of number. Underneath this will giv

35、e concerning pack into inside bore of the concrete example with the stalk or the pillar form match. The standard match of bore and stalkA standard of the engineering work is the business trip which makes sure a pillar form spare parts, installing for example in a tube form spare parts or bore for co

36、rresponding of. perhaps is the stalk which revolves in its inner part to match with of loose be decided by application tightly for example, a wheel gear which positions on the stalk needs to betight of quiet match, here stalk of the diameter compares wheel gear actually of inside path a little bit a

37、 little bit big in order to can deliver need of Torque .Furthermore, the diameter of glide bearings has to be big in the diameter of the stalk to make it revolve. On the supposition that speak to can t become the accurate size to the parts manufacturing from the economy, all of the variety of stalk

38、and bore size have to make sure. But, variety of scope shouldn t the too big in order to prevent assemble hour damaged .For being unlikely to there is everlasting drive appointed business trip size endlessly, have already drawn up national and international standard to make sure business trip to tak

39、e, for example hll/c11.For using this data, gave the definition in the traditional business trip usage. Usually what to use is the Basic hole system, because this meeting makes company internal auger needed, wring knife and pull knife and calculate the decrease of tool category. Size:Mean the number

40、 of the size numerical value by appropriation unit.Actual size:The parts size got through a diagraph Size extreme limit:The spare parts allows of biggest with most baby size.The biggest size extreme limit:Bigger in two size extreme limitsMost baby size extreme limit:Smaller in two size extremelimits

41、 ofBasic size:Fix the reference size of size extreme limit in order toDeviation:A size with it to should of the algebra of basic size bad .Actual deviation: Actual size with it to should of the algebra of basic size bad.Last deviation:The biggest size extreme limit with it to should of the algebra o

42、f basic size badDescend deviation:Most baby size extreme limit with it to should of the algebra of basic size badBusiness trip:The biggest size extreme limit with most the bad value of baby size extreme limit.Stalk:Specifying an exterior characteristics with all partsconsistently uses technical term

43、Bore:Specify a parts all internal characteristics to consistently use technical term. The initial design creation satisfies appointed demanding solution. The initial design can represent all sub- systems of constituting the whole system with the total of zero partses.Ion and Smith describe an initia

44、l design for is become by a series and evaluate a stage to constitute of an iterative process, each stage matches together to become a good solution. At each iterative stage conceive outline more in detail, can more overall valuation.Produce possibly many of or the economy is convenient of conceive

45、outline and the viewpoint is important. There is 1 kind to lure, let you accept the first hopeful conceive outline and carry on a detailed design until end product. Should resist this kind of come-on, because of so as a result the head quarter is more quite a few. Well worth mentioning BE,or early o

46、r late your design would have to with those designs competitions which come from other manufactories, so the creation develop of the thoughts should be careful. Is to them to carry on valuation to combine choice next move after producing viewpoint and conceiving outline the best conceive outline. A

47、kind of valuation method is to use row watch matrix.The matrix constitutes to from a series of standard. conceive outline have to ask for help them to beat a cent. If suitable, the importance of the standard can add power, conceiving outline most in keeping withly will have a tallest total cent. Thi

48、s method provided a built-up valuation technique. and make personal viewpoint that can hardly promote their own absurdity in the team. Produced the solution of first step, the next move was to express them, in order to they ability and all involve total design process of the persons communicate actu

49、ally, this one step can adopt forms of drawing the grass diagram or 3D models, since but physical model also but the calculator born model. Of the total plan has been completed and calculated to determine solutions for product design compatibility, details of the design phase had been created.中文譯文機械

50、設計摘要機器是機構(gòu)與其他零件的組合，為了有益的用途而轉(zhuǎn)換、傳遞或利用能量、力或者運動。實例有發(fā)動機、渦輪、車輛、卷揚機、印刷機、洗衣機和電影攝影機。許多適用于機器設計的原理和方法也適用于不是真正機器的制成品，從輪轂蓋和檔案櫥柜到儀表和核壓力容器?！皺C械設計”這一術(shù)語比“機器設計”更為廣義，它包括機器設計。而對于某些儀器，如用以確定熱、流動線路和體積的熱力以及流體方面的問題要單獨考慮。但是，在機械設計時要考慮運動和結(jié)構(gòu)方面的問題以及保存和封裝的問題。在機械工程領(lǐng)域以及其他工程領(lǐng)域應用機械設計，都需要諸如開關(guān)、凸輪、閥門、容器和攪拌器等機械裝置。設計過程 設計始于真正的或想象的需要?，F(xiàn)有的儀器可能

51、需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度或成本上加以改進。可能需要新的儀器來完成以前由人做的功能，如裝配或保養(yǎng)。目標或部分的確定后，設計的下一步就是構(gòu)思能夠完成所需功能的機構(gòu)及其布置，為此徒手畫草圖價值極大，他不但作為一個人想法的記錄和與其他人討論的輔助手段，而且尤其適于與自己的想法交流，作為創(chuàng)造性思路的興奮劑還需要有關(guān)于部件的廣泛知識，因為一臺新機器常常由熟知的各種零件重新安排或替換而成，也許改變了尺寸和材料。無論在構(gòu)思構(gòu)成中還是直后，一個設計者都會進行快速或粗略的計算或分析以確定一般尺寸和可行性。當這些關(guān)于所需或可用空間的想法確定后，可以開始按比例畫草圖。最后，一項基于功能和可靠性的設計完成了，就可

52、以制造樣機了。如果測試滿意，而且如果裝置需要大量生產(chǎn)，就要對最初的設計進行一定的修改以確保以較低的成本大量生產(chǎn)。在隨后幾年的制造和使用期間，設計有可能因構(gòu)思了新想法或者基于測試和經(jīng)驗基礎(chǔ)上的進一步分析所顯示的改變而改變。銷售吸引力、客戶滿意度和制造成本都與設計有關(guān)，設計能力與工程投資的成功密切相關(guān)。一些設計準則 在這一部分，有人建議運用創(chuàng)造性的態(tài)度進行的分析，這種分析可以引起重大改進以及對備用產(chǎn)品的構(gòu)思和完善，也許產(chǎn)品功能更多、更經(jīng)濟、更耐用。創(chuàng)造階段無須是最初和獨立的階段。雖然分析人員可能并不負責整個設計，但是他不僅僅是能從數(shù)字上提出要他解決的問題的正確答案，不僅僅是給出應力值、尺寸或者工作

53、限制。他可以提出更廣泛的見解，以便改進規(guī)范或方案。由于在分析前或分析過程中，他會熟悉裝置及其工作條件，他就處于一個構(gòu)思備選方案的有利位置。最好他能提出建議改變形狀來消除力矩或應力集中，而不是允許構(gòu)建具有大截面和過多動態(tài)載荷的機構(gòu)最好是他報廢他的細致的設計而不是后來看到機械報廢。為了激發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維，建議設計人員和分析人員使用以下準則。前6條準則尤其適用于分析人員，雖然他可能涉及到所有這10項。1.創(chuàng)造性地利用所需的物理性能并控制不需要的。2.認識實用載荷及其重要性3.預先考慮沒有作用的載荷4.發(fā)明更有利的加載條件。5.提供最小重量的最有利的應力分布和剛性。6.用基本方程計算比例并使尺寸最優(yōu)化。7

54、.選取材料以獲得性能組合。8.在備件和集成零件間仔細選擇。9.修改功能設計以適應生產(chǎn)過程和降低成本。10.考慮裝配中使部件精確定位和互不干擾。機械設計 整個機械設計是一個復雜的過程。設計人員必須在這樣的領(lǐng)域，如靜力學、運動學、動力學和材料力學具有良好的素養(yǎng)，此外，還必須熟悉制造材料和制造工藝。設計人員必須能夠組合所有相關(guān)的事實，進行訓渭、制作草圖和制圖來把制造要求傳遞到車間。 任何產(chǎn)品設計的第一步工作之一是選擇用于制造每個部件的材料。今天的設計人員可得到無數(shù)的。在選擇時，產(chǎn)品的功能、外觀、材料成本和制造成本都很重要。在任何計算之前必須仔細評估材料的性能。 有必要仔細計算以確保設計的有效性.計算

55、從不出現(xiàn)在圖上，而是由十各種原因被存起來。一旦任何一個部件失效，就要弄清楚在最初設計這個有缺陷的零件時做了什么;而且，從對過去的項目的計算中可以獲得一份經(jīng)驗文件。當需要類似的設計時，過去的記錄會有極大的幫助。 計算(和圖上尺寸)的檢查最為重要。一個小數(shù)點放錯位置可以毀掉一個本來可以接受的項目。例如，如果一個人要設計一個能支撐100磅的托架，而它本應該能支撐1000磅，結(jié)果肯定會失敗。必須檢查再檢查設計工作的方方面面。 計算機對于工作人員來講是一個很有用的工具，可以減輕乏味的計算并且對現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)提供擴展分析?；谟嬎銠C性能的交互系統(tǒng)使計算機輔助設計(CAD)和計算機輔助制造(CAM)成為可能。通過

56、這樣的系統(tǒng)，就可能把一個初步構(gòu)思傳送到打孔紙帶用于數(shù)字加工控制而無須繪制正式的施工圖。 實驗室測試、模型和樣機對于機械設計很有幫助。實驗室提供了很多建立基本概念所需的信息，然而，還可用它們獲得一些關(guān)于產(chǎn)品在現(xiàn)場會如何工作的認識。 最后，一個成功的設計人員應盡最大努力跟上時代步伐。每天都會出現(xiàn)新材料和生產(chǎn)方法。繪圖和設計人員如果不熟悉現(xiàn)代方法和材料就可能失去作用。一個好的設計人員應經(jīng)常閱讀技術(shù)期刊以跟上新的發(fā)展。工程工差 固體由其表面邊界確定界限。典型地，設計人員給一個零件指定公稱尺寸以使其滿足其需要。實際上由于表面不規(guī)則以及固有的表面粗糙度，各個零件不能重復地做成公稱尺寸必須允許尺寸有一些變化

57、以確保能夠制造。但是，所允許的變化一定不能太大以至于使裝配件的性能變差單個零件所允許的變化稱為公差。 公差這一術(shù)語不僅適用于山制造工藝產(chǎn)生的部件尺寸的可以接受的范圍，而且適用于機械或加工的輸出。例如，一個給定型號的內(nèi)燃機的功率每臺都有所變化。實際上，我們常常發(fā)現(xiàn)這種變化模型會是頻率分布曲線，例如七，態(tài)分布(又叫高斯分布)。設計人員的工作之一就是給一個零件指定尺寸和允許的變化，這個值能夠產(chǎn)生可以接受的性能。零件公差 當圖中沒有指定確切尺寸時，大多數(shù)組織都有適用于尺寸的通用公差。對于加工尺寸，通用公差可能是士0.5毫米。因此，被指定為15.0毫米的尺寸的范圍可以是14.5毫米到15.5毫米之間其他

58、通用公差可以適用于如角度、鉆孔和沖孔，鑄件、鍛件、焊縫和焊角等情形。 在給一個零件指定公差時，可以參考以前的圖或一般的工程實踐。典型的公差被指定為英武成Jso標準所定義的幅度。對于一個給定公差，比如H7/s6,對于正在研究的零件尺寸就有一組與圖表對應的數(shù)值可用。下面這段將給出關(guān)于裝入孔內(nèi)的軸或柱形配合的具體例子。孔和軸的標準配合 一項標準的工程工作是確定一個柱形零件的公差，比如安裝在一個相應的筒形零件或孔內(nèi)的.或者是在其內(nèi)部旋轉(zhuǎn)的軸配合的松緊取決于應用例如，一個定位在軸上的齒輪就需要“緊少，的靜配合，這里軸的直徑實際上比齒輪毅的內(nèi)徑稍微大一些以便能傳遞所需的扭矩。再者，滑動軸承的直徑必須大于軸

59、的直徑以使其旋轉(zhuǎn)。假定從經(jīng)濟上講不能把部件制造成精確的尺寸，軸和孔尺寸上的大小變化就必須確定。但是，變化的范圍不應太大以免裝配時受損。 為了不至于有無窮無盡的被指定的公差尺寸，已經(jīng)制定了國家和國際標準確定了公差帶，比如hll/cll。為了使用這一資料，給出了傳統(tǒng)公差使用中的定義。通常使用的是基孔制，因為這會使公司內(nèi)部所需的鉆頭、絞刀、拉刀和計量工具種類的減少。尺寸:以專用單位表示尺寸數(shù)字值的數(shù)。實際尺寸:通過測量得到的部件尺寸尺寸極限:零件允許的最大和最小尺寸。最大尺寸極限:兩個尺寸極限中較大的。最小尺寸極限:兩個尺寸極限中較小的基本尺寸:用以固定尺寸極限的參考尺寸偏差:一個尺寸與其對應的基本

60、尺寸的代數(shù)差實際偏差:實際尺寸與其對應的基本尺寸的代數(shù)差上偏差:最大尺寸極限與其對應的基本尺寸的代數(shù)差卜偏差:最小尺寸極限與其對應的基本尺寸的代數(shù)差公差:最大尺寸極限與最小尺寸極限的差值。軸:指定個部件所有外部特征的慣用術(shù)語孔:指定一個部件所有內(nèi)部特征的慣用術(shù)語 初步設計產(chǎn)生滿足指定需求的解決方案。初步設計可以代表組成整個系統(tǒng)的所有子系統(tǒng)和零部件的總和。Ion和Smith把初步設計描述為由一系列形成和評估階段組成的一個反復的過程，各階段合在一起形成好的解決方案。在反復的每一階段，構(gòu)思更加詳細，可以更全面的評估。 產(chǎn)生盡可能多的或經(jīng)濟便利的構(gòu)思和想法是重要的。有一種誘惑，讓你接受第一個有希望的構(gòu)

61、思并進行詳細的設計直到最終產(chǎn)品。應該抵抗這種誘惑，因為這樣結(jié)果總會更好些。值得一提的是，或早或晚你的設計會不得不與那些來自其他制造商的設計競爭，因此產(chǎn)生研制的思想應謹慎。 產(chǎn)生了想法和構(gòu)思后，下一步就是對它們進行評估并選擇最佳構(gòu)思.一種評估方法是使用列表矩陣。矩陣由一系列準則組成.構(gòu)思必須借助它們打分。如果合適，準則的重要性可以加權(quán)，最適合的構(gòu)思會具有最高總分。這一方法提供了組織的評估技術(shù).而且使團隊內(nèi)的個人很難推行他們自己的不合理的想法。 產(chǎn)生了初步的解決方案，下一步就是表達它們，以便它們能與所有涉及總體設計過程的人交流實際上，這一步可以采用繪制草圖或三維模型的形式，既可是物理模型也可是計算機生成的模型。到總草圖己經(jīng)完成并進行計算來確定解決方案對于產(chǎn)品設計規(guī)范的兼容性時，細節(jié)設計階段的基礎(chǔ)就己建立起來了。