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1、 英語(yǔ)句子成分分析及練習(xí) 一、句子成分 （一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)；次要成分有表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。 （二）句子成分詳解表 句子成分 意義 充當(dāng)詞類(lèi) 例句 主語(yǔ) 表示句子說(shuō)的是什么人或什么 事 名，代，數(shù)，不定 式，動(dòng)名詞，名詞短語(yǔ)或句子 We study in HuangQiao Middle School. 謂語(yǔ) 說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)做什么，是什么或怎 么樣 動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組 She is dancing under the tree. 賓語(yǔ) 表示動(dòng)作行為

2、的對(duì)象 同主語(yǔ) Both of us like English. 表語(yǔ) 與聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞連用，一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或特征 同主語(yǔ) Her father is a chemist. His words sound reasonable. 定語(yǔ) 用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞 形，代，數(shù)，名, 副、分詞（現(xiàn)、過(guò)），介短、句子 We have eight lessons every day. 狀語(yǔ) 修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞，表 示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因， 目的，方式，結(jié)果等 副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)或句 子 He works very hard. They held a part

3、y in Hollywood. 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 邏輯上與賓語(yǔ)是主謂關(guān)系 形容詞，名詞，介詞短語(yǔ)等 She always keeps the house clean. 主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)是基礎(chǔ)，賓表定狀補(bǔ)輔助。賓主來(lái)自名代數(shù)，動(dòng)詞作謂不可無(wú)！ 二、主語(yǔ)： 主語(yǔ) (Subject) 是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問(wèn)句（當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不疑問(wèn)詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語(yǔ)可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、 不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語(yǔ)從句等表示。例如： 1.During the 1990s, American country music ha

4、s become more and more popular. （名詞） 2.We often speak English in class. （代詞） 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. （數(shù)詞） 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） 5.Smoking does harm to the health. （動(dòng)名詞） 6.The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞） 7.When we are going to

5、have an English test has not been decided. （主語(yǔ)從句） 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)為后面的不定式） 三、謂語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) (Predicate) 說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下： 1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。 如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten o’clock. 2、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)： （1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原

6、形構(gòu)成。 如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2） 由系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如： We are students. 注意：謂語(yǔ)與主語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)與數(shù)方面要保持一致。 四、表語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ)(Predicative)用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征狀態(tài)與身份，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù) 副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短 語(yǔ)及表語(yǔ)從句表示。例如： 1.Our teacher of En

7、glish is an American.（名詞） 2.Is it yours?（代詞 ） 3.The weather has turned cold.（形容詞） 4.The speech is exciting.（分詞） 5.Three times seven is twenty one? （數(shù)詞） 6.His job is to teach English.（不定式） 7.His hobby is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞） 8.The meeting is of great importance.（介詞短語(yǔ)） 9.Time is up. The

8、class is over.（副詞） 10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語(yǔ)從句） 注意：系動(dòng)詞（ 注意：系動(dòng)詞（Linking verb)用于連接主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。 1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，例如：He is a teacher. 2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如： He always kept silent at meeting. 3）表像系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示“看起來(lái)像”

9、這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如： He seems (to be) very sad. 4）感官系動(dòng)詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）變化系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)變成什么樣，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如：He became mad after that. 6）終止系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove, turn out, 表達(dá)“證實(shí)"“變成”之意， 例如：The

10、rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success. 五、賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)（Object）表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛(ài)者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。 例如： 1.They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名詞） 2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. （代詞、動(dòng)名詞） 3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. （名詞、數(shù)詞） 4.They helped the ol

11、d with their housework yesterday. （名詞化形容詞，名詞） 5.He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語(yǔ)） 6.I enjoy listening to popular music.（動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)） 7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語(yǔ)從句） 賓語(yǔ)種類(lèi)： （1）雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)），例如 Lend me your dictionary, please. 帶To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, re

12、ad, tell, bring, throw等， 例如： He sent the novel to William yesterday. 帶For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother. （2）復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)），例如： They elected him their monitor. ①下列動(dòng)詞只能接不定式做賓語(yǔ) ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide,

13、 expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等， 如：He refused to lend me his bike. ②下列動(dòng)詞只能接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ) admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如： John has admitted breaking the window

14、 . ③下列動(dòng)詞既可接不定式，也可接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)，但意義不同，如stop, mean, try, remember,forget, regret等。 （六）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（Object Complement），才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等)+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、 詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短 語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)。例如： 1.His father named him Dongming. （名詞） 2.They painted their

15、 boat white. （形容詞） 3.Let the fresh air in. （副詞） 4.You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.不定式短語(yǔ)） 5.We saw her entering the room. （現(xiàn)在分詞） 6.We found everything in the lab in good order. （介詞短語(yǔ)） 7.We will soon make our city what your city is now. （從句） （七）定語(yǔ) 修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句稱(chēng)為定語(yǔ)(Attribut

16、e)。定語(yǔ)可由以下等成分表示： 1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞） 2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school. （名詞） 4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞） 5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語(yǔ)）

17、 6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. 動(dòng)名詞） （動(dòng)名詞） 7.He is reading an article about how to learn English. （介詞短語(yǔ)） 8.Farmers who saw us stared at us as if we are walking skeletons. (定語(yǔ)從句) （八）狀語(yǔ) 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語(yǔ)（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示： 1.Light travels most q

18、uickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組） 2.He has lived in the city for ten years. （介詞短語(yǔ)） 3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語(yǔ)） 4.He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語(yǔ)）5.Wait a minute.（名詞） 6.Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語(yǔ)從句） 九種狀語(yǔ)種類(lèi)如下： 1. How about meeting agai

19、n at six? （時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)） 2.Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語(yǔ)） 3.I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（條件狀語(yǔ)） 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. （地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)） 5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care. （方式狀語(yǔ)） She came in with a dictionary in her hand. （伴隨狀語(yǔ)） 6.

20、In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. （目的狀語(yǔ)） 7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. （結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)） 8.She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語(yǔ)） 9.I am taller than he is. （比較狀語(yǔ)） （九）同位語(yǔ)（Appositive） 對(duì)前面的名詞或代詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋?zhuān)ǔＳ擅~、數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔(dān)任，如：This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster. （十

21、）插入語(yǔ)（Parenthesis） 對(duì)一句話(huà)做一些附加的解釋?zhuān)ǔＳ衪o be honest , I think (suppose, believe---)等，如：To be frank, I don’t quite agree with you. 簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型 一、主語(yǔ)＋不及物動(dòng)詞(S＋V) 　　[例句]1. The man cooks. 男人做飯。 　　2. The sun is shining brightly. 太陽(yáng)在明亮地照耀著。 　　3. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 我們呼吸、吃和喝。 　　4. They t

22、alked for half an hour. 他們談了半個(gè)小時(shí)。 　　5. They were singing when we arrived. 我們到的時(shí)候他們正在唱歌。 　　[分析]這些句子有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思，不需加賓語(yǔ)。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)從句等。 二、主語(yǔ)＋及物動(dòng)詞＋賓語(yǔ)(S＋V＋DO) [例句]1. Who knows the answer?誰(shuí)知道答案? 2. He enjoys reading. 他喜歡看書(shū)。 3. They ate what was left over. 他們吃了剩飯。4

23、. He said “Good morning.” 5. I want to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。 [分析]這些句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義，都是主語(yǔ)產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，即動(dòng)作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。 　　三、主語(yǔ)＋系動(dòng)詞＋表語(yǔ)(S＋V＋P) 　　[例句]1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 這是本英漢辭典。 　　2. The cake smells good. 蛋糕味道很好。 　　3. Everything looks

24、different. 一切看來(lái)都不同了。 　　4. He is growing tall and strong. 他長(zhǎng)得又高又壯。 　　5. The trouble is that they are short of money. 麻煩的是他們?nèi)鄙馘X(qián)。 　　6. Our well has gone dry. 我們的井干枯了。 　　7. His face turned red. 他的臉紅了。 　　[分析]這些句子有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)表明主語(yǔ)身份或狀態(tài)的表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞叫做連系動(dòng)詞。系動(dòng)詞分兩類(lèi)

25、：be, look, keep, seem等屬一類(lèi)，表示情況；get, grow, become, turn等屬另一類(lèi)，表示變化。be 本身沒(méi)有什么意義,只起連系主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的作用。其它系動(dòng)詞仍保持其部分詞義。 　　四、主語(yǔ)＋及物動(dòng)詞＋間接賓語(yǔ)＋直接賓語(yǔ)(S＋V＋I(xiàn)O＋DO) 　　[例句]1. He brought you a dictionary. 他給你帶來(lái)了一本字典。 　　2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她給丈夫做了一頓美餐。 　　3. I showed him my pictures.我給他看我的照片。

26、 　　4. I gave my car a wash.我洗了我的汽車(chē)。 　　5. I told him that the bus was late. 我告訴他汽車(chē)晚點(diǎn)了。 　　6. He showed me how to run the machine.他教我開(kāi)機(jī)器。 　　[分析]這些句子有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須跟有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)才能表達(dá)完整的意思，故這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞被稱(chēng)作雙賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。這兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的直接承受者，另一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的間接承受者。一般來(lái)說(shuō)指人的賓語(yǔ)叫間接賓語(yǔ)，指物的賓語(yǔ)叫直接賓語(yǔ)。通常情況下間接賓語(yǔ)在前，直接賓語(yǔ)在后；有時(shí)也可把間接賓語(yǔ)置于直接賓語(yǔ)后，此時(shí)間接賓語(yǔ)前需加

27、介詞for或to。間接賓語(yǔ)后置與for連用的動(dòng)詞有buy, make, cook, get, choose, sing, find等。例如： Uncle Li bought me a birthday present. 　　= Uncle Li bought a birthday present for me. 李叔叔給我買(mǎi)了一件生日禮物。 　　間接賓語(yǔ)后置與to連用的動(dòng)詞有g(shù)ive, lend, teach, take, return, send, pass等。如Please pass him a cup of tea.= Please pass a cup of tea to

28、 him.請(qǐng)遞給他一杯茶。 　　注意：若直接賓語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞，通常情況下將其置于間接賓語(yǔ)之前。例如： 　　誤：Please give me them. 正：Please give them to me. 　　五、主語(yǔ)＋及物動(dòng)詞＋賓語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(S＋V＋DO＋OC) 　　[例句]1. They called him James .他們叫他詹姆斯。 　　2.We will keep the table clean .我們將保持桌面干凈。 　　3. They painted the door green. 他們把門(mén)漆成綠色。 　　4. What makes

29、him think so？他怎么會(huì)這樣想? 　　5. We saw him out. 我們送他出去。 　　6. He asked me to come back soon. 他要我早點(diǎn)回來(lái)。 　　7. I saw them getting on the bus. 我看見(jiàn)他們上了那輛公共汽車(chē)。 　　[分析]這些句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來(lái)補(bǔ)足賓語(yǔ)，才能使意思完整。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的作用是說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。賓語(yǔ)和它的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)可以由名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、形容詞、副詞和介詞短語(yǔ)等充當(dāng)。注意

30、：在使役動(dòng)詞make, let, have等引起的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中，若賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞不定式，則要省去不定式符號(hào)to。例如： 　　He made us laugh. 他使我們發(fā)笑。 I won’t let you go. 我不會(huì)讓你走。 　　I have them come tomorrow morning. 我讓他們明天早上來(lái)。 　　[鞏固練習(xí)] 　　一、判斷下列簡(jiǎn)單句的類(lèi)型 　　1. The woman is singing now. () 　　2. He gave her some apples. () 　　3. All her other frie

31、nds were now outside the door. () 　　4. People eat fish and chips on the road. () 　　5. I ask them to come tomorrow. () 　　二、根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)提示，完成下列句子，每空一詞 　　1. 明天我將給我女兒買(mǎi)塊手表。 　　I will buy _______ tomorrow. 　　2. 看，他們?cè)诔韬吞琛? 　　Look, they _______. 　　3. 這塊蛋糕看上去很大。 　　The cake _______ very ___

32、____. 　　4. 安邀請(qǐng)她的朋友參加她的生日聚會(huì)。 　　Ann asked her friends _______ to her birthday party. 　　5. 我不會(huì)讓你走。 　　I won’t _______ you _______. 　　三、按下列要求改寫(xiě)句子，每空一詞 　　1. He gave me some rice. (改為同義句) 　　He gave _______. 　　2. “Sit down.” The teacher told me. (合并為一句) 　　The teacher told me .

33、　　3. The fish tastes nice. (就劃線部分提問(wèn)) 　　_______ the fish taste? 　　4. He would like you to help him. (改為一般疑問(wèn)句) 　　______ he _______ you to help him? 　　5. He cooked me delicious food this morning. (改為同義句) 　　He cooked delicious food _______ me this morning. 練習(xí) 一、指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分： 1. Th

34、e students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4.What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning. 6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 8. The

35、re is going to be an American film tonight. 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice. 13. He found it important to master English. 14. Do you have anything else to say? 15

36、. To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good. 16. Would you please tell me your address? 17. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 18．It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 19. He noticed a man enter the room. 20. The apples tasted sweet. 二、指出下列諸句中畫(huà)線部分是什么成分： 1. On the left

37、of my house is an old church. 2. Why could the boiling point of water be lower at the top of a mountain? 3. I am not going to work today. 4. This thing is for peeling potatoes. 5.What time will you arrive? 6.The Genie promised that if anyone should come and set him free, he would make hi

38、m very rich. 7. What nationality are you? 8. I couldn’t understand why he had decided to retire at 50. 9. I am terribly confused by all this information. 10. We had already reached 9000 feet by then. 11. She reminded me to switch off all the lights. 12. I’ll be able to pass my driving te

39、st after I have had a few lessons. 13. I love swimming. It keeps me fit. 14. It is obvious that money doesn’t grow on trees. (二)劃分句子成分。 1.we are working . 2.I can swim very well . 3.The waiter brought a bottle of beer to me . 4.Why does the wind blow . 5.The rain has been pulling down f

40、or a whole day . 6.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music . 7.Jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone . 8.You must get the car ready by tomorrow . 9.I have a lot of clothes to wash . I have a lot of clothes to be washed . 10.He gave his son some advice on reading . 11.Read me the

41、first paragraph . 12.I’ve ordered some soup for you . 13.He began leaning English ten years ago . 14.My being late worried my teacher . 15.That president himself would visit our school excited all of us . 16.April’ Day is the special day of the year when you play a joke on someone . 17.He

42、 usually takes a nap after lunch ,as is his habit . 18.I found the book in the corner of the room. 19.he finished lunch and went into the garden . 20.The telephone rang . 21.We study hard . 22.His father might have died . 23.Will you leave the door open when going out . 24.Can you make

43、 the dog stand still ? 25.The landlord had them working day and night . 26.I think a sound knowledge of grammar is important to good writing . 27.We all breathe ,eat, drink . 28.I woke up at 6:00 in the morning . 29.The book weighs five kilos . 30.They will be flying to London . 31.The s

44、hop assistant found some certain materials for me . 32.He promised me a new English-Chinese dictionary. 33.Please pass a newly- published to me . 34.He lived in Guang Zhou . 35.The father is showing the boy how to plant trees . 36.His uncle left him some money . 37.She is teaching the piano to several of the village children and she has taught us English for 3 years . 38.I like popular music . 39.She knows what to do next . 40.It excited all of us that the president would visit our school .