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1、Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars,知識(shí)清單,1. __________ n. 系統(tǒng); 體系; 制度 2. __________ n. 學(xué)說; 理論 3. __________ n. 大氣層; 氣氛 4. __________ prep. 不同; 不像 5. __________ n. 鏈子; 連鎖; 鎖鏈,system,theory,atmosphere,unlike,chain,(一) 基本單詞,單詞,6. _________ n. 氣候 7. ________ vi. (使)漂浮 n. 漂浮物,climate,crash,pul

2、l,float,10. ________ adj. 猛烈的; 激烈的; 強(qiáng)暴的 ________ n. 暴力 11. _________ adj. 有害的 _________ n. 傷害; 害處 12. _________ vi. 存在; 生存 _________ n. 存在; 生存,violent,violence,(二) 派生單詞,harmful,harm,exist,existence,13. ________ n. 謎; 難題 vt. (使)為難 _________ adj. 令人迷惑的 _________ adj. 迷惑的,puzzle,puzzling,p

3、uzzled,1. 及時(shí); 終于 2. 下蛋 3. 產(chǎn)生; 分娩 4. 輪到某人; 接著 5. 阻止; 制止,in time,lay eggs,give birth to,in one’s turn,prevent … from,短語,6. 感到高興; 感到振奮 7. 既然 8. 突發(fā); 爆發(fā) 9. 密切注視; 當(dāng)心; 提防 10. 擋住(光線),cheer up,now that,break out,watch out for,block out,1. No one knows exactly how the earth began, as it happened so long ago.

4、沒有人確切知道地球是怎樣開始形成的, 因?yàn)樵诤茉缫郧八托纬闪恕? as引導(dǎo)的從句表示原因。,句式,2. What it was to bee was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. 隨后它會(huì)變成什么沒人能知道, 直到38-45億年前, 這團(tuán)塵埃才慢慢地形成一個(gè)固體的球狀物。 what引導(dǎo)主語從句。,3. This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life

5、to develop. 這就產(chǎn)生了一系列的反應(yīng), 使得生命就有可能開始發(fā)展了。 make it ＋adj./n. for sb./sth. to do sth.,4. ..., I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over. … , 我發(fā)覺我被送出去很遠(yuǎn), 步子的跨度竟是在地球上的兩倍, 因而我摔倒了。 times as...as... 是……的幾倍,核心要點(diǎn),1. violent adj. 猛烈的; 激烈的; 強(qiáng)暴的 (課文原句) The earth became so violent that i

6、s was not clear whether the shape would last or not. 翻譯：地球(開始)變得激烈動(dòng)蕩，不知道這個(gè)固體形狀是否會(huì)繼續(xù)存在下去。,單詞,【歸納】 violent crime 暴力犯罪 【拓展】 violently adv. 猛烈地; 激烈地 violence n. 暴力; 暴行,2. harmful adj. 有害的 harm n. 傷害, 損害 (課文原句) What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to

7、 dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. 翻譯：很多科學(xué)家相信，由于地球上長(zhǎng)期有水存在，使地球得以把有害氣體和酸性特質(zhì)溶解在海洋里。,【歸納】 be harmful to 對(duì)……有害 do harm to… 損害…… There is no harm in doing sth./ It does no harm to do sth. 做某事沒有什么壞處。,3. exist vi. 存在; 生存 (課文原句) They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for

8、more than 140 million years. 翻譯：它們也生蛋，在地球上生存了一億四千多萬年。,【歸納】 exist on 靠……為生 exist by 以……方式為生 exist in 存在于……之中 There exists/existed... 某地有……; 存在 【拓展】 existing adj. 現(xiàn)有的，現(xiàn)存的 existence n. 存在; 生存 e into existence 產(chǎn)生; 成立; 開始存在 in existence 存在,4. puzzle vt. 使迷惑; 使為難; 使窘困; 感到 迷惑 n. (游戲的)猜謎;

9、難題; 謎 (課文原句) How life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles that scientists found hard to solve. (P27) 翻譯：地球上的生命是如何開始的，科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)很難解釋這個(gè)最大的難題。,【歸納】 puzzle over/about sth. 苦苦思索; 仔細(xì)琢磨 puzzle sth. out 琢磨出……的答案 【拓展】 puzzled adj. 迷惑不解的(常用來修飾人) puzzling adj. 令人迷惑不解的(常用來修飾 事物),5. crash vt. 拆散 pu

10、ll away (車輛等) 開走 pull down 拆毀; 摧毀 (建筑物) pull in (車輛) 進(jìn)站; ?？? pull out 駛出; 退出 pull through 康復(fù), 痊愈 pull up 停車,1. in time 及時(shí); 終于; 總有一天 (課文原句) They were in time to produce carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, which were to make the earth’s atmosphere. 翻譯：它(地球)猛烈的爆炸噴出了烈火與

11、巖石，最終產(chǎn)生了二氧化碳、氮?dú)?、水蒸氣和其他多種氣體，從而形成了地球的大氣層。,短語,【拓展】 in no time 立刻; 馬上 ahead of time 提前 at a time 每次; 逐一 at times 有時(shí); 間或 all the time 一直, 始終 from time to time 有時(shí); 偶爾 many a time 多次; 常常 time after time 一次又一次; 總是,— Thank God you’re safe! — I stepped back, just _____ to avoid the racing ca

12、r. A. in time B. in case C. in need D. in vain,2. in one’s turn 輪到某人; 接著 (課文原句) Thus they have, in their turn, bee the most important animals on the planet. 翻譯：于是，他們接著成為了這個(gè)行星上最重要的動(dòng)物。,【拓展】 in turn 輪流; 依次; 逐個(gè) take one’s turn 依次; 輪流 take turns to do sth. 輪流做某事 It’s one’s turn

13、 to do sth. 輪到某人做某事,3. cheer up 感到高興; 感到振奮 (課文原句) I cheered up immediately and floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin watching the earth bee smaller and the moon larger. 翻譯：我立刻感到很高興，由于失重我在太空艙里飄來飄去，我望著(身后的)地球越來越小，而(前方的)月球越來越大。,【拓展】 cheer sb. on (賽跑/比賽等中)以喝彩聲 鼓勵(lì), 為(某人)加油 cheer for

14、... 為……歡呼 Cheers! (用于祝酒)干杯!,4. block out 擋住（光線） (課文原句) As a result of this event, a great dust cloud formed in the sky blocking out the sunlight. 翻譯：這個(gè)事件的結(jié)果就是，天空形成了一團(tuán)團(tuán)的灰塵，遮蔽了陽光。,【歸納】block out意為：①擋住，遮?。ü饩€或聲音）；②忘掉，抹去（不愉快的事）；③草擬（大綱等）。如： That tree in the neighbor’s yard blocks out a lot of our light.

15、 She accuses me of having blocked out the past. Just block out the main points for now and we’ll sort the details out later.,5. break out (戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)/火災(zāi)/疾病等)突發(fā); 爆發(fā) (課文原句) We watched, amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earth’s gravity increased. 翻譯：隨著地球引力的增加，宇宙飛船的外層燃燒起火。,【拓展】 b

16、reak away from 突然掙脫; 逃脫 break down 出故障; 垮掉 break in 強(qiáng)行進(jìn)入; 打斷 break into sth. 突然開始 break off 斷開; 中斷 break through 取得突破 break up 結(jié)束，解散，分手,1. This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop. it是形式賓語, 真正的賓語是不定式短語to develop。it作形式賓語時(shí)常用在find/ make/ think/ consider＋it ＋a

17、dj./n.＋to do結(jié)構(gòu)中。,句式,1. 這么壞的天氣, 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)爬到山頂是不可能的。 We find it impossible to climb to the top of the hill in such bad weather. 2. 他認(rèn)為學(xué)好英語口語對(duì)他來說是重要的。 He considered it important for him to learn spoken English well.,【仿寫】,it作形式賓語, 除指代不定式結(jié)構(gòu)外, 還可指代that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。如： They made it clear to the public that they did

18、 an important and necessary job. 他們向公眾表明: 他們所做的工作重要且必不可少。,2. “Oh dear,” I cried, “walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.” now that引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句, “既然, 由于”, 相當(dāng)于since, 而且that可省略。,下列介詞短語也可以用來表示原因: due to 由于, 歸功于 because of 因?yàn)?on account of 由于, 因?yàn)?owning to 由于, 因?yàn)?thanks to 由

19、于, 多虧(多作表語或狀語) as a result of 由于,______ he once felt like giving up, he now has the determination to push further and keep on going. (2015安徽卷) A. Where B. As C. In case D. Now that 考點(diǎn)：考查狀語從句 句意：曾經(jīng)讓他感到想放棄的地方，現(xiàn)在他決心繼續(xù)前進(jìn)。where表示地點(diǎn)，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句；as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句常用倒裝，即tired as he has; in case表目的；now that表原因。這里指讓

20、他感到想放棄的地方。故選A。,A,語法,復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)句子主語的從句叫主語從句。 【要點(diǎn)精講】 引導(dǎo)主語從句的詞有連詞that, whether；連接代詞who, what, which；連接副詞when, where, how, why等。如： Whether you can do it by yourself mainly depends on your ability, not your age. What I need most now is more time and more patience. When you can finish the work is of great imp

21、ortance.,主語從句,that引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)，在句中無實(shí)際意義，只起連接作用，不作句子成分。當(dāng)它引導(dǎo)的主語從句置于句首時(shí)，that不能省略；如果用it作形式主語，而把主語從句放在句末時(shí)，從屬連詞that可以省略。如： That the teacher will e is certain. It is a pity (that) you made such a careless mistake.,常見由it作形式主語的句型如下： ① It+ be+ n.+從句。常見名詞有：fact, rule, pleasure, truth, pity等。如： It is a fact that En

22、glish is being accepted as an international language. It’s a rule that new members must sing a song. ② It+ be+ adj.+從句。常見形容詞有：true, important, necessary, clear, certain等。如： It’s true that the earth is round. It was important that you rest.,③ It+v.+從句。常用動(dòng)詞：seem, appear, happen, follow等。如： It seem

23、s that I’ve made a mistake. It appeared to scientists on earth that the stars had moved. ④ It+be+v-ed+主語從句。常用過去分詞：known, said, proven, asked, suggested等。如： It’s well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp. It’s said that he was a spy during the war.,如果主語從句置于句首，則不能用if引導(dǎo)，而用whether；但如果用

24、it作形式主語，而把主語從句放在句末時(shí)，也可以用if引導(dǎo)。如： Whether Tom really saw Sharon was doubtful. It was doubtful whether / if Tom really saw Sharon.,1. _____ we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel. (2015北京卷) A. Where B. How C. Why D. When 句意：我們?nèi)绾卫斫馐虑榕c我們所感受的有很大關(guān)系。根據(jù)句意可知，主語從句缺少方式狀語，因此選擇how。故選B。,高考鏈接,B,2

25、. Exactly ____ the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain, but it was probably around 1565. (2014大綱卷) A. whether B. why C. when D. how 句義：土豆確切是在何時(shí)被引進(jìn)到歐洲還不確定，但是大約是在1565年左右。Whether表示“是否”，why表示“原因”；how表示“方式”。根據(jù)后半句it was probably around 1565.可知本句談?wù)摰氖菚r(shí)間。故C正確。,C,3. (2016北京卷) 24. Your supp

26、ort is important to our work. ______ you can do helps. A. However B. Whoever C. Whatever D. Wherever 試題分析：題目考查主語從句。helps是 謂語，“______ you can do” 是主語部 分，do后缺少賓語，表示“任何事情”，因 此用whatever引導(dǎo)，故選C。,C,4. (2016江蘇卷) 21. It is often the case ______ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope. A. why B. w

27、hat C. as D. that 試題分析：本句中it是形式主語，真正的主語 是連接詞that引導(dǎo)的主語從句，連接詞that在 本句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，只是一個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞而 已，不能省略。鏈接副詞why要在居中做狀 語，連接代詞what通常在居中做主語，賓語或 表語等；as通常不引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。句意：對(duì) 于那些心存希望的人一切皆可能是事實(shí)。,D,用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞填空。 It is known 1. _____ homework is an important part of school life in most countries around the world. However, 2. __

28、______ homework has a great educational value is still a debate among teachers. Some think 3. ______ homework takes too much time away from other more useful activities. Others see homework as reinforcing (加強(qiáng)) school lessons so that 4. ______ students have learned will not be forgotten.,that,that,wh

29、ether,what,5. _____ is often ignored in this debate is the role of parental involvement (參與) and 6. ________ or not the child’s home provides support for effective (有效的) homework. It was not clear to some people 7. _____ parental involvement can influence the effectiveness of homework. It is true 8.

30、 _____ parents in low-ine families don’t have the time to make homework more important than other things or aren’t able to afford a puter or additional books.,how,What,whether,that,However, 9. _____ only middle-class parents support their children’s education is quite obviously wrong. Not all rich p

31、arents give the support they should, and some parents living in the poorest conditions find time and energy to involve themselves in their children’s homework.,that,寫作,【寫作任務(wù)】 根據(jù)目前對(duì)某市高中生心理狀況調(diào)查顯示，大部分學(xué)生普遍存在的最嚴(yán)重的心理問題是自信心不足。主要原因有： 1. 學(xué)生交際范圍狹窄； 2. 家長(zhǎng)的期望過高； 3. 學(xué)校存在不恰當(dāng)?shù)谋容^和評(píng)價(jià)(evaluation) 方式。,說明文寫作 如何解決問題,假如

32、你是該市某英語學(xué)習(xí)報(bào)的兼職編輯，請(qǐng)根據(jù)以上提示信息，寫一篇英文短文，點(diǎn)明問題，并給出合理的解決方法。 注意：1. 詞數(shù)120左右。 2. 可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。 ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________,【寫作指導(dǎo)】 解決問題類說明文，是針對(duì)某一問題，向讀者提出具體的解決辦法。 該類文章主要包含以下內(nèi)容：①問題；②

33、產(chǎn)生的原因；③如何解決；④對(duì)解決辦法的評(píng)價(jià)。 就本篇寫作而言，可分為三個(gè)段落： 第一段：點(diǎn)明問題，明確需要解決的問題是學(xué)生的心理問題。 第二段：分析學(xué)生的心理問題存在的原因并提出解決問題的辦法。 第三段：對(duì)所提出的解決方法進(jìn)行適當(dāng)論述。,【常用表達(dá)】 1. Problems: ... is really a problem. One of the difficulties is... / The question is ... It is difficult / hard to do... ... is a problem that we have to face. It is of

34、great importance for us to... It has bee the biggest concern of... Unless we take effective measures, it is likely that... According to a recent survey, there are more and more ...,2. Reasons: There is no doubt that the reason why ... is that ... The reasons for ... can be listed as follows. The fo

35、llowing three factors contribute to ... First of all, ... Secondly, ... Thirdly, ...,3. Solutions: It is high time that something were done to... We have figured out many ways to... Only in this way can we... To solve the mentioned problems, we must... Firstly,... Secondly, ... Finally,...

36、There might be two solutions. The first one is to... We can solve the problem by... In other words, the best way to solve the problem is...,4. Conclusions: In a word / To sum up ... By doing ... you will ... With the help of ... we can manage to overe / pull through these difficulties. We must

37、 find out new ways to cope with any problems that would arise.,【參考范文】 According to a recent survey, most high school students in our city appear to lack self-confidence, which has been the most serious psychological problem. The reasons can be listed as follows. The narrow range of interpersonal m

38、unication is one of the main reasons. The high expectation from parents is often said to be another cause. Also, there still exist some improper parison and evaluation methods in many schools.,It’s high time that something were done to solve the problem. First, students should municate more with oth

39、ers. Second, parents should pay more attention to their children’s thoughts. Finally, schools should change their parison and evaluation methods. In my opinion, all these changes will certainly help students build up their self-confidence as long as they are done properly.,鞏固練習(xí),I. 用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空。 1. Char

40、les was very gentle ________ his two kids. 2. Scientists have many theories about how the universe first came _____ existence. 3. It was a thrilling experience for her to be ____ her first journey to the USA all alone. 4. It’s reported that fruit juices can be harmful _____ children’s teeth.,wit

41、h,into,on,to,5. Some understanding of grammar is fundamental ________ learning a language.,to,as well as, in time, in one’s turn, break out, watch out for, block out, now that, give birth to,II. 選用方框內(nèi)合適的短語并用其正確形式填 空（每個(gè)短語限用一次）。,1. I’m going to relax ___________ the school year is over. 2. You’d b

42、etter _____________ those stairs. They are slippery. 3. We put on music to ________ the sound of the traffic, but in vain.,now that,watch out for,block out,as well as, in time, in one’s turn, break out, watch out for, block out, now that, give birth to,4. Our cat _____________ four kittens last s

43、ummer. They were really lovely. 5. Eva had not been friendly to Pete and he, __________, was cold to her when she came to stay. 6. I was still sleeping when the fire ________, and then it spread quickly.,give birth to,in his turn,broke out,as well as, in time, in one’s turn, break out, watch out

44、for, block out, now that, give birth to,7. The Smiths arrived just ________ to catch the last train out of town. 8. He is an excellent teacher ________ being a fine musician.,in time,as well as,III. 選用方框內(nèi)合適的連接詞填空（每個(gè) 連接詞限用一次）。,what, that, who, how, where, whether, why, when,1. It’s surprising ____

45、____ quickly the weather can change here. 2. It is uncertain ________ side effect the medicine will bring about. 3. —Has it been announced ______ the plane is to take off ? —Yes. Half past ten.,how,what,when,what, that, who, how, where, whether, why, when,4. ______ the temple once stood is now

46、a large parking garage. 5. It never occurred to me ____ you could succeed in persuading Jim to change his mind. 6. ________ we qualify or not depends on how we play the next game. 7. It is still open to question _____ is to head the group. 8. ____ these Chinese statues are in a French museum is

47、 an important part of our story today.,Where,that,Whether,who,Why,IV. 根據(jù)括號(hào)內(nèi)的漢語提示補(bǔ)全下面句子。 1. ___________________ (與多數(shù)系統(tǒng)不同), this one is very easy to use. 2. As shots rang out, the crowd ____________________ (跑向四面八方). 3. Here’s some information that may help you sign in __________________ (首次). 4. __

48、__________________________ (我們的問題成倍增加) since last year.,Unlike most systems,ran in all directions,for the first time,Our problems have multiplied,5. Jenny was ill so I sent her some flowers to _____________ (使她高興起來). 6. Hans finally _________________ (掌握……的要領(lǐng)) his job after three months of training

49、last year. 7. The population of our village was __________________________ (他們村人口的兩倍). 8. The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks _____________________ (在友好的氣氛中).,cheer her up,got the hang of,twice as large as that of theirs,in a friendly atmosphere,V. 閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容（1個(gè)單詞）或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正

50、確形式。 Galaxies (星系) are made up of three main things: stars, clouds of gas and dark matter. Dark matter can not be seen and scientists only know that it exists because of the effects its gravity has on matter 1. ___________ can be seen.,that / which,On earth, 2. __________ (physics) such as those at

51、the European Nuclear Research Centre 3. ________ (base) in Geneva, Switzerland, use particle (粒子) accelerators to find out 4. _____ different tiny particles are made up of by speeding them up until they crash into each other and looking at the pieces after they’ve broken 5. ________.,physicists,base

52、d,what,up,Similarly, by using data from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope and Chandra X-ray Observatory, scientists are hoping to find out more 6. ________ what dark matter is by looking at what happens when dark matter bumps into things in groups of galaxies. Each bump, however, 7. ________ (take) hund

53、reds of millions of years to take place, so they only have 8. ____ chance to look at one brief stage in the whole event.,about,takes,a,Nevertheless, scientists are 9. __________ (extreme) hopeful that by observing many of these bumps they can get enough pieces of the puzzle 10. ________ (create) a more plete picture of what happens.,extremely,to create,