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蘇州科技學(xué)院天平學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書(shū)
設(shè)計(jì)題目 自行車(chē)右曲柄工裝設(shè)計(jì)
院 (系) 機(jī)電工程系
專(zhuān) 業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
學(xué)生姓名 學(xué) 號(hào)
起迄日期 2012年 2月13日 ~ 2012 年 6月10日
設(shè)計(jì)地點(diǎn)
指導(dǎo)教師 楊建鋒 職稱(chēng) 講師
職稱(chēng)
填寫(xiě)日期: 2012 年 1月 10 日
1．畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)的內(nèi)容和要求（包括技術(shù)要求、設(shè)計(jì)條件、工作要求等）：
1、課題的意義
近年來(lái)中國(guó)制造業(yè)快速發(fā)展，蘇州的機(jī)械行業(yè)發(fā)展得也非常好，急切需要工藝裝備方面的人才。根據(jù)工廠實(shí)際情況，要求工藝技術(shù)人員能制定合理的工藝規(guī)程，并設(shè)計(jì)出符合產(chǎn)品技術(shù)要求的夾具。
工藝規(guī)程的制定與夾具設(shè)計(jì)，可以使學(xué)生得到機(jī)械專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)的系統(tǒng)鍛煉。首先，看懂加工零件的零件圖需要機(jī)械制圖和互換性與測(cè)量技術(shù)兩門(mén)課的知識(shí)；其次制定工藝規(guī)程需要機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)的知識(shí)；夾具設(shè)計(jì)需要機(jī)械制造裝備設(shè)計(jì)的知識(shí)；最后還要畫(huà)出夾具圖總裝圖和重要零件的零件圖。
2、設(shè)計(jì)要求：
(1) 制定出該零件的工藝規(guī)程，并做出工序卡片。
(2) 對(duì)加工過(guò)程中，需要夾具的工序，進(jìn)行夾具設(shè)計(jì)
3、知識(shí)體系要求
(1) 互換性與測(cè)試技術(shù)、機(jī)械制圖、機(jī)械CAD、PRO三維繪圖；
(2) 機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)、機(jī)械制造裝備設(shè)計(jì)；
4、需查閱的資料
要求查閱以下幾方面的資料：
(1) 互換性與測(cè)試技術(shù)中關(guān)于尺寸公差，形位公差以及粗糙度的知識(shí)；
(2) 機(jī)械制圖中裝配圖和零件圖的繪制方法；
(3) 機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)中關(guān)于工藝規(guī)程制定方面的知識(shí)；
(4) 機(jī)械制造裝備設(shè)計(jì)中夾具設(shè)計(jì)部分；
(5) 有關(guān)的機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)；
(6) 關(guān)于自行車(chē)右曲柄工裝設(shè)計(jì)的其他相關(guān)資料。
2．畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)提交的成果（明細(xì)列出計(jì)算書(shū)、設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)、圖紙、計(jì)算成果、硬件實(shí)物、實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告及工作過(guò)程中應(yīng)提交的材料等）：
(1) 設(shè)計(jì)論文一份；
(2) 翻譯資料一份；
(3) 夾具設(shè)計(jì)圖紙折合0號(hào)圖紙不少于1.5張，且60%以上需用計(jì)算機(jī)繪圖。
3．主要參考文獻(xiàn)：
[1]?胡鳳蘭主編 . 互換性與測(cè)試技術(shù)基礎(chǔ) .?北京:高等教育出版社，2005
[2] 裘文言, 張祖繼, 瞿元賞主編 . 機(jī)械制圖 .?北京:高等教育出版社，2003
[3] 王先逵主編 . 機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué) .?北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1995
[4] 陳立德主編 . 機(jī)械制造裝備設(shè)計(jì) .?北京:高等教育出版社，2006
4．畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)工作進(jìn)度安排：（包括序號(hào)、起迄日期、工作內(nèi)容）：
2012-02-15至2012-03-11 查閱資料, 撰寫(xiě)開(kāi)題報(bào)告，翻譯外文資料
2012-03-12至2012-04-09 完成工藝規(guī)程制定中的計(jì)算部分，填寫(xiě)工藝規(guī)程卡片
2012-04-10至2012-05-06 設(shè)計(jì)夾具總裝圖和零件圖
2012-05-07至2012-06-01 撰寫(xiě)論文，打印圖紙，提交設(shè)計(jì)材料
2012-06-02至2012-06-10 準(zhǔn)備答辯
指導(dǎo)教師簽字： 教研室/系 主任簽字：
年 月 日
附錄A 譯文
機(jī)床刀具設(shè)計(jì)
課題研究意義：機(jī)床原來(lái)的刀庫(kù)控制程序是單獨(dú)設(shè)計(jì)的，沒(méi)有采用刀具管理系統(tǒng)，功能也比較單一，只實(shí)現(xiàn)了刀庫(kù)刀具的找刀、刀庫(kù)最短路徑定位、主軸換刀，而且不支持大型刀具。
在刀庫(kù)自動(dòng)選刀方面，在計(jì)算機(jī)記憶式選刀的基礎(chǔ)上采用了西門(mén)子840D特色功能，使選刀程序更簡(jiǎn)潔，并完成空刀套的查找。刀庫(kù)快速換刀利用STEP-7完成編程，并在實(shí)際中得到驗(yàn)證。在刀庫(kù)定位問(wèn)題上，PLC程序控制采用模塊化設(shè)計(jì)方法，這對(duì)今后生產(chǎn)類(lèi)似機(jī)床將十分有利，很容易將其利用到其他機(jī)床上。自動(dòng)換刀系統(tǒng)將以較快的速度增長(zhǎng)，縮短換刀時(shí)間，提高刀具的定位精度是重要的手段，有利于數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展。
刀具及其元件庫(kù)存是現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)管理中的重要環(huán)節(jié), 特別是大型車(chē)間管理。傳統(tǒng)的人工記帳管理方式, 效率低下, 錯(cuò)誤率高, 且信息數(shù)據(jù)不能共享, 刀具的使用狀態(tài)和壽命周期無(wú)法跟蹤, 不能適應(yīng)當(dāng)前信息化管理需要。結(jié)合生產(chǎn)實(shí)際, 我們?cè)谲?chē)間刀具準(zhǔn)備間建立刀具貯存立體庫(kù)系統(tǒng), 以滿足車(chē)間刀輔具儲(chǔ)存與管理的需要。
該系統(tǒng)采用最優(yōu)化技術(shù), 利用計(jì)算機(jī)存儲(chǔ)的大量庫(kù)存信息, 能及時(shí)、準(zhǔn)確、全面地反映刀具庫(kù)的庫(kù)存情況。整個(gè)系統(tǒng)采用圖形界面, 人機(jī)對(duì)話由中文菜單提示, 可實(shí)現(xiàn)各種功能選擇和各種信息的輸入。管理系統(tǒng)采用在線幫助功能?？赏ㄟ^(guò)車(chē)間管理層、網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)信息管理和共享。具有自動(dòng)庫(kù)存管理、刀具入庫(kù)管理、刀具出庫(kù)管理和統(tǒng)計(jì)查詢(xún)功能。
1.系統(tǒng)組成及其控制結(jié)構(gòu)
整個(gè)系統(tǒng)包括機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)及電氣控制系統(tǒng)。
1.1.1 機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理
刀具庫(kù)由支架、驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)、傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、刀架、護(hù)罩、電氣控制系統(tǒng)等部分組成。支架由立柱、橫梁、上下導(dǎo)向環(huán)軌、支撐地軌組成。
1)驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu) 該系統(tǒng)選用了變頻調(diào)速的方法。采用錐形制動(dòng)電機(jī), 帶變頻調(diào)速, 經(jīng)擺線針輪減速器, 通過(guò)鏈輪傳動(dòng)。
2)拖動(dòng)與傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng) 采用變頻控制技術(shù)。通過(guò)變頻調(diào)速, 可使傳動(dòng)軸轉(zhuǎn)速在正常范圍內(nèi)調(diào)節(jié)使刀架回轉(zhuǎn)速度控制到 5～ 30mm in, 2 個(gè)傳動(dòng)軸各帶上、下2 個(gè)鏈輪通過(guò)上、下2 條異形滾子鏈帶動(dòng)貨架轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。鏈條脹緊機(jī)構(gòu)采用螺紋調(diào)節(jié)脹緊, 為定期脹緊方式。調(diào)節(jié)時(shí)上、下鏈條松度調(diào)節(jié)一致, 使鏈條受力均勻。
3)刀架與防護(hù)罩 整庫(kù)共有14 列獨(dú)立刀架。其中 13 列為插座式刀架, 1 列為抽屜式刀架, 每個(gè)刀架背部通過(guò)銷(xiāo)軸與上、下輸送鏈鏈板聯(lián)接, 底部安裝滾輪, 鏈條轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)帶動(dòng)刀架沿地軌轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。插座式刀架分BT40 刀架和BT50 刀架 2 種形式。為加強(qiáng)管理, 保證安全, 美化造型, 貨架外圍加防護(hù)罩。抽屜式刀架分 6 個(gè)抽屜放置其他刀輔具, 可分類(lèi)裝存一些刀輔具, 如鉆頭、車(chē)刀等。
1.1.2. 電氣控制系統(tǒng)
本刀具儲(chǔ)存系統(tǒng)的電氣控制主要是對(duì)其貨架進(jìn)行運(yùn)行控制和位置控制。運(yùn)行控制包括運(yùn)行設(shè)備的啟動(dòng)、制動(dòng)控制。位置控制主要是對(duì)貨架位置和地址進(jìn)行檢測(cè)?？刂葡到y(tǒng)框圖如圖 1 所示。
圖 1 刀具庫(kù)控制系統(tǒng)圖
1)電氣傳動(dòng) 水平旋轉(zhuǎn)刀具儲(chǔ)存系統(tǒng)各機(jī)械的動(dòng)作都屬于反復(fù)短時(shí)工作制。而且系統(tǒng)在運(yùn)行時(shí)需要幾種速度, 因此傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)需要調(diào)速, 所以該系統(tǒng)選用了變頻調(diào)速的方法, 可以采用結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、運(yùn)行可靠的變頻器和變頻電動(dòng)機(jī)。
2)控制方式 該系統(tǒng)分為手動(dòng)和自動(dòng)控制2 種控制方式, 手動(dòng)控制一般作為調(diào)試用和備用的工作方式; 自動(dòng)控制方式為本系統(tǒng)計(jì)算機(jī)(IPC)和控制單元(變頻器、接觸器等)組成的一個(gè)自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)。
3)位置及定位精度檢測(cè) 本系統(tǒng)中自動(dòng)認(rèn)址和位置檢測(cè)采用了接近開(kāi)關(guān)作為檢測(cè)元器件, 通過(guò)光點(diǎn)隔離繼電器板和記數(shù)板對(duì)接近開(kāi)關(guān)采集的信號(hào)進(jìn)行記數(shù)和運(yùn)算處理, 采用最優(yōu)路徑尋址方式確定貨架的當(dāng)前位置和貨架的目的位置。為了使系統(tǒng)定位更準(zhǔn)確, 采用了 2 只光電開(kāi)關(guān), 分別檢測(cè)2 個(gè)貨架的2 只檢測(cè)片。
1.2.刀庫(kù)的功能
刀庫(kù)的作用是儲(chǔ)備一定數(shù)量的刀具，機(jī)械手實(shí)現(xiàn)主軸上刀具的互換}zs}a刀具的類(lèi)型有盤(pán)式刀庫(kù)、鏈?zhǔn)降稁?kù)等多種形式，刀庫(kù)的形式和容量要根據(jù)機(jī)床的工藝范圍來(lái)確定。
1.3.常見(jiàn)類(lèi)型
刀庫(kù)是存儲(chǔ)刀具的裝置，常見(jiàn)的刀庫(kù)主要有以下幾種形式:
(1)轉(zhuǎn)塔式刀庫(kù)
包括水平轉(zhuǎn)塔頭和垂直轉(zhuǎn)塔頭兩種，見(jiàn)圖2.6a)與b):
(2)盤(pán)式刀庫(kù)
盤(pán)式刀庫(kù)中刀庫(kù)呈盤(pán)狀,刀具沿盤(pán)面垂直排列(包括徑向取刀和軸向取刀),沿盤(pán)面徑向排列或成銳角排列的形式的刀庫(kù)。結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、緊湊,應(yīng)用較多,但刀具單環(huán)排列,空間利用率低。見(jiàn)圖2.7a)~c)。若增加刀庫(kù)容量必須使刀庫(kù)的外徑增大,那么轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量也相應(yīng)增大,選刀運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)。刀具數(shù)量一般不多于32把。刀具呈多環(huán)排列的刀庫(kù)的空間利用率高,但必然使得取刀機(jī)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,適用于機(jī)床空間受限制而刀庫(kù)容量又較大的場(chǎng)合。雙盤(pán)式結(jié)構(gòu)是兩個(gè)較小容量的刀庫(kù)分置于主軸兩側(cè),布局較緊湊,儲(chǔ)刀數(shù)量也相應(yīng)增大,適用于中小型加工中心。
(3)鏈?zhǔn)降稁?kù)
包括單環(huán)鏈和多環(huán)鏈，鏈環(huán)形式可有多種變化，見(jiàn)圖2.8a)~c)，基本結(jié)構(gòu)見(jiàn)圖2. 8do
特點(diǎn):適用于刀庫(kù)容量較大的場(chǎng)合，所占的空間小，一般適用于刀具數(shù)在30-120把。僅增加鏈條長(zhǎng)度即可增加刀具數(shù)，可以不增加圓周速度其轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量不像盤(pán)式刀庫(kù)增加的那樣大。
(4)直線式刀庫(kù)和組合刀庫(kù)
直線式刀庫(kù)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單如圖2. 9，刀具單行排列，刀庫(kù)容量小，多用于數(shù)控車(chē)床和鉆床上。由于刀庫(kù)位置固定，換刀動(dòng)作由主軸完成，無(wú)需機(jī)械手。組合刀庫(kù)一般是轉(zhuǎn)塔式刀庫(kù)的組合、轉(zhuǎn)塔式與盤(pán)式刀庫(kù)的組合及鏈?zhǔn)降稁?kù)的組合。每單個(gè)刀庫(kù)的儲(chǔ)刀量較小，換刀速度快。另外還有一些密集型的鼓輪式、彈匣式和格子式刀庫(kù)，這些密集型刀庫(kù)雖.占地面積小，但由于結(jié)構(gòu)限制，基本上不用于單機(jī)加工中心，多用于FMS的集中供刀系統(tǒng)。
1.4.刀庫(kù)的容量
刀庫(kù)的容量首先要考慮加工工藝的需要，從使用角度出發(fā)，一般為10~40把刀，刀庫(kù)的利用率會(huì)高，而結(jié)構(gòu)比較緊湊。
1.5.刀具的選擇方式
(1)順序選擇將刀具按加工工序的順序，依次放入刀庫(kù)的每一個(gè)刀座內(nèi)。每次換刀時(shí)，刀庫(kù)順序轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)一個(gè)刀座位置，并取出所需要的刀具，己經(jīng)使用過(guò)的刀具可以放回原來(lái)的刀座內(nèi)，也可以順序放入下一個(gè)刀座內(nèi)。但由于刀庫(kù)中刀具在不同的工序中不能重復(fù)使用，必須增加刀庫(kù)的容量，降低了利用率。
(2)任意選擇目前大多數(shù)的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)都采用任意選刀的方式，其分為刀套編碼、刀具編碼和記憶式等三種。刀具編碼或刀套編碼需要在刀具或刀套上安裝用于識(shí)別的編碼條，一般都是根據(jù)二進(jìn)制編碼的原理進(jìn)行編碼。刀具編碼選刀方式采用了一種特殊的刀柄結(jié)構(gòu)，并對(duì)每把刀具編碼。每把刀具都具有自己的代碼，因而刀具可在不同的工序中多次重復(fù)使用，換下的刀具不用放回原刀座，刀庫(kù)的容量也可相應(yīng)減少。本文采用記憶式選刀，這種方式能將刀具號(hào)和刀庫(kù)中的刀套位置對(duì)應(yīng)地記憶在數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的PLC中，無(wú)論刀具放在哪個(gè)刀套內(nèi)，刀具信息都始終記存在PLC內(nèi)。刀庫(kù)上裝有位置檢測(cè)裝置，可獲得每個(gè)刀套的位置。這樣刀具就可以任意取出并送回。刀庫(kù)上還設(shè)有機(jī)械原點(diǎn)，使每次選刀時(shí)就近選取。
1.6.刀庫(kù)的控制方式
(1)刀庫(kù)作為系統(tǒng)的定位軸來(lái)控制。在梯形圖中根據(jù)指令的T碼進(jìn)行運(yùn)算比較后輸出角度和速度指令到刀庫(kù)伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)刀庫(kù)伺服電機(jī)。刀庫(kù)的容量、旋轉(zhuǎn)速度、加/減速時(shí)間等均可在系統(tǒng)參數(shù)中設(shè)定，此種方式不受外界因素影響定位準(zhǔn)確、可靠但成本較高。
(2)刀庫(kù)由液壓馬達(dá)驅(qū)動(dòng)，有快/慢速之分，用接近開(kāi)關(guān)計(jì)數(shù)并定位。在梯形圖中比較系統(tǒng)存儲(chǔ)的當(dāng)前刀號(hào)(主軸上的刀)和目標(biāo)刀號(hào)(預(yù)選刀)并運(yùn)算，再輸出旋轉(zhuǎn)指令，同時(shí)判斷按最短路徑旋轉(zhuǎn)到位。這種方式需要足夠的液壓動(dòng)力和電磁閥刀庫(kù)旋轉(zhuǎn)速度可通過(guò)節(jié)流閥調(diào)整。但使用一段時(shí)間后可能會(huì)因?yàn)橛唾|(zhì)、油壓、油溫及環(huán)境因素的變化而影響運(yùn)動(dòng)速度和準(zhǔn)確性。一般用于不需頻繁換刀的大中型機(jī)床。
(3)刀庫(kù)由交流異步電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)凸輪機(jī)構(gòu)(馬氏機(jī)構(gòu))，用接近開(kāi)關(guān)計(jì)數(shù)，這種方式運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定，定位準(zhǔn)確可靠一般與凸輪機(jī)械手配合使用，換刀速度快，定位準(zhǔn)。
2.換刀裝置的主要類(lèi)型,特點(diǎn)和適用范圍
2.1.自動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)刀架
自動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)刀架是數(shù)控機(jī)床上使用的一種簡(jiǎn)單的自動(dòng)換刀裝置，有四方刀架和六角刀架等多種形式，回轉(zhuǎn)刀架上分別安裝有四把、六把或更多的刀具，并按數(shù)控指令進(jìn)行換刀。回轉(zhuǎn)刀架又有立式和臥式兩種，結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單，適用于經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)控車(chē)床。
回轉(zhuǎn)刀架在結(jié)構(gòu)上必須具有良好的強(qiáng)度和剛度，以承受粗加工時(shí)切削抗力和減少刀架在切削力作用下的變形，提高加工精度?；剞D(zhuǎn)刀架還要選擇可靠的定位方案和合理的定位結(jié)構(gòu)，以保證回轉(zhuǎn)刀架在每次轉(zhuǎn)位之后具有較高的重復(fù)定位精度(一般為0.001 ~0.005mm )。圖2.1所示為螺旋升降式四方刀架。
在自動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)刀架中最簡(jiǎn)單的換刀裝置是180o回轉(zhuǎn)式換刀裝置，如圖2.2所示。接到換刀指令后，機(jī)床控制系統(tǒng)便將主軸控制到指定換刀位置;與此同時(shí)，刀具庫(kù)運(yùn)動(dòng)到適當(dāng)位置，換刀裝置回轉(zhuǎn)并同時(shí)與主軸、刀具庫(kù)的刀具相配合;拉桿從主軸刀具上卸掉，換刀裝置將刀具從各自的位置上取下;換刀裝置回轉(zhuǎn)180o并將主軸刀具與刀具庫(kù)刀具帶走;換刀裝置回轉(zhuǎn)的同時(shí)，刀具庫(kù)重新調(diào)整其位置，以接受從主軸取下的刀具;接下來(lái)，換刀裝置將要換上的刀具與卸下的刀具分別裝入主軸和刀具庫(kù):最后，換刀裝置轉(zhuǎn)回原“待命”位置。至此，換刀完成，程序繼續(xù)運(yùn)行。這種換刀裝置的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、涉及的運(yùn)動(dòng)少、換刀快。主要缺點(diǎn)是刀具必須存放在與主軸平行的平面內(nèi)，與側(cè)置后置刀具庫(kù)相比，切屑及切削液易進(jìn)入刀夾，因此必須對(duì)刀具另加防護(hù)。刀夾錐面上有切屑會(huì)造成換刀誤差，甚至有損壞刀夾與主軸的可能。有些加工中心使用了傳遞桿，并將刀具庫(kù)側(cè)置。當(dāng)換刀指令被調(diào)用時(shí)，傳遞桿將刀具庫(kù)的刀具取下，轉(zhuǎn)到機(jī)床前方，并定位于與換刀裝置配合的位置。180o“回轉(zhuǎn)式換刀裝置既可用于臥式機(jī)床，也可用于立式機(jī)床。
2. 2.轉(zhuǎn)塔頭式換刀裝
帶有旋轉(zhuǎn)刀具的數(shù)控機(jī)床常采用此種換刀裝置，轉(zhuǎn)塔頭上裝有幾個(gè)主軸，每個(gè)主軸上均裝一把刀具，加工過(guò)程中轉(zhuǎn)塔頭可自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)位實(shí)現(xiàn)換刀。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，換刀時(shí)間短，僅為2s左右。但由于受空間位置的限制，主軸數(shù)目不能太多，通常只適用于工序較少、精度要就不高的機(jī)床，如數(shù)控鉆床、數(shù)控銑床等。近年來(lái)出現(xiàn)了一種用機(jī)械手和轉(zhuǎn)塔頭配合刀庫(kù)進(jìn)行換刀的自動(dòng)換刀裝置，如圖2.3所示。它實(shí)際上是轉(zhuǎn)塔頭換刀裝置和刀庫(kù)式換刀裝置的結(jié)合。其原理如下:
轉(zhuǎn)塔頭5上有兩個(gè)刀具主軸3和4，當(dāng)用刀具主軸4上的刀具進(jìn)行加工時(shí)，可由機(jī)械手2將下一步需要的刀具換至不工作的刀具主軸3上，待本工序完成后，轉(zhuǎn)塔頭回轉(zhuǎn)180o，完成換刀。因其換刀時(shí)間大部分和加工時(shí)間重合，真正換刀時(shí)間只需轉(zhuǎn)塔頭轉(zhuǎn)位的時(shí)間，這種換刀方式主要用于數(shù)控鉆床和數(shù)控銼床等。
2. 3.帶刀庫(kù)的自動(dòng)換刀系統(tǒng)
圖2.4所示為刀庫(kù)與機(jī)床為整體式數(shù)控機(jī)床的外觀圖。
圖2.5所示為刀庫(kù)與機(jī)床為分體式數(shù)控機(jī)床的外觀圖。
此時(shí)，刀庫(kù)容量大，刀具可以較重，常常附加運(yùn)輸裝置來(lái)完成刀庫(kù)與主軸之間刀具的運(yùn)輸。
帶刀庫(kù)的換刀裝置由刀庫(kù)、選刀機(jī)構(gòu)、刀具自動(dòng)裝卸機(jī)械及刀具交換機(jī)構(gòu)(機(jī)械手)等四部分組成，應(yīng)用廣泛。
刀庫(kù)機(jī)械手自動(dòng)換刀系統(tǒng)，整個(gè)換刀過(guò)程比較復(fù)雜。首先要把加工過(guò)程中使用的全部刀具安裝在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)刀柄上，在機(jī)外進(jìn)行尺寸預(yù)調(diào)后，按一定的方式放入刀庫(kù)。換刀時(shí)，先在刀庫(kù)中選刀，再由換刀裝置從刀庫(kù)或主軸上取刀，進(jìn)行交換，將新刀裝入主軸，舊刀放回刀庫(kù)。
由于前兩種換刀裝置容納的刀具數(shù)量有限不能太多，不能滿足復(fù)雜零件的加工需要，所以自動(dòng)換刀數(shù)控機(jī)床多采用帶刀庫(kù)的自動(dòng)換刀裝置。刀庫(kù)具有較大容量，既可安裝在主軸箱的側(cè)面或上方。由于帶刀庫(kù)的自動(dòng)換刀裝置的數(shù)控機(jī)床的主軸箱內(nèi)只有一根主軸，主軸部件的剛度要高，以滿足精密加工要求。刀庫(kù)內(nèi)數(shù)量較大，因而能滿足復(fù)雜零件的多工序加工，大大提高生產(chǎn)率。帶刀庫(kù)的自動(dòng)換刀系統(tǒng)適用于數(shù)控鉆削中心和加工中心。進(jìn)行比較得出帶刀庫(kù)的自動(dòng)換刀系統(tǒng)是最有發(fā)展前景的。
3.PLC控制的隨機(jī)選刀方式的研究
3. 1常見(jiàn)的自動(dòng)選刀方式
刀庫(kù)的自動(dòng)控制指CNC執(zhí)行用戶(hù)指令后系統(tǒng)對(duì)刀庫(kù)的自動(dòng)控制過(guò)程，包括程序找刀和自動(dòng)換刀[(63,71]。加工中心的計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控裝置(CNC)發(fā)出的選刀指令，將刀庫(kù)轉(zhuǎn)到所需刀具號(hào)的取刀位置，稱(chēng)自動(dòng)選刀。自動(dòng)選刀有兩種方法:順序選刀和隨機(jī)選刀方法。
3.1.1順序選刀
順序選刀方法是刀具按預(yù)定工序的先后順序插入刀庫(kù)中，使用時(shí)按順序轉(zhuǎn)到取刀位置，用過(guò)的刀具放回原來(lái)的刀座內(nèi)，也可以順序放入下一個(gè)刀座內(nèi)。采用這種方式，不需要刀具識(shí)別裝置，而且驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置控制也比較簡(jiǎn)單，工作可靠，可以直接由刀庫(kù)的分度機(jī)械來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。但刀庫(kù)中每把刀具在不同的工序中不能重復(fù)使用，如果刀具不按順序裝在刀庫(kù)中，將會(huì)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的后果。必須增加刀具的數(shù)量和刀庫(kù)的容量，降低了刀具和刀庫(kù)的利用率。
3.1.2隨機(jī)選刀
隨機(jī)選刀方法是根據(jù)指令要求任意選擇所需要的刀具，這時(shí)必須有刀具識(shí)別裝置。刀具在刀庫(kù)中不必按照工件的加工順序排列，可任意存放的。每把刀具(或刀座)均編上代碼，自動(dòng)換刀時(shí)，刀庫(kù)旋轉(zhuǎn)，每把刀具都經(jīng)過(guò)“刀具識(shí)別器”接受識(shí)別。當(dāng)?shù)毒叽a與CNC指令代碼相符時(shí)該刀具被選中刀庫(kù)旋轉(zhuǎn)將刀具送到換刀位置，等待機(jī)械手來(lái)抓取。隨機(jī)選刀的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是刀庫(kù)中刀具的排列順序與加工順序無(wú)關(guān)，相同的刀具可以重復(fù)使用。因此，刀具數(shù)量比較少，刀庫(kù)也相應(yīng)的較小。隨機(jī)選刀必須對(duì)刀具編碼，以便識(shí)別。編碼主要有以下三種。
1.刀具編碼方式。采用特殊的刀柄結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行編碼，刀柄后端的拉桿上套裝著等間距的編碼環(huán)，由鎖進(jìn)螺母固定。編碼環(huán)直徑有大小直徑兩種，分別表示二進(jìn)制的“1”和“0"，通過(guò)這兩個(gè)圓環(huán)的不同排列，可以得到一系列代碼。例如有六個(gè)大小直徑的圓環(huán)便可組成能區(qū)別63 ( 26-1=63)種刀具的編碼。通常全為0的代碼不許使用，以避免與刀座中沒(méi)有刀具的狀況混淆。
2.刀座編碼方式。對(duì)刀座編碼，刀具編碼，并將刀具放到與其號(hào)碼相符的刀座中。換刀時(shí)刀庫(kù)旋轉(zhuǎn)，使每個(gè)刀座位依次經(jīng)過(guò)識(shí)刀器，找到刀座，刀庫(kù)便停止旋轉(zhuǎn)。這時(shí)刀柄上沒(méi)有了編碼環(huán)，使刀柄簡(jiǎn)化。
3.編碼附件方式。這種方式有編碼鑰匙、編碼卡片、編碼桿和編碼盤(pán)等，其中應(yīng)用最多的是編碼鑰匙。先給刀具都附上一把裹示該刀具號(hào)的編碼鑰匙，當(dāng)把各刀具存放到刀庫(kù)的刀座中時(shí)，這樣就把鑰匙的號(hào)碼轉(zhuǎn)記道刀座中，將編碼鑰匙插進(jìn)到座旁邊的鑰匙孔中給刀座編上了號(hào)碼。
結(jié) 語(yǔ)
重點(diǎn)討論了在當(dāng)今制造環(huán)境下刀具存儲(chǔ)與管理新的模式和方法, 實(shí)際應(yīng)用效果良好, 在系統(tǒng)集成和優(yōu)化運(yùn)行等方面將進(jìn)一步探討, 使之具有更高理論和實(shí)際水平。
附錄B Design Of Tool Machine Prop
Research significance
The original knife machine control procedures are designed individually, not used tool management system, features a single comparison, the knife only has to find the tool knife, knife positioning the shortest path, axis tool change, but does not support large-scale tool.
Automatic knife in the knife election, in the computer memory knife-election on the basis of using the Siemens 840 D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its other machine. Automatic tool change systems will be faster growth, reduced tool change time, increase the positioning accuracy tool is an important means to help NC technology development.
Tool and inventory components of modern production is an important link in the management, especially for large workshop management. The traditional way of account management, and low efficiency, high error rate, and not sharing information and data, tools and the use of state can not track the life cycle, are unable to meet the current information management needs. With actual production, we have to establish a workshop tool for the three-dimensional tool storage system to meet the knife workshop with auxiliary storage and management needs.
The system uses optimization technology, a large number of computer storage inventory information, timely, accurate, and comprehensive tool to reflect the inventory situation. The entire system uses a graphical interface, man-machine dialogue tips from the Chinese menu, select various functions can be realized and the importation of all kinds of information. Management system using online help function. Through the workshop management, network management and sharing of information. Have automated inventory management, warehousing management tool, a tool for the management and statistical functions.
1.System components and control structure
The entire system, including the structure and electrical machinery control systems.
1.1.1Mechanical structure and working principle
Tool from the stent, drive, drive system, Turret, shielding, control system, and electrical components. Support from the column, beam, the upper and lower guide Central track, and track support component.
1) Drive for the system chosen VVVF method. Cone used brake motors, with VVVF by Cycloid reducer through sprocket drive.
2) Drag a variable frequency drive system and control technology. VVVF adopted, will speed drive shaft in the normal range adjustment to control the speed rotary turret to 5 ~ 30mm in, the drive shaft into two, two under through sprocket, the two profiled rollers Chain driven rotating shelves. Expansion chain adopted by the thread tight regulation swelling, swelling the regular way. - Conditioned, under the same chain-of-conditioning, so that the chain of uniform.
3) Turret and shields the entire total of 14 independent Turret. 13 of them as a socket-Turret, as a drawer-Turret, each Turret back through the pin and, under the conveyor chain link chain plate, installed at the bottom roller, chain driven rotating turret rotation along the track. Outlet-Turret and BT50-BT40 Turret Turret two kinds of forms. To strengthen management, security, landscaping modeling, shelf peripherals and shields. Turret-drawer drawer placed at six other Des Voeux a knife, can be categorized with some of knife auxiliary equipment, such as bits, such as turning tools.
1.1.2.Electrical Control System
This tool storage systems is the main electrical control their shelves for operational control and position control. Operational control equipment, including operation of the start of braking control. Position Control is the main location and address of the shelves for testing. Control system as shown in Figure 1.
圖 1 Tool Control System for the
1) Electric Transmission horizontal rotary tool storage systems are the mechanical movements are repeated short-term work system. And the run-time system needs some speed, speed transmission needs, the system will use VVVF method can be used simple structure, reliable operation of the motor and frequency inverter.
2) Control of the system is divided into two kinds of manual control and automatic control, manual control as a general reserve and debugging methods of work; ways to the system control computer (IPC) and the control unit (inverter contactor , etc.) consisting of a control system.
3) location and positioning accuracy of the system automatically identify the site and location using a detection device as proximity switches, relays through the plate-point isolation and the number plate recorded close to the switching signal acquisition and operation of Hutchison with a Optimal Path addressable identify the current location and shelves of the purpose of the shelf location. In order to enable a more accurate positioning system, adopted two photoelectric switches, to detect the two shelves of the two films.
1.2.The functions of the knife
knife The is the role of reserves a certain number of tools, machine tool spindle in hand to achieve the fungibility a disc cutter knife is the type of library, the chain knives, and other means, in the form of the knife and capacity according to the Machine Tool to determine the scope of the process.
1.3.Common types
The knife is a tool storage devices, the common knife mainly in the following forms:
(1) the turret knife
Including the first level turret vertical turret and the first two, see Figure 2.6 a) and b):
(2) the disc cutter
Disc knife in the library with discoid knife, cutting tool along See how vertical arrangement (including radial and axial from knife from knife), along See how radial array into acute or arranged in the form of the knife. Simple, compact, more applications, but are ring-cutter, low utilization of space. Figure 2.7 a) to c). If the knife storage capacity must be increased to increase the diameter of the knife, then the moment of inertia also increased correspondingly, the election campaign long knife. Tool number not more than 32 general. Cutter was multi-loop order of the space utilization knife, but inevitably given the knife from complex institutions, applicable to the restricted space Machine Tool storage capacity and more occasions. Two-disc structure is two smaller capacity knife on both sides of the sub-spindle place, more compact layout, the number of certificates corresponding increase knife, apply to small and medium-sized processing center.
(3) the chain knife
? Including single-and multi-ring chain ring chain, chain link can take many forms change, see Figure 2.8 a) to c), the basic structure shown in Figure 2. 8 do
Features: knife apply to the larger capacity of the occasion, the space of the small number of generally applicable to the tool in the 30-120. Only increase the length of the chain tool will increase the number should not be increased circumferential speed of its moment of inertia of the knife does not increase the disc as large.
(4) linear combination knife and the knife library
The linear knife simple structure in Figure 2.9, tool single order, the capacity of small knife, used for CNC lathe and drill press on. Because the location of fixed knife, ATC completed action by the spindle without manipulator. The cutter knife is generally the turret combination turret with a combination of the disc cutter knife and the chain combination. Every single knife the knife certificates of smaller, faster tool change. There are also some intensive drum wheel, and the lattice-type magazine for the knife, the knife-intensive though. Small footprint, but because of structural constraints, basically not used for single processing center, the concentration used for FMS for the knife system.
1.4 Tool storage capacity
Tool storage capacity of the first to consider the needs of processing, from the use of point of view, generally 10 to 40 knives, knife will be the utilization of the high, and the structure is compact.
1.5 Tool options
(1) choose to order processing tool according to the order, followed Add to the knife every knife in the Block. Each tool change, the order of rotation of a cutter knife on location, and remove the need knives, has been used by the cutter knife can be returned to the original Block, can also order Add Block, a knife. However, as the knife in the tool in different processes can not be repeated use of the knife must increase the capacity and lower utilization rate.
(2) most of the arbitrary choice of the current system of using arbitrary NC election knives, divided into Daotao coding, coding and memory-cutter, three. Daotao coding tool code or knives or Daotao need to install the code used to identify, in accordance with the general principle of binary coding coding. Tool knife election coding method uses a special knife handle structure, and each of the coding tool. Each of the tool has its own code, thereby cutting tool can be in different processes repeatedly used, not to replace the tool back at the original knife, the knife capacity can be reduced accordingly. Memory-election this paper knife, in this way can knives and knife in the position corresponding to the Daotao memory of the PLC in the NC system, no matter which tool on the Inner knife, tool information is always there in mind, PLC . On the knife with position detection devices, will be the location of each Daotao. This tool can be removed and sent back to arbitrary. On the knife is also a mechanical origin, every election, the nearest knife selection.
1.6. Control of the knife
? (1) the knife as a system to control the positioning axis. In the ladder diagram in accordance with the instructions for computing T code comparison of the output angle and speed of instructions to the knife the knife servo drive servo motor. Tool storage capacity, rotation speed, and / deceleration time, and other system parameters can be set in such a manner free from any outside influence positioning accurate and reliable but the cost is higher.
? (2) knife from the hydraulic motor drives, fast / slow the points, with proximity switches count and positioning. In comparison ladder diagram of the current storage system knife (knife spindle) and goals knife (pre-knife) and computing, then output rotation instructions, judging by the shortest path rotation in place. This approach requires sufficient hydraulic power and electromagnetic valve knife the rotational speed can be adjusted through the throttle. But over time may be oily hydraulic, oil temperature and environmental factors impact the change in velocity and accuracy. Not generally used in large and medium-sized machine tool change frequently.
? (3) the knife from AC asynchronous motor driven cam mechanism (Markov institutions), with proximity switches count, which means stable operation, and generally accurate and reliable positioning cam used in conjunction with a mechanical hand, ATC fast-positioning.
2. ATC, the main types, characteristics, and the scope of application
2.1 Auto Rotary Tool
Rotary Tool automatically on the use of CNC machine tool is a simple installation of automatic tool change, the Quartet and 47.60 Turret Tool various forms, such as rotary turret were installed on four, six or more of the Tool , NC instructions by ATC. Rotary Tool has two vertical and horizontal, relatively simple structure, applicable to economic CNC lathe.
Rotary Tool in the structure must have good strength and stiffness, resistance to bear rough Cutting Tool in the cutting force and reduce the role of deformation and improve processing accuracy. Rotating Tool to choose reliable positioning programme structure and reasonable position, in order to ensure that each rotary turret to a higher position after repeated positioning accuracy (typically 0.001 to 0.005mm). Figure 2.1 shows the spiral movements of the Quartet Turret.
Auto Rotary Tool in the simplest of ATC, is 180 o rotary ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2.2 ATC instructions received, the machine control system put ATC spindle control to the designated location at the same time, the tool movement to the appropriate location, ATC, with the rotary axis and at the same time, the knives matching tool; drawbars from Spindle Cutting Tools rip, ATC, will be the tool from their position removed; ATC, 180 o rotary tool spindle and the tool and tool away; ATC, the Rotary At the same time, the tool refocusing its position to accept Spindle removed from the cutting tool; Next, ATC, will be replaced with the cutter knives were unloaded into the spindle and tool: Finally, back to the original ATC, "standby" position. At this point, ATC completed procedures to continue to run. This ATC, the main advantage of simple structure, the less movement, fast tool change. The main disadvantage is that knives must be kept in parallel with the axis of the plane, and after the home side compared to the tool, chip and liquid-cutting knife into the folder, it is necessary to the tool plus protection. Cone knife folder on the chip will cause ATC error, or even damage knife folders, and the possibility of spindle. Some processing centre at the transfer, and the tool side. When the ATC command is called, the transfer-cutter knives will be removed, the machine go forward, and positioning with the ATC, in line with the position. 180 o "Rotary ATC devices can be used horizontal machine, can also be used for vertical machining centers.
2. 2 ATC head-turret installed
With rotating CNC machine tool often used such ATC devices, with a few turret head spindle, each with a sp