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The packing box divulges reason analysis and countermeasure Abstract: The packing box divulges which through the analysis Petrochemistry enterprise each kind of adjustment valve in, as well as the adjustment valve divulges the harm which brings to the environment and the production, proposed some solution countermeasures. Guan Jianci: Adjusts the valve; The packing box divulges; Seal; Countermeasure 1.foreword adjustment: valve is the petroleum chemical industry refines oil in the installment the essential part, its use adjustment valve type many, quantity big, in the chemical production medium many is corrosiveness strong, virulent or is flammable explosive, when adjusts the valve divulges, not only can create the serious raw material, the energy and the product waste, moreover also has the serious influence to the environment, even causes the serious security accident. Therefore, we have the necessity also to have to take in the petroleum chemical industry production process to adjust the valve to divulge the question. Under causes the reason on the petroleum chemical industry installment in which the adjustment valve packing box divulges as well as prevented divulges the countermeasure, the method with the elimination makes the key discussion. 2.Adjustments valves packing box divulges the reason analysis adjustment valve divulges divides into two kinds, namely outside divulges with the interior divulges. In the majority situation, outside divulges the consequence which creates, often divulges compared to the interior seriously. In the industrial production, adjusts the valve outside to leak not only creates the raw material and the energy waste, but also can directly pollute the environment, even causes the fire, the detonation, is poisoned and so on the harm safety significant accident, the national economy creates the heavy loss for. Outside but the packing box divulges also belongs leaks. The packing box divulges reason: The packing box by the stuffing box, the padding, the padding pad as well as the padding contracts the organization and so on to be composed. The stuffing box sets on the valve body or the valve cover, plays holds the padding the role. The padding pad sets to the stuffing box base, plays the strut padding role. The padding divides the soft nature sealing compound and takes shape the padding two kinds. Takes shape the padding take the elastic material quality as the raw material, uses the mould pressing to take shape or the turning processing makes each kind of joiner curtain under, compares, takes shape the padding structure compact, sealing property good, the serviceability is stronger. The medium divulges in the sealing compound place, the reason becomes less crowded, the sealing compound for the padding gland is not strict, the padding variety or the quality does not conform to the requirement, the padding gets older or by the valve lever attrition. 3.adjusts the loss which the valve divulges creates Divulging causes which by the above situation, creates the economic loss and further because the medium characteristic different has differently to the environment pollution degree. If is the gas medium, then very easily proliferates the dissemination in the air, its pollution radius can be bigger. The liquid medium can through have the pollution to the ground seepage, also possibly or the exile expels flood water the ditch through the open ditch, pollutes the rivers and streams lake and other environment. Former Soviet Union's nuclear power station because adjusts the valve the question to breed the unprecedented disaster, not only has caused the significant personnel casualty, creates direct and the indirect economic loss and the environment destroy also with difficulty estimates. The statistical data indicated that, in the production unit approximately 20% adjustment valve existence divulges the question, creates the direct economic loss approximately composes the total losses 5%0 in the petrified profession, take a set of 5000kt/a scale often the decompressor as the example, in the ordinary circumstances has 5,000 about the adjustment valve, divulges the economic loss by 20% adjustment valve which creates and the pollution which creates to the environment indeed may not belittle, if looked from the entire petrified profession, the situation was more serious. 4.Packing boxes divulge the countermeasure because the adjustment valve packing box seals divulging, as well as valve body connection spot seal divulging, is creates adjusts the key which outside the valve leaks to be at, therefore needs specially to take. The traditional soft nature padding seal, is depends on the padding gland the thrust, causes it between the valve lever and the padding as well as the padding and the stuffing box sidewall, has the certain radial direction contact stress to achieve the seal. Therefore, the gland axial force must be quite big, this creates between the padding and the valve lever rubs the torque to increase, the attrition increases, the soft nature sealing compound wears quickly, thus must frequently screw tight the packing bolt or the replacement padding, can guarantee the better seal effect. Uses the appropriate padding seal and the padding seal combination, may enhance adjusts the reliability which the valve uses, lengthens the service life. If the flexible graphite link padding combination use, only uses the flexible graphite link padding the seal effect to be better than. At present in domestic uses the sole flexible graphite link padding the situation quite to be many; But in overseas, uses the flexible graphite link padding combination the application method to start popularly, and has obtained the good effect. 5.Concluding remark In summary, adjusts the valve in the petrification industrial production divulging is the not allow to neglect question, it to the production efficiency, the security as well as can bring the significant influence to the environment. The elimination adjustment valve divulges the key lies in the optimized adjustment valve structure the design, adjusts the valve according to the different craft condition reasonable choice the material, enhances adjusts the valve in production process quality control level, as well as adjusts the valve according to the craft operating system optimization the shaping. Along with the science and technology progress, specially the new material appearance, some new structures adjustment valves put into the use, their performance good, the life is long, may satisfy production the need to develop. Reference: 1 Wang Xunju Valve use maintenance handbook [S] Beijing: Chinese petrochemistry publishing house, 1999 2 German ginger The petroleum chemical industry installment process tube installs design handbook second [S] Beijing: Chinese petrochemistry publishing house, 1998 3 Lu Peiwen The valve selects the handbook [S] Beijing: Mechanical industry publishing house,2001 中文譯文 填料函泄漏的原因分析及對策 ?摘要：通過分析石化企業(yè)各種調(diào)節(jié)閥門中填料函泄漏的原因，以及調(diào)節(jié)閥門泄漏對環(huán)境和生產(chǎn)所帶來的危害，提出了一些解決對策。 關(guān)健詞：調(diào)節(jié)閥門；填料函泄漏；密封；對策 1前言 調(diào)節(jié)閥門是石油化工煉油裝置中不可缺少的部分，其使用的調(diào)節(jié)閥門種類多、數(shù)量大，化工生產(chǎn)中的介質(zhì)多是腐蝕性強、有毒或易燃易爆的，當調(diào)節(jié)閥門泄漏時，不僅會造成嚴重的原材料、能量和產(chǎn)品的浪費，而且對環(huán)境也造成嚴重的影響，甚至引起嚴重的安全事故。因此，我們有必要也應當重視石油化工生產(chǎn)過程中調(diào)節(jié)閥門的泄漏問題。下面就石油化工裝置中引起調(diào)節(jié)閥門填料函泄漏的原因以及防止和消除泄漏的對策、方法做重點探討。 2 調(diào)節(jié)閥門填料函泄漏的原因分析 調(diào)節(jié)閥門泄漏分為兩種，即外部泄漏和內(nèi)部泄漏。在大多數(shù)情況下，外部泄漏所造成的后果，往往比內(nèi)部泄漏更加嚴重。在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，調(diào)節(jié)閥門的外漏不但造成原材料及能源的浪費，還會直接污染環(huán)境，甚至引起火災、爆炸、中毒等危害生命安全的重大事故，給國民經(jīng)濟造成嚴重損失。而填料函泄漏又屬于外漏。 填料函泄漏的原因：填料函由填料箱、填料、填料墊以及填料壓緊機構(gòu)等組成。填料箱置于閥體或閥蓋上，起容納填料的作用。填料墊置于填料箱底部，起支撐填料的作用。填料分軟質(zhì)密封填料和成型填料兩種。成型填料以彈性材質(zhì)為原料，采用模壓成型或車削加工制成各種環(huán)形密封圈，相比之下，成型填料結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，密封性能好，適用性更強。 介質(zhì)在密封填料處泄漏，原因為填料壓蓋松動、密封填料不嚴密、填料品種或質(zhì)量不符合要求、填料老化或被閥桿磨損。 3調(diào)節(jié)閥門泄漏造成的損失 由以上情況引起的泄漏，所造成的經(jīng)濟損失和對環(huán)境的污染程度又因介質(zhì)的特性的不同而有所不同。如果是氣體介質(zhì)，則很容易在空氣中擴散傳播，其污染半徑就會較大。液體介質(zhì)則會通過對地面的滲透產(chǎn)生污染，也可能通過明溝或暗溝流人排洪渠，污染江河湖泊及其他環(huán)境。前蘇聯(lián)的切爾諾貝利核電站因為一個調(diào)節(jié)閥門的問題而釀成空前的災難，不僅造成了重大的人員傷亡，所造成的直接和間接的經(jīng)濟損失及環(huán)境破壞也難以估量。統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)表明，工業(yè)裝置中約20%的調(diào)節(jié)閥門存在泄漏問題，所造成的直接經(jīng)濟損失約占總損失的5%0在石化行業(yè)中，以一套5000kt/a規(guī)模的常減壓裝置為例，一般情況下有5000個左右的調(diào)節(jié)閥門，由其中20%的調(diào)節(jié)閥門泄漏所造成的經(jīng)濟損失和對環(huán)境造成的污染的確不可小覷，如果從整個石化行業(yè)來看，情況就更嚴重了。 4填料函泄漏對策 由于調(diào)節(jié)閥門填料函密封的泄漏，以及閥體連接部位密封的泄漏，是造成調(diào)節(jié)閥門外漏的關(guān)鍵所在，所以需要特別重視。 ????傳統(tǒng)的軟質(zhì)填料密封，是靠填料壓蓋的軸向壓力，使之在閥桿與填料以及填料與填料箱側(cè)壁之間，產(chǎn)生一定的徑向接觸應力而達到密封的。因此，壓蓋的軸向力必須相當大，這就造成填料與閥桿之間摩擦轉(zhuǎn)矩增大、磨損增加、軟質(zhì)密封填料磨損快，因而須經(jīng)常擰緊壓蓋螺栓或更換填料，才能保證較好的密封效果。 采用合適的填料密封及填料密封組合，可提高調(diào)節(jié)閥門使用的可靠性，延長使用壽命。如柔性石墨環(huán)填料的組合使用，比只用柔性石墨環(huán)填料的密封效果好。目前在國內(nèi)采用單一柔性石墨環(huán)填料的情況比較多；而在國外，采用柔性石墨環(huán)填料組合的使用方法已開始流行，并且取得了良好的效果。 5結(jié)束語 綜上所述，在石化工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中調(diào)節(jié)閥門的泄漏是不容忽視的問題，它對生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟性、安全性以及對環(huán)境都會帶來重大的影響。消除調(diào)節(jié)閥門泄漏的關(guān)鍵在于優(yōu)化調(diào)節(jié)閥門結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計，根據(jù)不同的工藝條件合理選擇調(diào)節(jié)閥門的材料，提高調(diào)節(jié)閥門在生產(chǎn)過程中的質(zhì)量控制水平，以及根據(jù)工藝操作系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化調(diào)節(jié)閥門的選型。隨著科學技術(shù)的進步，特別是新材料的出現(xiàn)，一些新結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)節(jié)閥門已投入使用，它們性能好、壽命長，可滿足生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的需要。 參考文獻： 1王訓拒.閥門使用維修手冊[s].北京：中國石化出版社.1999 2張德姜.石油化工裝置工藝管道安裝設(shè)計手冊第二篇[S].北京：中國石化出版社.1998. 3 陸培文.閥門選用手冊[S].北京：機械工業(yè)出版社.2001. 7