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Machine classification and pose fixture
1 fixture in the role of machining
Workpiece clamping fixture is a kind of process equipment, it is widely used in mechanical machining of the manufacturing process, heat treatment, assembly, welding and testing processes. In the use of metal-cutting machine tools collectively referred to as the jig fixture. n a modern production machine is an indispensable fixture of the process equipment, machining of the workpiece, the processing requirements in order to ensure. First of all to the workpiece and the machine tool relative to a correct position, and this location during processing does not change the impact of external forces. To this end, during the pre-machining, workpiece clamping must be good. There are two ways to clamp workpiece: one is directly clamping the workpiece in the machine table or on the chuck; The other is the workpiece in the fixture on the fixture. The first method used when the workpiece clamping, the general design requirements have to press lines in the surface to draw the size and location, clamping, or when the needle is zoned dial indicator to find is after the clamping. This method need special equipment, but low efficiency, are generally used for one-piece and small batch production. Large quantities, mostly with the workpiece clamping fixture. With the merits of the workpiece clamping fixtures are as follows:
(l) Guarantee the stability of the machining accuracy of workpiece. Workpieces with clamping fixture, the workpiece relative to the location of tool and machine tool to ensure the accuracy of the fixture from the technical level of workers, so that a number of workpiece machining accuracy of the line.
(2) To improve labor productivity. Workpiece clamping fixture can facilitate the user easily、rapidly, and the workpiece does not need to find is crossed, can significantly reduce the supplementary working hours, to improve labor productivity; workpiece in the fixture after the fixture to improve the rigidity of the workpiece, thus cutting the amount of increase, to improve labor productivity; can use more pieces of multi-workpiece clamping fixture, and the use of efficient clamping bodies, to further improve labor productivity.
(3) To expand the use of machine tools. Machine tools in general use a dedicated machine tool fixture can expand the scope of the process and give full play to the potential of machine tools to achieve a multi-machine use. For example, the use of a dedicated fixture can be easily Lathe processing small box to the workpiece. Even in the lathe out of oil, a reduction of expensive dedicated machines, reducing the cost, which is particularly important for small and medium-sized factories.
(4) To improve the operator's working conditions. As the pneumatic, hydraulic, electro-magnetic power source, such as the application in the fixture, on the one hand to reduce the labor intensity of workers; the other hand, it guarantees the reliability of the workpiece clamping, and to achieve the interlocking machine, to avoid accidents, ensure the operator safety and machine tool equipment
(5) To reduce costs. In mass production after the use of fixture, from stem to increase labor productivity, lower level technical workers, as well as lower scrap and other reasons, obviously to reduce the production costs.
Fixture manufacturing cost-sharing in a group of workpieces, each workpiece to increase the cost is very minimal, far less than as a result of increased labor productivity and reduce costs. The greater volume of workpiece, fixture made to use has become more significant economic benefits.
2 Fixture Category
2.1 General characteristics of the fixture by Category
According to the production in different types of fixtures in the common characteristics of machine tool fixture fixture can be divided into general, special fixtures, adjustable clamp, and automatic line of modular fixture fixture, such as: (l) General Fixture. Universal fixture refers to the structure, size has been standardized, and has a certain universal fixture. This type of fixture adaptable, can be used to setup the scope of a certain shape and size of various parts.(2)A dedicated fixture. This type of fixture is designed for a particular part of the processing procedures and the design and manufacture. Relatively stable in the product, the production of larger quantities, used a variety of special fixtures, access to higher productivity and machining accuracy. (3) Adjustable fixture. Adjustable fixture for general fixture and special fixture and the defects developed a new kind of fixture. Of different types and sizes of the workpiece, simply adjust or replace the fixture at the original location of the individual components and will be used to clamp components. （4) Modular Fixture. Modular fixture is a modular fixture. Standard components of the module with high precision and resistance to abrasion, can be assembled into a variety of fixtures. Removable fixture used to clean the assembly after the new fixture left. （5) Automatic line fixture. Automatic line clamp generally divided into two categories: fixed-type fixture, which is similar to a dedicated fixture; other accompanying a fixture for the use of the workpiece in the fixture, together with the movement, and automatic workpiece along the line from a move to the next position position for processing.
2.2 Classification by the use of machine tools Classification
By the use of machine tools can be divided into lathe jig fixtures, milling fixtures, drilling fixtures, hang-bed fixture, jig gear machine, CNC machine tool fixture, automatic machine tool fixtures, accompanied by automatic line, and other fixtures, such as machine tools. This is a special fixture design of the classification method used. Dedicated fixture design, the machine group, the type and the main parameters have been determined. Their difference is the cutting forming machine tool movements, so the connection fixture with the machine in different ways. Machining accuracy of their different requirements.
2.3 Clamping fixture according to the power source
Clamping fixture according to the power source can be divided into manual fixture, pneumatic fixtures, hydraulic fixtures, gas fixtures by force, electromagnetic fixture, vacuum fixtures, fixture, such as centrifugal force.
3 the composition of fixture
Although the structure of machine tool fixture range, but their components can be summarized as the following sections.
(1) Positioning components. Typically, when the shape of the workpiece datum position established, the position will be the basic components of the structure identified
(2) Clamping device. Positioning of the workpiece in the fixture, the need to clamp the workpiece before processing to ensure that the workpiece during processing is not due to external force and undermine its position.
(3) The specific folder. Fixture and the skeleton matrix, all the components through the fixture it will constitute a whole.
(4) Of the knife or the guide. Tool used to determine position relative to the correct position of components. Of the knife device common in milling fixture. Used to adjust the cutter knife block position before machining.
(5) To connect components. Connected components in the machine tool fixture is todetermine the correct position on the component, therefore, can double as a specific folder to connect components. Lathe fixture on the transition plate, the positioning of milling machine fixture on key components are connected.
(6) Other devices or components. According to the processing needs, some degree fixture device were used by mode device, the whole device, and the balance of the top block and so on. These components or devices specially designed need.
機床夾具的分類與構成
1機床夾具在機械加工中的作用
夾具是一種裝夾工件的工藝裝備，它廣泛地應用于機械制造過程的切削加工、熱處理、裝配、焊接和檢測等工藝過程中。在金屬切削機床上使用的夾具統(tǒng)稱為機床夾具。在現(xiàn)代生產中，機床夾具是一種不可缺少的工藝裝備，對工件進行機械加工時，為了保證加工要求，首先要使工件相對于刀具及機床有正確的位置，并使這個位置在加工過程中不因外力的影響而變動。為此，在進行機械加工前，先要將工件裝夾好。工件的裝夾方法有兩種:一種是工件直接裝夾在機床的工作臺或卡盤上;另一種是工件裝夾在夾具上。采用第一種方法裝夾工件時，一般要先按圖樣要求在工件表面劃線，劃出加工表面的尺寸和位置，裝夾時用劃針或百分表找正后再夾緊。這種方法無需專用裝備，但效率低，一般用于單件和小批量生產。批量較大時，大都用夾具裝夾工件。用夾具裝夾工件的優(yōu)點如下:
(l)穩(wěn)定地保證工件的加工精度。用夾具裝夾工件時，工件相對于刀具及機床的位置精度由夾具保證，不受工人技術水平的影響，使一批工件的加工精度趨于一致。
(2)提高勞動生產率。使用夾具裝夾工件方便、快速，工件不需要劃線找正，可顯著地減少輔助工時，提高勞動生產率;工件在夾具中裝夾后提高了工件的剛性，因此可加大切削用量，提高勞動生產率;可使用多件、多工位裝夾工件的夾具，并可采用高效夾緊機構，進一步提高勞動生產率。
(3)擴大機床的使用范圍。在通用機床上采用專用夾具可以擴大機床的工藝范圍，充分發(fā)揮機床的潛力，達到一機多用的目的。例如，使用專用夾具可以在普通車床上很方便地加工小型箱體類工件。甚至在車床上拉出油槽，減少了昂貴的專用機床，降低了成本，這對中小型工廠尤其重要。
(4)改善操作者的勞動條件。由于氣動、液壓、電磁等動力源在夾具中的應用，一方面減輕了工人的勞動強度;另一方面也保證了夾緊工件的可靠性，并能實現(xiàn)機床的互鎖，避免事故，保證了操作者和機床設備的安全。
(5)降低成本。在批量生產使用夾具后，由干勞動生產率的提高，使技術等級較低的工人以及廢品率下降等原因，明顯地降低了生產成本。
夾具制造成本分攤在一批工件上，每個工件增加的成本是極少的，遠遠小于由于提高勞動生產率而降低的成本。工件批量愈大，使用夾具所取得的經(jīng)濟效益就愈顯著。
2 夾具的分類
2.1按夾具的通用特性分類
根據(jù)夾具在不同生產類型中的通用特性，機床夾具可分為通用夾具、專用夾具、可調夾具、組合夾具和自動線夾具等:(l)通用夾具。通用夾具是指結構、尺寸已規(guī)格化，而且具有一定通用性的夾具。這類夾具適應性強，可用來裝夾一定形狀和尺寸范圍內的各種工件。(2)專用夾具。這類夾具是專為零件的某一道工序的加工而設計和制造的。在產品相對穩(wěn)定、批量較大的生產中，常用各種專用夾具，可獲得較高的生產率和加工精度。(3)可調夾具。可調夾具是針對通用夾具和專用夾具的缺陷而發(fā)展起來的一類新型夾具。對不同類型和尺寸的工件，只需調整或更換原來夾具上的個別定位元件和夾緊元件便可使用。(4)組合夾具。組合夾具是一種模塊化的夾具。標準的模塊元件具有較高精度和耐磨性，可組裝成各種夾具。夾具用畢可拆卸，清洗后留待組裝新夾具。(5)自動線夾具。自動線夾具一般分為兩種:一種為固定式夾具，它與專用夾具相似;另一種為隨行夾具，使用中夾具隨著工件一起運動，并將工件沿著自動線從一個工位移至下一個工位進行加工。
2.2按使用機床分類
按使用機床分類可將夾具分為車床夾具、銑床夾具、鉆床夾具、鏗床夾具、齒輪機床夾具、數(shù)控機床夾具、自動機床夾具、自動線隨行以及其他機床夾具等。這是專用夾具設計所用的分類方法。設計專用夾具時，機床的組別、型別和主要參數(shù)均已確定。它們的不同點是機床的切削成形運動不同，故夾具與機床的連接方式不同。它們的加工精度要求也各不相同。
2.3按夾緊的動力源分類
夾具按夾緊的動力源可分為手動夾具、氣動夾具、液壓夾具、氣液增力夾具、電磁夾具、真空夾具、離心力夾具等。
3 機床夾具的構成
機床夾具的結構雖然繁多，但它們的組成均可概括為以下幾個部分。
(l)定位元件。通常，當工件定位基準面的形狀確定后，定位元件的結構也就基本確定了。
(2)夾緊裝置。工件在夾具中定位后，必須在加工前將工件夾緊，以確保工件在加工過程中不因受外力作用而破壞其定位。
(3)夾具體。夾具的基體和骨架，通過它將夾具所有元件構成一個整體。
(4)對刀或導向裝置。用于確定刀具相對于定位元件的正確位置。對刀裝置常見于銑床夾具中。用對刀塊可調整銑刀加工前的位置。
(5)連接元件。連接元件是確定夾具在機床上正確位置的元件因此，夾具體可兼作連接元件。車床夾具上的過渡盤、銑床夾具上的定位鍵都是連接元件。
(6)其他裝置或元件。根據(jù)加工需要，有些夾具分別采用分度裝置、靠模裝置、上下料裝置、頂出器和平衡塊等。這些元件或裝置也需要專門設計。