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1、第四講 詞義猜測(cè)題,一、題型解讀,詞義猜測(cè)題是高考英語閱讀理解題中一種常見的題型。通過對(duì)近幾年江蘇高考英語閱讀理解題的分析統(tǒng)計(jì)可以看出，詞義猜測(cè)題一般有12題。常見的考查方式有：,二、設(shè)問方式,The underlined word in the second paragraph means “________”. Which of the following words is the closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph? The underlined word “hunch” in Paragraph

2、 2 can best be replaced by “________”. What does the phrase “knock off” in Paragraph 1 mean? The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means “________”. The word “it” in the last sentence refers to “________”.,詞義猜測(cè)題著重考查考生根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義的能力，這也是一個(gè)從“已知”得出“未知”的過程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是該詞或短語前后的句子)進(jìn)行推理，有時(shí)還需要依靠常識(shí)和經(jīng)

3、驗(yàn)來猜測(cè)詞義，常見的命題形式有：,三、常見生詞類型,在英語閱讀訓(xùn)練和測(cè)試中的生詞障礙往往會(huì)成為學(xué)生理解的“絆腳石”，這些“絆腳石”的出現(xiàn)大致分五類： 1.舊詞新義，考查詞匯表中未出現(xiàn)的詞義，如：Nearby is the Indianapolis race course，where the nations most famous car race is held each year on May 30th.我們學(xué)過 course的意思是“過程，課程”等，在此顯然不符句意。根據(jù)上下文 course是汽車賽舉行的地方，可推斷 course在該句是“車道”或“跑道”的意思。 2.合成詞、轉(zhuǎn)化詞與派生

4、詞，如shoplifting，heartbroken，puter-literate，decision-thinking，imperfect等；,3.“靈活”的常用詞增多，這些詞必須根據(jù)具體的上下文語境才能正確理解； 4.“新鮮”的外國(guó)人名、地名、專有名稱增多，這些詞有些帶有一定的文化背景； 5.超綱生詞。,典例(2017全國(guó)卷閱讀C) Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States，but they were gradually

5、 displaced by human development.By the 1920s，wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area.They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada，where there were fewer humans around.,猜測(cè)詞義題,29.What does the underlined word “displaced” in Paragr-aph 2 mean?,A.Tested. B.Separated. C.Fo

6、rced out. D.Tracked down. 答案C詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)本段后兩句可知，因?yàn)槿祟惖陌l(fā)展，侵占了灰狼的領(lǐng)域，灰狼逐漸向北遷徙，由此推斷灰狼被人類排擠走了。,【技巧點(diǎn)撥】,如何解決詞義猜測(cè)題？,1.根據(jù)定義猜測(cè)詞義。如果生詞由定語從句、同位語(同位語前常有or，similarly，that is to say，in other words，namely，or rather，say等)或同位語從句來定義，或使用破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)后的內(nèi)容或引號(hào)中的內(nèi)容加以解釋，理解這些定義或解釋就是在理解詞義。,2.根據(jù)對(duì)比、比較關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。在一個(gè)句子或段落中如有對(duì)兩個(gè)事物或兩種現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比性描述，

7、我們可以從生詞的對(duì)立面猜測(cè)其詞義。表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞語主要有：unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast等。表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的句子結(jié)構(gòu)有：while引導(dǎo)的并列句。表示比較關(guān)系的詞語主要有：similarly，like，just as，also，as well as等。 3.通過構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)詞義。生詞的前綴、后綴、復(fù)合詞的各部分，詞性的變化都可以暗示出詞義。,(1)不管這個(gè)詞多超綱，根據(jù)上下文都能得出其意思； (2)不管這個(gè)詞多熟悉，都要通過上下文得出其在特定場(chǎng)合的意思。,典例(2017江蘇高考閱讀B) Before birth，babi

8、es can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.They can even distinguish their mothers voice from that of a female stranger.But when it es to embryonic learning(胎教)，birds could rule__the__roost.As recently reported in The Auk：Ornithological Advances，some mother birds may teach their young

9、 to sing even before they hatch(孵化).New-born chicks can then imitate their moms call within a few days of entering the world.,猜測(cè)短語題,58.The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “________”.,A.be the worst B.be the best C.be just as bad D.be just as good 答案B本段一開始提到嬰兒在辨別母親的聲音方面能力非常強(qiáng)，然后用了一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折連詞“But”，說明

10、其后的內(nèi)容“鳥類在胎教方面”應(yīng)該是做得最好。故選B。,【技巧點(diǎn)撥】,如何解決猜測(cè)短語題？,猜測(cè)短語題要利用出現(xiàn)短語的上文與其意義上的聯(lián)系或下文進(jìn)一步的敘述來猜測(cè)它的意思或利用文章中所出現(xiàn)的與短語意思相反的內(nèi)容來猜測(cè)其語意。,典例(2017全國(guó)卷閱讀C) Some of the worlds most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day.UNESCO(United Nations Educational，Sc

11、ientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music，its significance，and its potential as a unifying(聯(lián)合) voice across cultures. Despite the celebrations，though，in the U.S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older，and the music has failed to

12、connect with younger generations.,猜測(cè)指代題,Its Jason Morans job to help change that.As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz，Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz，make the music more accessible，and preserve its history and culture.,29.What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 ref

13、er to?,A.Jazz being more accessible.B.The production of jazz growing faster. C.Jazz being less popular with the young.D.The jazz audience being larger. 答案C代詞指代題。根據(jù)前文Despite the celebrations，though，in the U.S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older，and the music has failed to connect wit

14、h younger generations可知盡管UNESCO為爵士樂設(shè)了紀(jì)念日，但美國(guó)的爵士樂聽眾依然在減少，并且年齡在老化，爵士樂沒能將年輕一代人連接起來。再結(jié)合Its Jason Morans job to help change that(是Jason Moran的工作幫助改變那一情況)可推測(cè)that指代的是前文中爵士樂在年輕一代人中失去吸引力的現(xiàn)象。故選C。,【技巧點(diǎn)撥】,如何解決猜測(cè)指代題？,此類題目應(yīng)注意代詞指代的總原則代詞通常指代上文已提到的內(nèi)容。代詞指代要注意在數(shù)、格、邏輯、意義、位置等方面與之接近的名詞。就位置而言，代詞所指代的名詞通常在本句或其上句中。只有好好把握代詞指代

15、所在段落或前面段落的整體意思，問題才能迎刃而解。,典例(2017江蘇高考閱讀D) When it es to adaptation，it is important to understand that climate change is a process.We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting set of conditions.This is why，in part at least，the US National Climate Assessmen

16、t says that：“There__is__no__one-size__fits__all__adaptation.” Nevertheless，there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.,猜測(cè)句意題,65.The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies________.,A.adaptation is an ever-changing process B.the cost of adaptation varies with time C.global wa

17、rming affects adaptation forms D.adaptation to climate change is challenging 答案A根據(jù)上文中的“We are therefore...but to a constantly shifting set of conditions.”可知，對(duì)于不斷變化的環(huán)境，沒有一個(gè)通用的方法來解決所有這樣的問題。故畫線部分表示的是適應(yīng)環(huán)境也是一個(gè)不斷變化的過程。本題采取的是重述的方法。故選A。,【技巧點(diǎn)撥】,如何解決猜測(cè)句意題？,此類題目通常需要猜測(cè)意思的是一個(gè)具有概括性的句子，或是格言、諺語等，做題時(shí)只要通過閱讀文章，對(duì)原句進(jìn)行語法和詞義上的準(zhǔn)確分析，并和答案選項(xiàng)做一番比較，不難找出正確選項(xiàng)。一般來說，正確選項(xiàng)的意思與原句的意思完全相同，只不過是用了其他的英語詞匯表述而已。,