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畢業(yè)設計(論文)外文翻譯
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專 業(yè)： 機械設計制造及其自動化
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外文原文
Automotive sub-actuators tooth side clearance adjustment optimization techniques
Aurelian Vadean , Dimitri Leray , Jean Guillot
Adepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville,Montreal, Québec, Canada H3C 3A7
Blaboratoire de Genie Mecanique de Toulouse - COSAM, INSA Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,Toulouse Cedex 4, 31077, France
Abstract: automotive sub-actuator main gear gap analysis and research, drawn shell adjusting shim thickness splitter assembly performance impact of substance. Based on the relative measurement principle developed sub-actuator shell bearing the adjustment shims preselection system, analysis of the measurement data and uncertainty assessment. Practice has proved that the system can effectively select the appropriate gasket meet pairing arc gear assembly, improve production efficiency, and quality of assembly, the key process for the production of automotive sub-actuator to provide a reliable guarantee.
Iso basic skills with the power emitted by the engine to the drive wheels of the car, its primary task is to work together with the car engine, in order to ensure that the car in normal driving under different conditions of use, and has good power and fuel economy. Automotive sub-actuators Usually by the clutch, transmission, universal transmission and main reducer, differential and axle shafts.
1 Introduction
Automotive sub-actuators mounted on the transmission of multi-bridge driver for transmission and distribution of power to each drive axle, doubles as the use of auxiliary transmission. S504 sub-actuators using spiral bevel gear. The the arc gear Vice backlash sub actuator life to drive one of the key factor of stability. The gap is too large, the gearbox will produce noise, vibration; contrary, will aggravate the wear of teeth, appeared gear killed even teeth broken [1]. Car usually used the axial shim adjustment method to adjust the tooth side gap, Figure 1 is a vehicle master teeth installation position diagram, the car stars Activity ASSY assembly process, a pair of gears meshing accuracy is through a series of tolerance band different, the adjusting washer of a high surface finish is to be guaranteed. Gasket height and flatness of small changes, all will have a tremendous impact on the efficiency and life of the sub-actuators. Sub-actuators on the domestic auto assembly line (including foreign auto parts enterprises in some branch) main gear assembly assembly is mainly dependent on the experience of the workers, by hand, to the seat of your pants select adjusting shim, its production low efficiency, high failure rates, and assembly quality is difficult to guarantee. After careful analysis of the problems of the traditional assembly methods, S504 points based on the moving assembly assembly process, according to the requirements of the process quality, design the case bearing adjustment shims preselection machine. The preselection is capable of accurately measuring the S504 sub-actuators tooth installation size, position, and thus the best adjustment shims value elected guarantee gears meshing accuracy.
The role of the cardan transmission apparatus is connected to the transmission output shaft are not in the same straight line and the main gear box input shaft, and to ensure that in the case of frequently changing the angle and the distance between the axes of the two power transmission reliably. It is composed mainly by universal joints, drive shaft and intermediate support. The installation must be the drive shaft at both ends of the universal joint fork in the same plane.
Main reducer car Iso reduce speed and increase the torque of the main components. On the the engine longitudinal automotive, main reducer bevel gear drive to change the momentum direction.
When the normal driving of the vehicle, the engine speed is usually about 2000 to 3000r/min, if the such a high speed rely gearbox to lower down, then the pair of gears in the gearbox transmission ratio need great, and the gear pairs of the transmission The radius ratio of the two gears the greater the larger the ratio, in other words, the size of the transmission will be greater. In addition, the spin-down torque inevitably increase, and will increase the transmission load of the gearbox and gearbox after a transmission mechanism. Therefore, the differential in power to the drive wheels to the left and right shunt before setting a main gear box, drive components such as the gearbox, the splitter in front of the main gear box can be universal transmission torque transmitted is reduced, you can also make the size of the gearbox, the reduced mass, manipulation and effort.
When the turning of the vehicle when traveling, and the distance of the left and right wheels at the same time rolling across different, If both sides of the drive wheels only to the root rigid shaft drive, the two angular velocity must be the same, thus, when the vehicle is cornering will inevitably produce the wheels relative to the ground surface slide phenomenon. This will enable the steering difficulties, the automobile power consumption is increased, and accelerated wear of certain parts and the tire of the sub-actuator. Therefore, we need within the drive axle member - differential device having a differential action, and so that both left and right drive wheels can be rotated to different angular velocities. Thus, the automotive splitter reasonable design is very important.
Automotive sub-actuator design, mainly through experience design calculated cross shaft universal joints, drive shaft, final drive, differential various parts of the main selection and design of structural parameters, and then by hand to map out the two-dimensional drawings of the cross shaft universal joints, drive shaft, the main reduction gear, differential, etc., the product trial design and put into process often problems to go through a lot of changes, which makes the performance of the products and there is no guarantee that the quality and long product development cycle, and the use of human and material resources, resulting in the design and development costs are relatively high. , The increasingly fierce competition in the market economy mechanism, this design approach has been far from meeting.
Therefore, motivated rapid development trend of computer technology, the application of computer technology to the development of professional software is used in more and more, and more widely in the development and design of a variety of products. Entities of automotive sub-actuator design can now draw relevant parameters directly using three-dimensional mapping software to various parts of clutch three-dimensional solid modeling, assembly, so you can be three-dimensional to visually see the design of automotive sub-actuators the performance of the product development and design to make the optimal purpose. This computer the software aided drafting not only shorten the product development cycle, but also improve the quality of the product, and greatly reduce the cost of product development, so that will make our products more competitive in the fierce competition in the market economy.
2 System design ideas
S504 moving assembly structure analysis, the The Iso shell side bearing adjusting shim role: to ensure the the driven gear installation of center distance, adjust the side teeth meshing gap. According to their structural form (Figure 2), to establish the size of the chain as follows:
Adjust the shim thickness
Among
A1: the shell with sub-actuators cover the joint surface to the splitter shell gear shaft gear end bearing axial positioning surface distance;
A2: the shell with sub actuator cover a combination of the distance from the surface to the main gear shaft axis;
A3: dorsal tooth to the teeth end distance of the bearing outer ring face, that bearing high total;
52.3 (Unit: mm): the theory of driven gear is installed from the.
In the overall size of the chain, adjust the shims to compensate for the ring. When assembled, the rolling bearing in the pre-load state, and adjusting the main, the axial position of the gear, so that the contact spots of assembly requirements [2]. Thus, in the Lateral containment pad shims of appropriate thickness, has a crucial role to ensure the performance of the entire sub-actuator.
According to the splitter the tooth assembly process requirements, combined with the specific structure of the DUT relative measurement method (Figure 3), which uses high-precision displacement sensor to measure the object A (calibration), read out the sensor compression The amount; measurement of the object B (DUT), read out of the sensor the amount of compression, compressed difference between the amount of the two measurements, to arrive at the height of the workpiece, which is measured by the high-precision measuring instruments [3]. Such measurement method has a small range, high accuracy, zero adjustable by the ambient temperature changes affect small advantages.
3 System Construction and Analysis
3.1 Construction and measurement capabilities
Dynamic monitoring and control of the measurement system uses computer technology to the various states in the measurement process real-time data acquisition, processing, and control the entire process by implementing agencies (such as cylinder, etc.), in order to achieve the measurement pad selection, system structure as Figure 4.
The measurement methods are as follows:
(1) bits are placed in a special jig, the splitter housing to be fitted with a pair of rotating clamping cylinder sandwiched splitter housing two epitaxial boss, so that the splitter shell joints securement measurement platform, measured by the displacement sensor, thereby calculating.
(2) through (wherein the series, in order to achieve the dual-stroke function) cylinder control V-type swing frame walking twice repeatedly measured by the displacement sensor, as well as the minimum amount of compression and A2 values ??calculated by formula.
(3) through a rotary clamping calibration bearing control cylinder, so that the whereabouts of the pressure head, the calibration bearing calibration, note the calibration values; remove calibration bearings put on the front step coming to press fitted splitter driven gear bearing, measured to obtain the measurement values, to thereby obtain.
(4) By the above-mentioned measurement, can be obtained by the splitter shell bearing adjusting shim thickness, which is measured by the coordinate measuring machine precision data.
Gives the best gasket combination (5) According to the results of the data processing and display system displays the location of the gasket, and lightbox; ancillary gasket retest mechanism (controlled by the cylinder) the thickness of the selected spacer multiplexed measured, elected gasket fully meet the assembly requirements.
3.2 Measurement Data Analysis
Previous step S504 actuator assembly line assembled components on the bench, and the pressure bearing inner race of the teeth on the line, according to rules operating points actuator shell bearing adjustment shims preselection system measurement selected pad. The measurement results are recorded as follows:
Form 1 of the same product (multiple measurements) Unit: mm
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Actual gasket thickness 1.803 1.802 1.796 1.794 1.801 1.803 1.799
1.795 1.796 1.799
Table 2 Unit: mm
Item No. 01 02 0,304,050,607,080,910
Actual gasket thickness 2.031 2.124 1.845 1.962 1.976 2.268 2.267
2.768 2.524 1.569
Table 1 shows that the average thickness of the measured gasket 1.799mm, repeat level accuracy can be achieved.
By table 2, for the different sub-actuators, the adjustment shim thickness of its shell bearing is not the same, is mainly generated by the casting of housing size of the error, processing is generated in the teeth when the size of the error and the bearing dimension accuracy caused .
3.3 Uncertainty Evaluation of measurement results [4]
Standard uncertainty; inputs δ standard main source of uncertainty is the offset and linear repeatability uncertainty component; stability due to uncertainty components, the above can be a Class B assessed .
Assessment of the uncertainty components (1) to offset and linearity
The main factors for the displacement sensor offset and linearity uncertainty caused by the measurement system measurement error caused by standard uncertainty (including the characteristics of the sensor itself, and whether it is properly calibrated).
Zhongyuan meter factory inductive displacement sensor in the system, given its technical indicators measuring accuracy, it is estimated that the measurement error is uniformly distributed in this interval, and there is a higher probability of confidence interval half-width contains factor, Therefore, in order to reduce the offset error, reducing the uncertainty it caused, you can proceed from the error correction and guaranteed accuracy of the measurement system.
(2) repeatability uncertainty component of the assessment
Repeatability uncertainty component
(3) assessment of stability due to the uncertainty components
Observation period of 12 hours, the measurement system drift to almost 0. Due to the resolution of the reason for more subtle changes in the system can not be measured, there is a rounding error. Based on the principle of error rounding, we take the stability of the error.
To sum up, the system combined standard uncertainty for this, according to the analysis of the measurement system accuracy specifications shell bearing adjustment shims preselection system Iso Uncertainty Evaluation. Adjusting washer set automatically selected value 1.799mm, can be expressed as; in parentheses are given by standard deviation, and the previous result with the same units of measurement.
4 summarizes
The automotive sub actuator multi-bridge drive vehicle powertrain components, the reasonable gear meshing gap is an important guarantee for its excellent performance. Engineering Technology Research Institute of Hefei University of automotive equipment to undertake the project "car splitter assembly assembly technology developed points move in Shell bearing adjustment shims the preselection machines and equipment have been put into operation, a sub-actuator assembly efficiency / 3min, after testing, the main gear backlash between basic 0.09-0.11mm, in line with the technical requirements of the product in the state of assembly, reinstall rate of less than 10%. Practice has proved that the device can be accurately selected to ensure the car Iso main gear meshing accuracy adjustment gasket production ergonomics and assembly quality are greatly improved, thus greatly improving the quality and reliability of the splitter assembly sex.
外文翻譯
汽車分動器齒側間隙調整優(yōu)化技術
作者：奧里安 韋迪納，*，迪米特里 尼瑞巴 ，讓 癸樂特布
加拿大H3C公司3A7,魁北克，蒙特利爾，沙田，車站中心，蒙特利爾Ecole理工學院，機械工程系，P.O 6079信箱
摘要：通過對汽車分動器主被齒輪嚙合間隙的分析和研究，得出殼體調整墊片的厚度對分動器總成性能影響的實質。本文基于相對測量原理，研制出分動器殼軸承調整墊片預選系統，對測量數據進行分析以及不確定度評定。實踐證明，該系統能有效選取滿足配對弧齒輪裝配的合適墊片，改善了生產工效和裝配質量，為汽車分動器生產的關鍵工序提供了可靠保證。
1 前言
汽車分動器裝于多橋驅動的變速器之后，用于傳遞和分配動力至各驅動橋，兼作副變速器之用。S504分動器采用弧齒錐齒輪傳動?；↓X齒輪副側隙是影響分動器使用壽命、傳動平穩(wěn)性的關鍵因素之一。間隙太大，齒輪箱會產生噪聲、振動；反之，會加劇輪齒的磨損，出現齒輪咬死甚至斷齒現象[1]。汽車上通常采用軸向墊片調整法來調整齒側間隙，圖1是汽車主被齒安裝位置示意圖，在汽車分動器總成的裝配過程中，齒輪副的嚙合精度是通過一系列公差帶不同、表面光潔度很高的調整墊片來保證的。墊片高度及平整度上的微小變化，都將對分動器的效率與壽命產生巨大影響。目前國內汽車裝配線（包括外資汽車及其零部件企業(yè)在中國的一些分公司）上的分動器主被齒輪總成的裝配主要是依賴工人的經驗，通過手工憑感覺選取調整墊片，其生產效率低，返修率高，裝配質量難以保證。針對傳統裝配方法存在的問題，在仔細分析了S504分動器總成裝配工藝的基礎上，根據其工藝質量的要求，設計了殼體軸承調整墊片預選機。該預選機能夠準確地測出S504分動器被齒的安裝尺寸、位置，從而選出保證齒輪副嚙合精度的最佳調整墊片值。
分動器的基本功用是將發(fā)動機發(fā)出的動力傳給汽車的驅動車輪，它的首要任務就是與汽車發(fā)動機協同工作，以保證汽車能在不同使用條件下正常行駛，并具有良好的動力性和燃油經濟性。汽車分動器一般由離合器、變速器、萬向傳動裝置、主減速器、差速器和半軸等組成。
萬向傳動裝置的作用是連接不在同一直線上的變速器輸出軸和主減速器輸入軸，并保證在兩軸之間的夾角和距離經常變化的情況下，仍能可靠地傳遞動力。它主要由萬向節(jié)、傳動軸和中間支承組成。安裝時必須使傳動軸兩端的萬向節(jié)叉處于同一平面。
主減速器是汽車分動器中減小轉速、增大扭矩的主要部件。對發(fā)動機縱置的汽車來說，主減速器還利用錐齒輪傳動以改變動力方向。
汽車正常行駛時，發(fā)動機的轉速通常在2000至3000r/min左右，如果將這么高的轉速只靠變速箱來降低下來，那么變速箱內齒輪副的傳動比則需很大，而齒輪副的傳動比越大，兩齒輪的半徑比也越大，換句話說，也就是變速箱的尺寸會越大。另外，轉速下降，而扭矩必然增加，也就加大了變速箱與變速箱后一級傳動機構的傳動負荷。所以，在動力向左右驅動輪分流的差速器之前設置一個主減速器，可使主減速器前面的傳動部件如變速箱、分動器、萬向傳動裝置等傳遞的扭矩減小，也可以使變速箱的尺寸、質量減小，操縱省力。
當汽車轉彎行駛時，左右車輪在同一時間內滾過的距離不同，如果兩側驅動輪僅用以根剛性軸驅動，則二者角速度必然相同，因而在汽車轉彎時必然產生車輪相對于地面滑動的現象。這將使轉向困難，汽車的動力消耗增加，分動器內某些零件和輪胎加速磨損。所以，我們需要在驅動橋內裝置具有差速作用的部件——差速器，使左右兩驅動輪可以以不同的角速度旋轉。由此可見，對汽車分動器進行合理的設計是非常重要的。
對于汽車分動器的設計，過去主要是以通過經驗設計法算出十字軸萬向節(jié)、傳動軸、主減速器、差速器等的各個零部件主要的結構參數的選擇與設計，然后通過手工繪制出十字軸萬向節(jié)、傳動軸、主減速器、差速器等的二維工程圖，設計的產品試制和投產過程中經常會出現問題，要經過很大的改動，這樣使得產品的性能和質量沒有保證，而且產品的開發(fā)周期長，動用的人力物力也比較大，造成設計開發(fā)成本也比較高。特別是在現在市場經濟機制下，競爭越來越激烈，這種設計方法已經遠遠不能適應了。
因此，在計算機技術快速發(fā)展趨勢的促動下，應用計算機技術開發(fā)的相應的專業(yè)軟件應用于各種產品的開發(fā)設計中越來越多，也越來越廣。現在對汽車分動器的設計可以在得出相關參數后直接利用三維制圖軟件進行離合器各個零部件的三維實體建模、裝配，這樣可以立體的直觀的看到所設計的汽車分動器的實體以使所開發(fā)設計的產品的性能達到最優(yōu)的目的。這樣利用電腦軟件輔助制圖不僅縮短了產品的開發(fā)周期，而且也提高了產品的質量，大大降低了產品的開發(fā)成本，這樣也就使產品在激烈的市場經濟競爭中更具有競爭力。
2系統設計思想
由S504分動器總成結構分析可知，分動器殼軸承調整墊片的作用是：保證從動齒輪安裝中心距，調整齒側嚙合間隙。依其結構形式（圖2），建立如下所示的尺寸鏈：
調整墊片厚度
其中
A1：分動器殼與分動器蓋的結合面到分動器殼被齒軸被齒端軸承軸向定位面的距離；
A2：分動器殼與分動器蓋的結合面到主齒軸軸線的距離；
A3：被齒齒背到被齒端軸承外圈端面的距離，即軸承總高；
52.3（單位：mm）：從動齒輪理論安裝距。
在整個尺寸鏈中，調整墊片為補償環(huán)。裝配時，滾動軸承處于預緊狀態(tài)，調整主、被齒輪的軸向位置，使接觸斑點達到裝配要求[2]。因而，在分動器殼內墊上適當厚度的墊片，對保證整個分動器的性能具有至關重要的作用。
根據分動器被齒裝配的工藝要求，結合被測件的具體結構，采用相對測量方法(如圖3)，即用高精度位移傳感器對物體A（標定件）進行測量，讀出傳感器的壓縮量 ；對物體B（被測件）進行測量，讀出傳感器的壓縮量 ，兩次測量的壓縮量之差 ，從而得出被測工件高度 ，其中 由高精度測量儀器測出[3]。此種測量方法具有量程小，測量精度高，零位可調，受環(huán)境溫度變化影響小等優(yōu)點。
3 系統構建與評析
3.1 系統構建與測量功能實現
本測量系統采用計算機動態(tài)測控技術，對測量過程中的各種狀態(tài)進行實時數據采集、處理，并通過執(zhí)行機構（如氣缸等）對整個過程進行控制，以實現測量、選墊，其系統結構如圖4所示。
測量方法如下：
（1）將被裝配的分動器殼體對位放置于專用夾具上，采用一對回轉夾緊氣缸 分別夾住分動器殼體的兩外延小凸臺，使得分動器殼接合面完美貼緊測量平臺，由位移傳感器測出 、 ，從而計算出 。
（2）通過 （其中 串聯，以實現雙行程功能）氣缸控制V型擺架反復行走兩次，由位移傳感器測出 以及最小壓縮量 與 ，由式 計算出A2值。
（3）通過 回轉夾緊氣缸夾緊標定軸承，控制 氣缸，使壓頭下落，對標定軸承進行標定，記下標定值 ；取下標定軸承，換上前工序傳來的壓裝好分動器軸承的被動齒輪，進行測量，獲得測量值 ，從而得到 。
（4）通過上述測量，即可得到分動器殼軸承調整墊片厚度 ，其中 為通過三坐標測量機測出的精密數據。
（5）根據數據處理結果給出最佳的墊片組合方式,并用燈箱顯示系統顯示墊片所在位置；與之配套的墊片復測機構（由氣缸 控制）對所選墊片的厚度進行復測，保證選出的墊片完全符合裝配要求。
3.2 測量數據分析
將S504分動器裝配線上的前一工序裝配好的部件置于工作臺上，并將壓過軸承內圈的被齒上線，按規(guī)程操作分動器殼軸承調整墊片預選系統，進行測量、選墊。測量結果記錄如下：
表格 1 同一產品（多次測量） 單位：mm
序號 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
實際測得墊片厚度 1.803 1.802 1.796 1.794 1.801 1.803 1.799
1.795 1.796 1.799
表格 2 不同產品 單位：mm
產品編號 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
實際測得墊片厚度 2.031 2.124 1.845 1.962 1.976 2.268 2.267
2.768 2.524 1.569
由表格1可知，實測墊片平均厚度為1.799mm，重復精度可以達到 級。
由表格2可知，對于不同的分動器，其殼軸承調整墊片厚度亦不相同，主要是由鑄造殼體時產生的尺寸誤差、加工被齒時產生的尺寸誤差以及軸承尺寸精度等引起的。
3.3 測量結果的不確定度評定[4]
輸入量δ的標準不確定度來源主要是偏移和線性引起的標準不確定度分量 ；重復性引起的不確定度分量 ；穩(wěn)定性引起的不確定度分量 ，以上可采用B類方法進行評定。
（1）偏移和線性引起的不確定度分量 的評定
本測量系統引起偏移和線性不確定度的主要因素為位移傳感器測量誤差引起的標準不確定度（包括傳感器本身的特性以及其是否被正確校準）。
本系統采用中原量儀廠的電感位移傳感器，其技術指標給出的測量精度為 ，估計其測量誤差在此區(qū)間為均勻分布，且有較高的置信概率，區(qū)間半寬為 ，包含因子 ，則因此，為了減小偏移誤差，降低它引起的不確定度，就可以從上述原因著手，來對測量系統進行誤差修正和精度保證。
（2）重復性引起的不確定度分量 的評定
重復性引起的不確定度分量
（3）穩(wěn)定性引起的不確定度分量 的評定
對測量系統進行為期12個小時的觀測，發(fā)現其漂移幾乎為0。由于分辨力的原因，對于更細微的變化系統無法測出，因此存在舍入誤差。根據誤差舍入原則，我們取穩(wěn)定性誤差為 。
綜上可知，系統合成標準不確定度為這樣，我們就根據測量系統精度指標的分析，對分動器殼軸承調整墊片預選系統進行了不確定度評定。設自動選出的調整墊圈值為1.799mm，可表示為；括號內按標準差給出，與前面結果有相同計量單位。
4 總結
汽車分動器是多橋驅動車動力傳動中的重要部件，合理的齒輪嚙合間隙是其優(yōu)良性能的重要保證。本文基于合肥工業(yè)大學汽車裝備工程技術研究所承擔的項目“汽車分動器總成裝配技術”研制了分動器殼軸承調整墊片預選機，設備投產后，分動器的裝配效率達到1件/3min，經檢測，主從齒輪側隙基本在0.09-0.11mm之間，符合產品在總成狀態(tài)下的技術要求，重裝率低于10％。實踐證明，該設備能準確地選出保證汽車分動器主被齒嚙合精度的調整墊片，使生產工效和裝配質量都得到很大改善，從而大大提高了分動器總成的質量和可靠性。