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1、2013年高考第二輪復(fù)習(xí)英語全國(guó)版題型技法指導(dǎo) 專題五 短文改錯(cuò) 真題試做 （2012·課標(biāo)全國(guó)高考） I learned early in life that I had to be more patient and little aggressive.From the time I was about four until I was about six，I destroyed each of my toy.I was happy when the toys worked，but when things did wrong，I got angry and broke it.Fo

2、r a while parents bought me new toys.But before long they began to see which was happening.When I tear apart my fifth birthday toy train，my father said，“That's it.No more toys to you.”My punishment lasted a year.Meanwhile，I found out that with more patience I must make my toys to last.My attitude ch

3、anged from then on. 考向分析 近幾年，越來越多的高考試題采用了新的短文改錯(cuò)命題形式。從全國(guó)課標(biāo)卷、遼寧卷、浙江卷、陜西卷的短文改錯(cuò)分析，命題具有以下特點(diǎn)： 1．題材貼近學(xué)生生活，知識(shí)與能力并重。 短文改錯(cuò)的語言材料通常是取自學(xué)生自己的作品或類似于學(xué)生的隨筆，話題常見、內(nèi)容鮮活、語言地道、通俗易懂，詞數(shù)在120左右，供考生在閱讀中判斷、糾錯(cuò)，從而檢測(cè)學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用英語的準(zhǔn)確性。2012年高考課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷短文改錯(cuò)和2011年一樣屬于記敘文，全文時(shí)態(tài)為一般過去時(shí)，閱讀詞匯總量120左右，和2011年的詞匯量基本保持平衡。 2．側(cè)重詞法句法，同時(shí)兼顧其他。 短文改錯(cuò)主要從詞

4、法和句法兩個(gè)方面考查學(xué)生在語篇中綜合運(yùn)用英語的準(zhǔn)確性，同時(shí)兼顧考查行文邏輯、句型結(jié)構(gòu)、習(xí)慣搭配等。詞法主要涉及動(dòng)詞、名詞、介詞、代詞、連詞、冠詞、形容詞、副詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等的基本用法和常見搭配；句法主要涉及定語從句、狀語從句和名詞性從句；行文邏輯主要涉及語句的連貫和通順；習(xí)慣用法主要涉及英漢兩種語言的不同等。 2011～2012年高考英語課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷錯(cuò)誤項(xiàng)考查點(diǎn)分布統(tǒng)計(jì)： 3．錯(cuò)誤類型清楚，設(shè)錯(cuò)規(guī)律明顯。 （1）文中共有10處語言錯(cuò)誤，每句中最多有兩處，每處錯(cuò)誤僅涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除或修改。 （2）錯(cuò)誤類型涉及多一個(gè)詞、缺一個(gè)詞、錯(cuò)一個(gè)詞。每個(gè)類型的大致比例是：錯(cuò)詞的一般為7處，多

5、詞和少詞基本是3處。 （3）考查內(nèi)容涉及廣泛、分布合理、信息量大。命題者的思路和方式一般在行文邏輯、一致關(guān)系、連接手段、平行結(jié)構(gòu)、多詞少詞、母語干擾、冠詞使用、名詞數(shù)格、詞語搭配、詞性辨析等方面，綜合進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)和考查。 預(yù)計(jì)今后短文改錯(cuò)題的內(nèi)容也會(huì)比較易懂，考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)與往年會(huì)大致相同，主要會(huì)涉及： ①一致關(guān)系。包括主謂一致、時(shí)態(tài)一致、代詞指代一致等。 ②平行結(jié)構(gòu)。包括動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)詞相配、形容詞與形容詞相配、分詞與分詞相配、不定式與不定式相配等。常由并列連詞或詞組連接，如：and，or，but，neither...nor...，as well as等。 ③非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法。如to的省略、過

6、去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的誤用等。 ④多余詞。常常是介詞、副詞等多余。 ⑤詞性的混用。 ⑥行文邏輯判斷失誤等。 答題步驟 1．通讀全文，了解大意。確定文章的題材、體裁，把握文章的背景知識(shí)，把握全篇的時(shí)態(tài)、人稱及行文邏輯。行文邏輯方面的錯(cuò)誤，考生在讀一個(gè)單句時(shí)是不易發(fā)現(xiàn)的，但如果聯(lián)系上下文，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)問題所在。 2．先易后難，縮小范圍。在通讀全文的同時(shí)第一時(shí)間將一些明顯的錯(cuò)誤改好，這樣就縮小了范圍，為下一步的分析判斷提供了更充分的依據(jù)，也能把注意力集中在較難判斷的句子上。 3．逐句分析，把握結(jié)構(gòu)?？梢岳枚涛母腻e(cuò)口訣：動(dòng)詞形，名詞數(shù)，注意形和副；非謂語動(dòng)詞細(xì)辨別，習(xí)慣用法要記??；句子成分

7、多分析，邏輯錯(cuò)誤須關(guān)注。以句為單位進(jìn)行分析，尋找其中可能出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤。英語中句式總的說來分為三大類：簡(jiǎn)單句，并列句和復(fù)合句。對(duì)于并列句和主從復(fù)合句，不可分割地去分析，應(yīng)將并列句中的前后兩個(gè)分句、主從復(fù)合句中的主句和從句作為一個(gè)整體進(jìn)行分析。這將有助于發(fā)現(xiàn)一些銜接上下句的連接詞錯(cuò)誤、行文邏輯錯(cuò)誤以及搭配錯(cuò)誤等。此外，也應(yīng)注意句子內(nèi)部的結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系，對(duì)句子內(nèi)部各部分的作用及聯(lián)系應(yīng)有較清楚的了解?？蓪⒕渥又械摹爸髦^（賓）”看作句子的核心部分，其余修飾部分（如定語、狀語）和附加部分則是句子的延伸和補(bǔ)充，然后弄清楚這些修飾部分和附加部分在句中的作用。對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行分析有助于發(fā)現(xiàn)那些在句子結(jié)構(gòu)、詞性、謂語形式、

8、非謂語動(dòng)詞等方面所出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤。 4．復(fù)讀全文，驗(yàn)證答案。改完后，要回過頭來重讀一遍全文，一要注意錯(cuò)誤點(diǎn)的分散與比例，二要注意答題是否合乎規(guī)范。再次通讀可以在初改時(shí)感覺不順的地方集中精力，仔細(xì)推敲，使答案更加準(zhǔn)確。 技法指導(dǎo) 1．錯(cuò)詞修正 用詞錯(cuò)誤是一個(gè)頗為復(fù)雜的問題。通過最近幾年高考試題的分析可以看出，錯(cuò)詞在短文改錯(cuò)題中占的比例最大，大約有7處?？蓮囊韵聨追矫婵紤]： （1）謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)是否正確。 （2）非謂語動(dòng)詞的形式是否正確。 （3）介詞、副詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞是否正確。 （4）名詞的數(shù)、格以及名詞前冠詞的取舍和選擇是否正確。 （5）關(guān)系代詞和副詞是否誤用。 （6）形容詞和

9、副詞的修飾及比較級(jí)用法是否正確。 （7）習(xí)語或固定搭配的結(jié)構(gòu)是否正確。 （8）主謂一致，包括人稱、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)是否一致等。 2．漏詞增加 此類錯(cuò)誤約1～2處，多見于冠詞、介詞、不定式符號(hào)to、關(guān)系代詞或副詞等，大都跟前后搭配有關(guān)。一般說來，要考慮以下幾種情況： （1）名詞前是否該用冠詞而沒用。 （2）動(dòng)詞之后是否缺了與之搭配的介詞。 （3）動(dòng)詞不定式前是否缺了to。 （4）慣用的固定詞組是否完整。 （5）句型結(jié)構(gòu)中的形式主語或形式賓語是否缺了代詞it。 （6）兩句之間是否缺少必要的表示并列、因果、轉(zhuǎn)折等關(guān)系的連詞，或定語從句間是否少了引導(dǎo)詞等。 3．多詞刪除 此類錯(cuò)誤也只有

10、1～2處，多出自結(jié)構(gòu)詞方面。如： （1）多加了冠詞。多出現(xiàn)在某些不可數(shù)名詞、復(fù)數(shù)名詞或固定搭配前。 （2）介詞的多用。多受漢語影響，在動(dòng)詞后或某些時(shí)間名詞詞組前多加介詞。 （3）關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的多用。 （4）不定式符號(hào)to該省的沒省。 （5）形容詞、副詞比較級(jí)的重復(fù)使用，以及一些“畫蛇添足”的錯(cuò)誤。 誤區(qū)警示 1．語義易錯(cuò)點(diǎn) （2011浙江高考） ...but she thanked me and ever mentioned it again. 【錯(cuò)混透析】ever→never。語法沒錯(cuò)，但句意有誤。ever表示肯定含義，而這句作者想表達(dá)的是自己的阿姨知道這件事（偷玩

11、具）但再也沒有提過，應(yīng)該是否定含義，故將ever改為否定副詞never才對(duì)。句意：她知道發(fā)生了什么事，但是她還是對(duì)我表示感謝，而且從未再提那件事。 （2011陜西高考） He was right there in the front of me! 【錯(cuò)混透析】去掉the。in the front of表示在某一范圍之內(nèi)的前部；in front of表示在某一范圍之外的前面。 【解題指導(dǎo)】做題時(shí)，首先要通讀短文，把握大意，弄清文章結(jié)構(gòu)、前因后果、行文邏輯。在理解篇章的基礎(chǔ)上，以句子作為意義單位，逐句審讀，整句理解，仔細(xì)分析每一句話。做到詞不離句、句不離文，認(rèn)真分析，上下兼顧。那種看詞不顧

12、句、顧句不想文的做法是解題的大忌。如果在一句中找出兩處以上的錯(cuò)誤，說明答案肯定有問題。 2．語法易錯(cuò)點(diǎn) （2011浙江高考） Since his family was rich than mine，he had more toys than I did. 【錯(cuò)混透析】rich→richer。該句有比較句型的標(biāo)志詞than，卻沒有形容詞比較級(jí)；rich的比較級(jí)為規(guī)則變化richer。 （2011浙江高考） I guessed，even at that age，I would never be able to enjoy to playing with the toy... 【錯(cuò)混透

13、析】去掉enjoy后的to。enjoy后面應(yīng)接動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語，所以去掉多余的to。 （2011浙江高考） She knows what had happened，but she thanked me... 【錯(cuò)混透析】通篇文章是敘述過去發(fā)生的一件事，所以主體時(shí)態(tài)為過去時(shí)，這里不可能出現(xiàn)knows這樣明顯的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 【解題指導(dǎo)】在讀每一個(gè)句子時(shí)，都要時(shí)刻注意語法是否有問題。如名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)是否誤用；冠詞是否誤加或漏用；代詞指代是否明確；形容詞和副詞是否混淆，是比較級(jí)還是最高級(jí)；介詞是否誤加或漏用；時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)是否正確；動(dòng)詞形式是否正確；是否遺漏或多用了并列連詞，并列連詞的使用是否

14、合乎邏輯意義；各種從句的連詞是否合乎邏輯等。 3．習(xí)慣用法易錯(cuò)點(diǎn) （2011浙江高考） There was one on particular I'd always wanted. 【錯(cuò)混透析】on→in。in particular為固定習(xí)語，意為“尤其，特別”。 （2011浙江高考） Late on，my aunt drove me home. 【錯(cuò)混透析】Late→Later。later on是固定習(xí)語，意為“后來”，而late意為“遲的，晚的”。 【解題指導(dǎo)】每一種語言都有它獨(dú)特的成語和俗語。英語中的成語、短語、習(xí)慣用語很多。有時(shí)，它們的構(gòu)造看起來不合邏輯，甚至不合常理，

15、但又不能隨意更改。所以做題時(shí)一定要注意習(xí)慣用語和固定搭配，使英語的表達(dá)不但合乎語法和意義，而且要符合英語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。 1 It was getting a bit of dark.Some children and two women were still skating on the ice.They were having a good time.Suddenly the ice broke.One of the boy fell into the water.Not knew what to do，the other children shouted，“Help！Help！”Th

16、e two women heard that and skate over to get the boy out of the water.The ice was such thin that the two women fell into the water，either.But they tried their best to reach the boy.Many people ran over to help.Some of them even provided them with ropes and poles.The young man jumped into the water.T

17、he boy and the two women saved at last.One of the women didn't feel better.She was sent to hospital at once.But she felt very pleasing because the boy was safe. 2 Dear Wang Lin， I have just spent half a year at Unionville High School.I have to say this was a great school.The school has many clubs

18、.The students can choose the ones they are interested.I have joined the Math Club of the school and took part in some math competitions.Besides，I had applied for the University of Waterloo，where is my dream school.By the way，I did bad in the final examination.Not satisfying with the result of the ex

19、amination，so I will work harder in the future. How are you getting along with your study？How are our teachers and classmates？I miss him very much.Please send my best regard to them! Looking forward to hearing from you. Yours， Li Hua 3 I decided to go to the bookstore to buy some books.On the w

20、ay to there，I noticed a group of people surrounded two worried foreigners.I stopped and found they were tourist from England.They carelessly forgot a case in a taxi.I went to the nearest police station with them.With the police's help，we get in touch with the taxi company.A few minutes late we were

21、told that a driver had just turned in a case.Then we went to see if the case was their.They were happy to find their case with their passports，some cash or credit cards in it.They expressed their thanks for me for my help.It's really great pleasure to help others. 4 Dear Susan， I am a high school

22、 student from China.I have learned from Internet that you want to make a Chinese friend so as to learning Chinese culture.I'm glad that you had such a great interest in China and I would like to be friend with you.I will write to you as frequent as possible to introduce Chinese culture for you.If yo

23、u have an opportunity to come to China，I will show you around some famous historical places of interests.What's more，I can teach you that how to speak Chinese.Anyway，I'm sure you will find Chinese culture attractive and wonderfully. I'm looking forward to your reply and become your best friend. Yo

24、urs sincerely， Li Hua 5 Last month，we held an art festival in our school，on that occasion a grand photo show was presented. It lasted a whole week and was great success！All the photos were taken by the students themselves.They were most shot in school campus，present our school life，the beauty of

25、 nature，outside class activities and so on.All the works of art were at show in the reading-room of our library for students to enjoy it.The photos were such wonderful that some teachers also were attracted to appreciate them.Those whose photos were chosen the best are given different prizes and I w

26、as the lucky dog to win first prize. In the short，this photo show really made our life more colorful.We hope we will have much more activities like this in our school. 參考答案 專題五　短文改錯(cuò) 命題調(diào)研·明晰考向 真題試做 I learned early in life that I had to be more patient and aggressive.From the time I was about f

27、our until I was about six，I destroyed each of my .I was happy when the toys worked，but when things wrong，I got angry and broke .For a while parents bought me new toys.But before long they began to see was happening.When I apart my fifth birthday toy train，my father said，“That's it.No more toys

28、you.”My punishment lasted a year.Meanwhile，I found out that with more patience I make my toys to\' last.My attitude changed from then on. 創(chuàng)新模擬·預(yù)測(cè)演練 1 It was getting a bit dark.Some children and two women were still skating on the ice.They were having a good time.Suddenly the ice broke.One of th

29、e fell into the water.Not what to do，the other children shouted，“Help！Help！”The two women heard that and over to get the boy out of the water.The ice was thin that the two women fell into the water，.But they tried their best to reach the boy.Many people ran over to help.Some of them even provide

30、d them with ropes and poles. young man jumped into the water.The boy and the two women saved at last.One of the women didn't feel .She was sent to hospital at once.But she felt very because the boy was safe. 2 Dear Wang Lin， I have just spent half a year at Unionville High School.I have to say

31、 this a great school.The school has many clubs.The students can choose the ones they are interested .I have joined the Math Club of the school and part in some math competitions.Besides，I applied for the University of Waterloo， is my dream school.By the way，I did in the final examination.Not wi

32、th the result of the examination， I will work harder in the future. How are you getting along with your study？How are our teachers and classmates？I miss very much.Please send my best to them! Looking forward to hearing from you. Yours， Li Hua 3 I decided to go to the bookstore to buy some bo

33、oks.On the way there，I noticed a group of people two worried foreigners.I stopped and found they were from England.They carelessly a case in a taxi.I went to the nearest police station with them.With the police's help，we in touch with the taxi company.A few minutes we were told that a driver h

34、ad just turned in a case.Then we went to see if the case was .They were happy to find their case with their passports，some cash credit cards in it.They expressed their thanks me for my help.It's really great pleasure to help others. 4 Dear Susan， I am a high school student from China.I have le

35、arned from Internet that you want to make a Chinese friend so as to Chinese culture.I'm glad that you such a great interest in China and I would like to be with you.I will write to you as as possible to introduce Chinese culture you.If you have an opportunity to come to China，I will show you a

36、round some famous historical places of .What's more，I can teach you how to speak Chinese.Anyway，I'm sure you will find Chinese culture attractive and . I'm looking forward to your reply and your best friend. Yours sincerely， Li Hua 5 Last month，we held an art festival in our school，on occasi

37、on a grand photo show was presented. It lasted a whole week and was great success！All the photos were taken by the students themselves.They were shot in school campus， our school life，the beauty of nature，outside class activities and so on.All the works of art were show in the reading-room of ou

38、r library for students to enjoy .The photos were wonderful that some teachers also were attracted to appreciate them.Those whose photos were chosen the best given different prizes and I was the lucky dog to win first prize. In short，this photo show really made our life more colorful.We hope we will have more activities like this in our school.