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1、Specialized English for Electrical Engineering,電氣工程專業(yè)英語,Lecture 1 Introduction,引言,1.1 什么是專業(yè)英語,是結(jié)合各自專業(yè)的科技英語 有很強的專業(yè)性，涉及的面更加狹窄，與專業(yè)內(nèi)容配合更為密切。,隸屬于科技英語 是科技英語的一部分，以表達科技概念、理論與事實為主要目的。遵守科技英語的語法體系和翻譯方法;特別注重客觀事實和真理，表達準確、精練和正式。,專業(yè)英語與科技英語既有區(qū)別又有聯(lián)系。專業(yè)英語的學習需要有一個良好的科技英語基礎(chǔ)，同時也要注意其自身的詞匯特點、語法特點、修辭特點和翻譯特點等等。,1.2 學習專業(yè)英語的

2、重要性,(1) 科研信息獲取,(2) 研究成果展示,(3) 國際交流合作,當前大部分資料都可以通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)傳播，而這些資料中90以上都是英語。,世界上科技情報資料的交流主要靠使用英語,對子電氣工程、電子工程和信息類等專業(yè)來說，絕大部分專業(yè)資料和信息都是以英語形式出觀。,專業(yè)英語閱讀能力,申報國家獎項 申請專利 發(fā)表學術(shù)論文：,85以上的科技資料都是以英語形式出版的,專業(yè)英語寫作能力,專業(yè)英語表達、聽說、應(yīng)變能力,1.3 課程的學習內(nèi)容,主要內(nèi)容： 基礎(chǔ)知識（文體特點，語法特點，詞匯特點，常用符號公式表達） 閱讀翻譯，專業(yè)詞匯,Lecture 2 Features of Specialized

3、English,專業(yè)英語的特點,2.1 Grammar Features,客觀性（Objective）、準確性（accuracy）和精練性(conciseness)。,(1) 廣泛使用被動語態(tài),(2) 廣泛使用非謂語形式,(3) 省略句使用頻繁,(4) It句型和祈使句使用頻繁,(5) 復(fù)雜長句使用頻繁,(6) 后置形容詞短語作定語多,語法特點,(1) 廣泛使用被動語態(tài),2.1 Grammar Features,主體多為客觀的事物、現(xiàn)象和過程，在敘述推理過程中切忌加進作者個人的主觀臆斷；,中心是客觀現(xiàn)象及事物本身，而非動作的發(fā)出者，把論證說明的對象置于句子主語的位置，既能突出中心，又能吸引讀者

4、的注意。,(客觀性),1) Electricity can be measured in amount and quality.,電可以用數(shù)量和質(zhì)量來度量。,2)Instrument transformers are installed on the high-voltage equipment.,互感器安裝在高壓設(shè)備上,2.1 Grammar Features,3) Electric power is generated in power generating stations or plants.,電能是在發(fā)電站或發(fā)電廠產(chǎn)生的,4) The meters are calibrated an

5、d the scale is designed to read the value of the desired unit.,這些儀表可以被校準并且設(shè)計了不同的量程 ，以便讀出期望的數(shù)值。,5) Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulation medium. Such a device is called a capacitor, and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance. It is measur

6、ed in Farads.,電能可以儲存在被一絕緣介質(zhì)隔開的兩塊金屬板中，這樣的裝置被稱為電容器，它儲存電能的能力就被稱為電容。電容的測量單位是法拉。,2.1 Grammar Features,(2)廣泛使用非謂語形式,非謂語動詞在句子中可以起到名詞，形容詞或副詞作用，動詞的非謂語形式分為動名詞,分詞,動詞不定式。, 動名詞,用動名詞短語取代時間從句或簡化時間陳述句,The signal should be filtered before it is amplified.,2) An object becomes hot. It is placed in the sun.,Once being

7、 placed in the sun, an object becomes hot.,物體放置在太陽下會變熱。,The signal should be filtered before being amplified.,放大信號前，應(yīng)先對其進行濾波,(精煉),2.1 Grammar Features,3) We must do various experiments before a new electronic product is designed.,Before designing a new electronic product we must do various experimen

8、ts.,在設(shè)計一個新的電子產(chǎn)品之前，我們必須做各種實驗,用動名詞短語做主語,4) Changing resistance is a method for controlling the flow of the current.,改變電阻是控制電流的一種方法,5) Conducting electricity means the flow of electrons through an object.,傳導(dǎo)電流意味著電子在物體內(nèi)的流動,2.1 Grammar Features, 分詞,過去分詞短語替代從句中的被動語態(tài) 現(xiàn)在分詞短語替代從句中的主動語態(tài),The power supply, whic

9、h is shown in block-diagram in Fig.1, is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.,The power supply shown in block-diagram in Fig.1 is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.,圖1中用框圖表示的電源是一個單相開關(guān)逆變器。,2.1 Grammar Features,2) A three-phase circuit, as it was pointed out above, is merely a combination of three s

10、ingle-phase circuits.,A three-phase circuit, as pointed out above, is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.,正如上面所指出的那樣，三相電路只不過是三個單相電路的組合。,3) The transistor, which is working with correctly polarities, can work as an amplifier.,The transistor working with correctly polarities can work

11、as an amplifier.,工作于正確電源極性下的晶體管，作用就像放大器。,2.1 Grammar Features, 不定式,用不定式短語來替代表示目的和功能的從句或語句,(1) The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger so that the increasing demand of electric power is satisfied.,The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger to satisfy the increasing

12、demand of electric power.,單臺發(fā)電機的容量越來越大，目的就是滿足不斷增長的用電需求。,(2) What does a fuse do? It protects a circuit.,The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit.,保險的作用就是保護電路。,2.1 Grammar Features,(3) 省略句使用頻繁,省略成分：狀語從句中的主語、全部或部分謂語；定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞which和that、從句中的助詞等；還常用介詞短語替代從句。,1) If it is possible, the open-loop co

13、ntrol approach should be used in this system.,If possible, the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.,2) As illustrated in Fig.1, there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.,As in Fig.1, there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.,就像圖1所示的那樣，這個閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)中有一個反饋元件。,可能

14、的話，這個系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該使用開環(huán)控制方法。,(精煉),2.1 Grammar Features,3) The device includes an instrument transformation and a relay system which has two circuits in it.,The device includes an instrument transformation and a relay system with two circuits in it.,這個裝置包括一個互感器和一個有兩個電路的繼電器系統(tǒng)。,As already discussed 前已討論 As expla

15、ined before 前已解釋 As described above 如上所示 If possible (necessary)如果可能（必要）,其他常用的省略形式：,If so 倘若如此 As previously mentioned 前已提到 When needed (necessary, feasible)必要時 Where feasible 在實際可行的場合 Where possible 在可能的情況下,2.1 Grammar Features,(4) It句型和祈使句使用頻繁,It句型：it 充當形式主語，避免句子“頭重腳輕”,It is very important (possib

16、le, necessary, natural, inevitable) to,It takes very much time learning,It is clear (possible, necessary, natural, inevitable) that,It happened that ,It must be admitted that,祈使句: 無主語，精煉。,Let A be equal to B.設(shè)A等于B。,Consider a high-pressure chamber. 假如有一個高氣壓氣候室。,（準確、精煉）,2.1 Grammar Features,,(5) 復(fù)雜長句

17、使用頻繁,1) It has been mentioned above that the electrons in a metal are able to move freely through the metal, that their motion constitutes an electric current in the metal and that they play an important part in conduction of heat.,前面已經(jīng)提到：金屬中電子能自由地通過金屬，電子的移動在金屬中形成了電流，電子在熱傳導(dǎo)中起著重要的作用。,（準確、精煉）,為了完整、準確地

18、表達事物內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，使用大量從句,2.1 Grammar Features,2) The reluctance motor operates synchronously at a speed which is determined by the supply frequency and the number of poles for which the stator is wound.,磁阻電動機以某一速率同步動轉(zhuǎn)，該速率是由電源頻率和定子繞制的級數(shù)決定的。,3) The testing of a cross-field generator will be described in this s

19、ection with chief reference to the tests that are normally taken on every machine before it leaves the makers works.,交磁發(fā)電機的試驗將在本節(jié)中敘述，它主要涉及每臺電機在離開制造廠前應(yīng)進行的試驗。,2.1 Grammar Features,,(6) 后置形容詞短語作定語多,代替定語從句作后置定語，使句子簡潔、緊湊，不至于累贅。,1) All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics, which are analogous to

20、 those of waves moving through water.,All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics analogous to those of waves moving through water.,2) The instruments present include some digital ones which are relative to DSPs,The instruments present include some digital ones relative to DSPs,所有的輻射能都具有波的特性，

21、與水中移動的波的特征相似。,到場的儀器中還有一些與DSP有關(guān)的數(shù)字儀器,（精煉）,2.2 Rhetoric Features,注重科學技術(shù)方面的觀察、試驗和客觀規(guī)律、事物特征,涉及的內(nèi)容(如概念、原理、定理或定律、規(guī)則、方法等)大多沒有特定的時間關(guān)系和時效性,(1) 廣泛使用一般現(xiàn)在時,(2)較多地使用圖、表和公式,常使用數(shù)據(jù)、圖、表和公式等非語言因素來表明科技概念、原理、定理或定律、規(guī)則、方法等。,(3) 邏輯語法使用多,修辭特點,進行條件論述、理論分析和公式推導(dǎo)時，多使用邏輯語法，即表示條件、原因、語氣轉(zhuǎn)折、限制、假設(shè)和邏輯順序等詞匯,although, because, but, if,

22、 once, only, suppose, as a result, because of, due to, so, therefore, thus, without等。,2.3 Vocabulary Features,(1) 詞匯分類,專業(yè)或技術(shù)詞匯,次技術(shù)詞匯,,diode ， capacitor ，substation , autotransformer ，superconductivity 。,很多專業(yè)和學科所共有的詞匯,不同專業(yè)和學科往往具有不同詞義,某個專業(yè)所特有的詞匯，其專業(yè)性強，詞義狹窄和單一。,power :,冪，乘方,動力，功率，效率,電源，電力

23、，功率，電能,bus:,公共汽車,母線,總線,Condenser：,電容器，補償機,冷凝器,power plant:,發(fā)電廠,動力裝置,：專業(yè)或技術(shù)詞匯，次技術(shù)詞匯，非技術(shù)詞匯,(二極管),（電容器）,(變電站，變電所),（自耦變壓器）,(超導(dǎo)特性),2.3 Vocabulary Features,非技術(shù)詞匯,在普通英語或非專業(yè)英語中使用較少，但實際卻屬于非專業(yè)英語的詞匯,take in - absorb,,Look into - examine,,find out - discover,turn round - rotate,make good use of - utilize,,chang

24、e - convert,2.3 Vocabulary Features,(1) 詞匯構(gòu)成,1) 合成法,由相互獨立的兩個或更多的詞合成得到新詞,名詞+名詞（n.+n.）n. :,horsepower, bandwidth, power utilization,名詞+形容詞(n+adj.) adj.：,ice-cold, network-wide,名詞+副詞(n+adv.)n.，adj.:,feedback,形容詞名詞（adj+n）n.，adj.：,low-pass, high-speed, short-circuit, newtype,形容詞+名詞+ed (adj.+n.+ed)adj.:,f

25、orward-directed，small-sized,介詞+名詞(prep.+n.)adj., n.：,bypass, overhead, on-line, overvoltage,2.3 Vocabulary Features,2)派生法,通過對詞根加上各種前綴或后綴來構(gòu)成新詞,專業(yè)英語詞匯大部分都是用派生法構(gòu)成的， semi-構(gòu)成的詞有230個以上: semiconductor，semimonthly等， thermo-130 個以上：thermo-chemical，thermo-electrical micro- 300個以上: auto- 260個以上:,前綴（prefix）：詞義變

26、化，詞類不變 后綴（suffix）：詞義可能變化可能不變，詞類一定會變,常用的前綴和后綴卻多達百個，可見派生法的構(gòu)詞能力是非常強的。作為一個專業(yè)技術(shù)人員，至少應(yīng)掌握50個常用前綴和后綴。,名詞前綴,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,名詞后綴,,形容詞后綴,副詞后綴,,,動詞后綴,,,,,詞根,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,3) 詞匯縮略,2.3 Vocabulary Features,只由詞匯中的部分字母或由詞組中每個詞匯的首字母。,節(jié)略詞，縮略詞，首字詞和縮寫詞,節(jié)略詞：只取詞匯前面幾個字母或只由后面詞根組成,ad,del,exam,deg,lab,di(a),dir,dep,adv

27、ertisement;,delete,examination,degree,laboratory,diameter,directory,department,2.3 Vocabulary Features,縮略詞：由詞組中某些詞的詞頭字母（有時多于一個）所組成，作為一個詞按照正常的規(guī)則發(fā)音,ROM,RAM,Radar,GIS,read only memory 只讀存儲器,random access memory 隨機（存取）儲存器,radio detecting and ranging ；雷達,gas insulated station 氣體絕緣變電站,geography informatio

28、n system 地理信息系統(tǒng),2.3 Vocabulary Features,首字詞：與縮略詞類似，區(qū)別在于每個實詞只取第一個字母，且必須逐字母念出,AC DC CD LED ID IP UPS HV HVDC IEE IEEE,alternating current交流電,direct current 直流電,compact disc光盤，壓縮磁盤,light emitting diode 發(fā)光二極管,identification card 身份證,uninterruptible power supply 不間斷電源,high voltage 高壓, high voltage direct

29、 current 高壓直流, institution of Electrical Engineers 英國電氣工程師協(xié)會, institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 美國電氣電子工程師協(xié)會, Internet Protocol, 網(wǎng)際協(xié)議,2.3 Vocabulary Features,CEE,- College of Electrical Engineering,Department of Electrical Machinery and Electrical Apparatus Department of Power System

30、and its Automation Department of High Voltage and Insulation Technology Department of Power Electronics and Power Drives Department of Electrical Engineering Theory and New Technology Department of Architectural Electrical and Intelligence,電機與電器,電力系統(tǒng)及其自動化,高電壓與絕緣技術(shù),電力電子與電力傳動,電工理論與新技術(shù),建筑電氣與智能化,縮寫詞：并不一

31、定由某個詞組的首字母組成。有些縮寫詞僅由一個單詞變化而來，且大多數(shù)縮寫詞每個字母后都附有一個句點。,2.3 Vocabulary Features,appx.appendix 附錄； fig.figure 圖； sq.square 平方； msg.message 信息； amp.amplifier 放大器； o.p.operational amplifier 運算放大器；,2.3 Vocabulary Features,混合法:由兩個詞匯的第一個詞匯的前面幾個字母和第二個詞匯的后面幾個字母結(jié)合在一起構(gòu)成。,positron negatron,字母外形法 :對一些形狀與字母外形相似的物體，可以利

32、用連字符把字母和名詞連接在一起組成新詞匯。,X-ray X 射線 U-shaped magnet 馬蹄形磁鐵 Y-direction Y軸方向 H-frame structure H型框架結(jié)構(gòu) T-filter T型濾波器 Y-connection Y(星)形連接,positive electron正電子, negative electron負電子,2.3 Vocabulary Features,人名法:對一些科學家、發(fā)明家所發(fā)現(xiàn)或發(fā)明的理論、方法、定理或定律、東西和物品等，用他們的名字組成新詞。,Ohm歐姆,Volt伏特,Watt瓦特,Ampere安培,Hertz赫茲,Kelvin開爾文,C

33、oulomb-庫侖,2.4 Symbol and Formula,國際單位制中的前綴,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2)小數(shù)，分數(shù)，百分數(shù),2.4 Symbol and Formula,0.1: zero point one, point one, o point one, one tenth, decimal one 0.01: point zero one, 10.35: ten point three five,1/2: a (one) half 1/3: a third 1/4:

34、one quarter 1/8: a eighth 2/3: two-thirds, two over three, two divided by three 3/4: three-fourths, three quarters 3%: three percent 0.2% : point two percent 5: five per mill,3)冪（power）根（root）,,x to the second power,2.4 Symbol and Formula,: x square,,x squared ,,the square of x,,the second power of

35、x,,,y to the third power,:y cube,,y cubed,,the cube of y,,the third power of y,,:the nth power of a , a to the n power,: the square root o f three,: the cube (third ) root of a,:the nth root of a,2.4 Symbol and Formula,4)數(shù)學運算符號,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2.4 Symbol and Formula,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2.4 Symbol and Formula,,,,,,,,,,,,