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邵陽(yáng)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）
Modern construction machinery industry of technical progress
Large-size mechanical mining excavator is used widely in international and domestic engineering construction and mining performance, and its property defines the efficiency much.Now because the international market is opened step step, how to promote the quality of excavator is the key that a factory reinforces its competing force.
In our country，the designing elevation and production quality on excavator can not keep up with international advanced technology applying on excavator.Now the advanced technology has already applied advanced designing method on excavator designing，such as electronic simulating theory，dynamic design， reliability design and so on.But in our country ,the most excavator design has still applied the traditional design method ,the modern design method has not began to be actually applied .The prime display is that the capability of self-design is not enough and the basic work has not done perfectly especially the excavator kinetics .
The construct of excavator is very complex and the multiple movers often work simultaneously.at the same time its working environment is very bad and the eternal load varies randomly.As a result ,when designing the new product of excavator ,in order to ensure the performance safety，the designer not only has the basic theory analysis on static load computing ,but also do necessary work about the kinetics of mechanism to qualify the dynamic reliability in the period of designing .Trough the kinetic analysis ,the load property of all the elements in excavator can be decided so as to design reliable product .
From the 1980s of the 20th century to the beginning of this century. Chinese and foreign engineering machinery technology products come from a maturity period of modernization along with a new technological revolution, Mechanical engineering products integrated technology to a new level. Electronic technology, micro-computer, sensors, electro-hydraulic servo control system integration and transformation of the traditional mechanical engineering products, Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing and computer-aided management of construction machinery and equipment manufacturing, IT network technology equipment, construction machinery sales and information transfer systems, thus enabling people to see a brand new construction machinery industry. New construction machinery products in the efficiency and operational quality, environmental protection, performance and automation are many areas due to the past. and toward the further robotic and intelligent direction.
1、 operating principles of Innovation : groundbreaking new law with the high-frequency vibration
With scientific and technological research in the development, engineering machinery operating theory is constantly innovating. Operating mechanical engineering principles, including the cutting of earth, broken ground on the screen geotextile material, mixed with heating, right mixture of paving, leveling and compaction, etc.. These operations Jimmy initially bionics and Newtonian mechanics-based, Modern science and the development of engineering machinery operating principle of laying the foundation for innovation. For example, mechanical vibration and pulse jet, the photoelectric effect and thermal physics, the application of mechanical engineering to save resources and improve the quality of construction improve production efficiency, reliability and driving comfort and a degree of automation to create conditions.
Excavators, bulldozers, loaders, and other earthmoving machinery cutting groundbreaking project, we had no struggle milling, high-frequency vibration, Liquid gas jet method and porous ground breaking law. Groundbreaking use of the new operating principle of transformation to a bucket, can loosen the soil excavation for the high-intensity rock, Under normal circumstances can reduce the unit cost of earthwork and improve production efficiency, and the soil near the building when substitute bored-blasting method.
Vibratory Roller is a mechanical vibration and have reached a "sluggish vibration to" operational effectiveness of the most powerful note. High-frequency vibration compaction technology is the application of modern dynamics in the mechanical engineering important research results, In vibratory roller simultaneously with the application of vibration isolation theory. 90s of the 20th century, there have been a level of vibration (vibration) and vertical vibration directional vibration compaction method, and an AM-vibration and different from the harmonic vibration of chaotic vibration vibratory compaction operating principle, and the formation of the corresponding series of vibratory roller. Impact Roller broke the existing traditional cylindrical roller structure, Use 3-5 edge with the pressure roller polygon dragged by a tractor, 2-3 times per second in order to impact on the ground. This has dramatic impact on the seismic wave propagation characteristics, the depth of compaction several times with the RCC and incremental, 5m in the depths of the degree of compaction of up 90%-92%. Impact Roller is static shock, vibration and rub it smashes the comprehensive role for large fill, Collapse dry sand and soil filling the compaction.
Asphalt paver Weiping equipment is operating principles of mechanical engineering innovation typical example. Fung plate diesel, liquefied petroleum gas or electric heating and 60 Hz frequency of vibration, and using infrared, ultrasonic or laser leveling, is a multidisciplinary high-tech applications. This leveling the technology can be applied to the ground plane, as amlodipine or fine leveling the slope.
Transfer frequency mechanical vibration is also commonly used for drilling, stone crushing and sieving and Shen pulling piling works. The stone drying can use diesel, fuel oil and coal combustion of various fuels on the asphalt from the barrel, heating and asphalt mixture, stirring and insulation process is the full use of thermal theory of physics. Asphalt emulsion and some are modified chemical reaction physical specific application.
2、drive innovation : universal hydraulic and electric drive
Hydraulic drive in the 20th century, the 1960s applied to the roller, only 10 years on the time has been spread and popularize. Now roller travel, vibration, steering and braking systems has achieved the full hydraulic drive. Hydraulic drive greatly simplified the roller drive and control system design, hydraulic drive a smooth, convenient manipulation effort, easy to achieve variable speed and automation, in general, improve the production efficiency of roller compaction and quality. Now foreign markets have seen very little mechanical transmission of the roller.
Hydrostatic drive technology in the 1970s began to use bulldozers, and will soon be extended to a number of small and medium bulldozers and loaders, the United States John Deere, Caterpillar, Germany Bohai benefit companies and Dole produced by Komatsu of Japan has production and sales pushed Temple hydraulic machines and loaders. Hydrostatic drive not to use hydraulic torque converter, which dispense with the left lane and brake parts and mechanical drive, use of a safety valve on mechanical and hydraulic systems overload protection, and the index of smaller power play biggest index, its remaining power available in the auxiliary machinery operation.
German company Deutsche mark and Lee Bohai Fall of other public companies in 1954 and in 1955 took the lead in developing a hydraulic excavator , but the hydrostatic transmission in large excavator is the popularization and application of the 1970s. Since the early 1980s, excavators and subdivided, is gradually realized - powered, rotary and the hydraulic excavator of. In the international market excavators, were all eliminated various mechanical drive.
Late history of the birth of the road is more mechanical hydraulic drive-based, such as paver, soil stabilizer, Pavement milling machine, hydraulic transmission smoothness help improve the quality of the roads paved. Drilling in the car and drilling machines, hydraulic transmission has replaced the previous aerodynamic, Wheeled modern cranes and machinery also piling work to the whole in the direction of hydraulic development.
Electricity in industrial production while the application has a long history, but in mobile machinery is seldom used. This is because, firstly, to the motor capacity of, a motor with the same power as compared to the hydraulic motor, its weight and bulk to good times, to the machinery space layout brought great difficulties. In addition, the efficiency of electrical transmission over low efficiency and consumption of a large volume of non-ferrous metals. But electric drive can be well realized variable speed, braking and electrical power streaming -- Drive more convenient and easy to large tub, large excavator and large loaders, engine-generator-electric wheels will transfer power. Germany Vogele also been developed for electric power will transfer wheel. Germany Vogele also been developed electric drive an asphalt paver, the aircraft's systems are all rotary motor driven electricity, Only Hopper CDCC and comfort slab leveling tank still use hydraulic transmission. The other is the regional mobile operations in the smaller mining site, the use of electric drive large excavator loaders, Such use of electric drive power transmission cables without the engine installed on the machines.
3、ergonomic innovations : a people-oriented and simplified operation
1980s of the 20th century, Many of the world's largest engineering machinery manufacturing company has invested considerable human and financial resources for modern design methodology of the research and used. Ergonomics is a "people-oriented" design, with emphasis on the machines mutual coordination and crew safety, driving comfort, convenience in the driver's operation and maintenance technologies, such drivers both improved working conditions, and increased production efficiency, and some of the engineering machinery vibration, noise, emissions and the prevention of roller drop from the development of the new standard, and even those laws.
Now all kinds of projects are mechanical design roller defense and falling-object protective devices to protect the personal safety of the drivers, with the cab and are designed and installed. Indoor driving sufficient human space and broad vision, and to take the necessary seals, vibration, noise and temperature control measures. Indoor chairs, pieces of the stick, gauges and the monitor according to ergonomics and design and minimize the manipulation and control of parts. To reduce driver fatigue, to choose the suspension damping chairs, and to develop a gas-liquid system hanging with the cab floor.
Electronic technology, mechanical engineering applications, which greatly simplifies the driver's operational procedures and to the machine's technical performance. The use of electronic control machine can automatically choose the mode of operation, such as excavators to the three operating modes -- boom priority, Rotary priorities and micro-adjustment tandem wheels all vibration and vibration. Electronic monitoring can detect and remove machines system failures, such as engine oil pressure loss. Fan fracture belt drive, hydraulic oil contamination or overheating and oil filter blockage, can promptly lights or audible alarm, by the use of electronic sensor device can handle automatic detection machines quality of the work, If random vibration testing of the degree of compaction roller, automatic detection and adjustment of the asphalt mixture ratio and size distribution outlet temperature.
American muffler technology company developed an electronic silencer, electronic equipment engine exhaust noise analysis of the wave structure, and produce a phase difference of 180 ° with the acoustic interference, This "anti-noise" and the engine exhaust noise offset, which over the purpose of the muffler. Such a muffler -- can be used to eliminate the basic engine noise and the noise indoor driving. Muffler and isolation through the engineering machinery driving indoor noise can be reduced to 70dB (A) below.
In addition, by concentrating on lubrication, automatic lubrication and fault alarm, greatly reducing the engineering and mechanical maintenance workload. Dreiser companies axis articulated loader lubrication cycle extended to 2000h. oil and filter replacement cycle extended to 250h; Caterpillar loader routine maintenance to shorten the time 3.45min. 100 hours use of the technical maintenance for only 6-7min.
4、Creative : industrial design with the environment
Modern science and technology of high-speed development, promoting social progress, for humanity to a high degree of material civilization and spiritual civilization. Industrial design is the product of industrial product design, product also known as the art form. Mechanical Products art forms should be able to demonstrate its function in a rational and external quality of uniformity, the product should reflect the advanced technology and meet the aesthetic requirements of modernity.
For mechanical engineering, said it was "a Paper goods sold," That is an exaggeration, but not to modeling design is certainly not desirable. Modeling the mechanical engineering design of the machine can shape their structure, function and use requirements, paying and with the psychological and physical coordination. This modeling design should include ministries of proper body fluid, color coordination, Instrumentation layout beautiful and easy to operate and intuitive sign in the trademark symbol. Now the world's major companies have attached great importance to the products of industrial design, and a specialized research and design.
A world leader left the compactor manufacturers -- BMW, his third of the mechanical compaction machine modeling experts from the industrial design Louis.L.lepoix design, have a good overall result. The series dismounting replacement filter, transmission pieces, hoses and routine maintenance is very convenient. Adopt modern arc-shaped dip in the cab and the engine hood broadminded, fluent lines, with the flavor of the times. Driving the steering wheel height and angle adjustable, choose a comfortable high back seats adjustable damping. Drivers prepare for a good operating environment. Instrumentation site design, easier to observe and control, tilt hood of the driver to provide a good perspective. Hydraulic steering gear shifted to the cab, driving to reduce indoor heat and noise. Arc-shaped windscreen of the cab and four SUPPORT able to isolate noise and vibration. indoor noise below 70dB (A).
Many other engineering machinery are also different degrees of emphasis on industrial design, layout components such as depression, to reduce the center of gravity of the aircraft; Supporting appropriate to expand the area to increase the machine's stability; about as symmetrical layout, to meet the aesthetic; Appearance removed some of the corner, the edge, to show the fluency, and other lines. Construction Machinery paint more of its industrial design is an important part of the unit should be interesting colors, increase the safety of the working environment, and with the field construction site is pure green fields, coordination, Topping the use of the waist line and increase the level to get off the color machines can increase the concentration of visual stability.
５、artificial intelligence Innovation : intelligent robotic machines
Mechanical engineering in the construction field instead of the manual to expand the functions of the hands and feet, traditional machinery can be resolved in good physical and physiological burden, not to mention the relief of spiritual and psychological burden. Modern engineering machinery should be given its soulful, intelligent engineering machinery is a thinking mind (microcomputer) sensorium (sensors), neural network (electronic transmission). Derrnatopathy (power and transmission), and hand, foot bones (work with devices running) for telecommunications systems integration.
Machine is not electromechanical integration of telecommunications and information technology with a simple, it poses the system must have five functions : ① detection and identification with the objects of their work and working conditions of the function; ② goal with under their own decision-making function; ③ have to respond to the decision-making, implementation support movement functions; ④ with automated monitoring and self-revision process functions; ⑤ z own self-protection and security troubleshooting functions. This is the Intelligent Engineering Machinery some specific goals.
In mechanical engineering intelligent process, from beginning to end, filled with self-learning technology and the use of adaptive technology. Now for the integration of telecommunications technology for the engine and hydraulic system and electrical system of full control machines are being given various feelings and wisdom. In the process with the state of real-time monitoring on the basis of mechanical engineering from the partial automation of the transition to full automation, and toward unmanned remote control and the trend of development. With the intervention of artificial intelligence, engineering machinery will accelerate its modern fast process, Gradual transition to a fully operational wisdom of the target robot. At that time, some new robotic operating procedures will come into being.
現(xiàn)代工程機(jī)械行業(yè)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步
大型機(jī)械式挖掘機(jī)在目前國(guó)際國(guó)內(nèi)在礦山開(kāi)采及工程施工中有著廣泛的應(yīng)用，其性能的優(yōu)劣對(duì)生產(chǎn)率有很大的影響.在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)竟?fàn)幦遮吋ち业慕裉?，如何提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量是提高其市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的關(guān)鍵。
目前，我國(guó)的大型機(jī)械式挖掘機(jī)在設(shè)計(jì)水平，設(shè)計(jì)手段及產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量上與國(guó)外同類(lèi)產(chǎn)品相比尚有較大差距.國(guó)外已經(jīng)將人一機(jī)一環(huán)境作為一個(gè)系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)一考慮，提倡低振動(dòng)、低噪音的綠色設(shè)計(jì)，將現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法(電子模擬理論、動(dòng)態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)、可靠性設(shè)計(jì)等)普遍地應(yīng)用于挖掘機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)，使產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)現(xiàn)代化，性能可靠。而我國(guó)仍然主要采用傳統(tǒng)的仿型設(shè)計(jì)，而近年來(lái)才將現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法逐步應(yīng)用到挖掘機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)上，但在這方面工作開(kāi)展的不得力，主要表現(xiàn)在自行設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)能力不夠，基礎(chǔ)工作做得不完善，尤其在挖掘機(jī)動(dòng)力學(xué)方面。
挖掘機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)非常復(fù)雜，往往是多發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)同時(shí)驅(qū)動(dòng)，同時(shí)工作環(huán)境惡劣，外載荷成隨機(jī)性變化，因此在設(shè)計(jì)大型礦用挖掘機(jī)的新產(chǎn)品時(shí)，為了使其作業(yè)安全，工作順暢，除必要的理論分析和靜強(qiáng)度計(jì)算外，還必須要進(jìn)行動(dòng)力學(xué)分析和計(jì)算，以在設(shè)計(jì)之初保證機(jī)械的動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和可靠性。在進(jìn)行這種分析時(shí)，土壤的力學(xué)特性必須考慮，而且是重要因素。通過(guò)進(jìn)行動(dòng)力學(xué)研究，才能確定挖掘機(jī)各部件的載荷特性，設(shè)計(jì)出質(zhì)量可靠的產(chǎn)品。
從20世紀(jì)80年代到本世紀(jì)初，中外工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品技術(shù)已從一個(gè)成熟期走到了現(xiàn)代化時(shí)期伴隨著一場(chǎng)新的技術(shù)革命，工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的綜合技術(shù)水平躍上了一個(gè)新的臺(tái)階。電子技術(shù)、微電腦、傳感器、電液伺服與控制系統(tǒng)集成化改造了傳統(tǒng)的工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)、輔助制造及輔助管理裝備了工程機(jī)械制造業(yè)，IT網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)也裝備了工程機(jī)械的銷(xiāo)售與信息傳遞系統(tǒng)，從而讓人們看到了一個(gè)全新的工程機(jī)械行業(yè)。新的工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品在工作效率、作業(yè)質(zhì)量、環(huán)境保護(hù)、操作性能及自動(dòng)化程度諸多方面都是以往所不可比擬的，并且在向著進(jìn)一步的智能化和機(jī)器人化方向邁進(jìn)。
1、 作業(yè)原理創(chuàng)新：新法破土與高頻振動(dòng)
隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)研究水平的不斷發(fā)展，工程機(jī)械的作業(yè)理論也在不斷地創(chuàng)新。工程機(jī)械的作業(yè)原理包括對(duì)土石方的切割、破碎、回填，對(duì)土工材料的篩分、混合與加熱，對(duì)混合料的攤鋪、找平與壓實(shí)等。這些作業(yè)理原先是以仿生學(xué)與牛頓力學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)的，而近現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的發(fā)展為工程機(jī)械作業(yè)原理的創(chuàng)新奠定了基礎(chǔ)。例如機(jī)械振動(dòng)、脈沖、射流、光電效應(yīng)及熱物理學(xué)的應(yīng)用， 為工程機(jī)械節(jié)省資源，改善施工質(zhì)量、提高生產(chǎn)效率、工作可靠性、駕駛舒適性與自動(dòng)化程度創(chuàng)造了條件。
挖掘機(jī)、推土機(jī)、裝載機(jī)等土方工程機(jī)械切割破土，現(xiàn)在有了無(wú)斗銑切法、高頻振動(dòng)法、液氣射流法及微孔破土法。使用新的破土作業(yè)原理改造的鏟斗、松土器可以開(kāi)挖高強(qiáng)度的巖土，在一般情況下都可以降低單位土方費(fèi)用與提高生產(chǎn)效率，并且在靠近建筑物挖土?xí)r可代替鉆孔—爆破法施工。
振動(dòng)壓路機(jī)是利用機(jī)械振動(dòng)而又要達(dá)成“振地不振人”作業(yè)效果的最有力說(shuō)明。高頻振動(dòng)壓實(shí)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用是近代動(dòng)力學(xué)在工程機(jī)械上的重要科研成果，在振動(dòng)壓路機(jī)上同時(shí)應(yīng)用了振動(dòng)與隔振理論。20世紀(jì)90年代以來(lái)，出現(xiàn)了水平振動(dòng)（振蕩）與垂直振動(dòng)的定向振動(dòng)壓實(shí)方法，以及無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)幅振動(dòng)和不同于簡(jiǎn)諧振動(dòng)的混沌振動(dòng)等振動(dòng)壓實(shí)作業(yè)原理，并且形成了相應(yīng)系列的振動(dòng)壓路機(jī)。沖擊式壓路機(jī)打破了原有傳統(tǒng)的圓柱形滾輪結(jié)構(gòu)，使用具有3-5個(gè)邊的多邊形壓滾由牽引車(chē)拖行，以每秒2-3次順序地沖擊地面。這種劇烈沖擊具有地震波的傳播特性，其壓實(shí)深度隨碾壓遍數(shù)而遞增，在5m深處的壓實(shí)度可達(dá)90%-92%。沖擊壓路機(jī)具有靜壓沖擊、振動(dòng)搗實(shí)與揉搓的綜合作用，適合大型填方、塌陷土壤和干砂填筑工程的壓實(shí)。
瀝青混凝土攤鋪機(jī)慰平工作裝置更是工程機(jī)械作業(yè)原理創(chuàng)新的典型例子。慰平板使用柴油、液化氣或電加熱和72Hz的調(diào)頻振動(dòng)，并采用紅外線、激光或超聲波找平， 是多學(xué)科高新技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。這其中的找平技術(shù)也可以應(yīng)用到平地機(jī)上，作為地平或坡面的精細(xì)找平。
調(diào)頻率機(jī)械振動(dòng)還通常用于鑿巖、石料破碎與篩分及沉拔樁等工程施工。石料的烘干可以使用柴油、重油和煤粉多種燃料的燃燒器，瀝青的脫桶、加熱及瀝青混合料的攪拌與保溫過(guò)程中都充分運(yùn)用了熱物理學(xué)原理。瀝青的乳化與改性都是一些化學(xué)物理反應(yīng)的具體應(yīng)用。
2、傳動(dòng)方式創(chuàng)新：普及液壓與電氣傳動(dòng)
液壓傳動(dòng)在20世紀(jì)60年代開(kāi)始應(yīng)用到了壓路機(jī)上，只十多年的時(shí)間就得到了推廣和普及?，F(xiàn)在壓路機(jī)的行走、振動(dòng)、轉(zhuǎn)向及制動(dòng)等系統(tǒng)已實(shí)現(xiàn)了全液壓傳動(dòng)。液壓傳動(dòng)大大簡(jiǎn)化了壓路機(jī)傳動(dòng)與操縱系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)，液壓傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn)、操縱方便省力、容易實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)速和自動(dòng)控制、從總體上提高了壓路機(jī)的生產(chǎn)效率與壓實(shí)質(zhì)量?，F(xiàn)在國(guó)外市場(chǎng)上已經(jīng)很少見(jiàn)到機(jī)械傳動(dòng)的壓路機(jī)了。
靜液壓傳動(dòng)技術(shù)于70年代開(kāi)始應(yīng)用到了推土機(jī)上，并且很快推廣到了一些中小型推土機(jī)和裝載機(jī)上，美國(guó)約翰·迪爾公司、卡特彼勒公司、德國(guó)利渤海爾公司及日本小松制作所都生產(chǎn)和銷(xiāo)售全液壓推寺機(jī)與裝載機(jī)。靜液壓傳動(dòng)不使用液力變矩器，還省去了離且器與行車(chē)制動(dòng)器及部分機(jī)械傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)，能利用安全閥對(duì)機(jī)械和液壓系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)過(guò)載保護(hù)，并以較小的索引功率發(fā)揮最大的索引力，其剩余的功率可用在機(jī)器的輔助操作上。
德國(guó)的德馬克公司和利渤海爾公司公別于1954年和1955年率先