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本科畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯
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外文翻譯
History Of The Snowblower
So who did invent the snowblower or snowthrower? We need to begin by qualifying that question since there are a number of answers depending on your interest. Some notable firsts would be:
●The first machine to clear snow by throwing or blowing it
●The first fully mobile snow clearing machine?
●The first domestic walk-behind snow blower
The latter is the one people generally think of and have the most interest in. It is also the one that has the most elusive answer.
Chapter 1
So where did it all begin? Looking back in time we need to consider where would there be a need to remove snow while having a source of power available? The need and the enabling power were found on the railways of the U.S. snowbelt and in Canada. The earliest documented art belongs to a Toronto dentist known as J/W Elliot. His 1869 patent #390 design was never built.
The story next takes us to Orangeville Ontario, Canada where we find Orange Jull, a gristmill operator and inventor. In 1884 he applied for a patent and was subsequently granted patent #18506. Jull did not have the means to build and commercialize his invention so he contracted the local Leslie brothers to build the machines.
The Jull/Leslie machines were self powered but not self propelled. A locomotive was used to move the machine. The Jull design consisted of 2 large inline fans rotating in opposite directions. The lead fan chewed into and pulverized the snow while blowing it back into the discharge fan, which propelled it into the sky. Due to clogging problems it was simplified to a single fan. Further changes to effectively control the discharge were made including a movable deflector and pitching impeller blades. Production was moved to the Cook locomotive works in several locations. Additional machines were built under license. Finally 5 machines were "home built" by end users with the last one finished in 1971. In all 146 were built.
Later work consisted of fortifying the design to deal with the hazards of the unknown. Tracks were often blocked with fallen trees and other debris that were concealed in the snow. Legend has it that in one case a herd of cattle were trapped and buried under the snow on the rail bed. As the rotary snowplow progressed forward beefsteaks were flying. They remained in production into the 1950s and a few are still in service today. Many survive as museum pieces with an occasional demonstration.
Following his collaboration with the Leslie Brothers Orange Jull went on to create a next generation machine. This design utilized a screw auger to collect the snow. It was not as effective, especially in deep snow and only eleven were ever built. Sadly all have been scrapped.
All of the available photos and drawings of these machines are on enthusiasts sites where they are best viewed.. A Google search using Jull snowblower as keywords will deliver hours of reading and nostalgia. On You-tube you may be able to find " The Return of Rotary #1 ". A search for "rotary snowplow" found this video.
Chapter 2
Our next installment finds Arthur Sicard, circa 1894, an 18 year old working on the family dairy farm in Saint-Leonard-de-Port-Maurice, Quebec. Snowstorms being frequent and dairy products being perishable motivated him to find a better snow removal means.
Motivation found inspiration one day when he saw a new piece of farm machinery called the thresher. If this machine could gather grain perhaps he could use the design to gather and move snow. It wasn't long before he had built and tested his first prototype however it bogged down in snow. His notion was dismissed by those around him and he went on unsupported in his pursuit. He went on to make a life for himself in Montreal until finally in 1925, 31 years later he astonished the people of that city with his "Sicard Snow Remover Snowblower". The first sale was to the nearby town of Outremont, in 1927.
The Sicard name has been synonymous with large snowblowers ever since. My hometown had a Sicard unit mounted to an old Michigan front end loader for several decades.
Chapter 3
The curious question then becomes when did the walk behind domestic snowblower emerge? The Toro website makes the claim that Toro introduced the first snowthrower, the Snowhound in 1951. Ariens entered snow moving the market in 1952 with an attachment for it's Yardster series. The Ariens Sno-Thro series was launched in 1960. Simplicty followed in 1962. The earliest confirmed Gilson dates back to 1966. Meanwhile dozens of others launched product lines.This of course is in the context of domestic walk-behind units. If you have an early machine I'd appreciate a picture and brief story. Of all of the archival material I have amassed nothing points to an earlier machine. The 1951 Toro was not the driveway behemoth than many of us use today as can be seen in the photo.
In my Vintage Machine Showcase you can get a sense of the diversity found in the early machines and a search of patents will reveal even more radical designs.
Machines of modern proportions began to emerge in the 1960's. The small-scale brands slowly disappeared and most were gone by the 1980s. The Gilson snow blower line launched in 1966. The full sized gear drives continued to evolve through the decade and with the introduction of the Unitrol machines in 1970 Gilson had 2 full size formats that evolved into the 1980s. The small Gilson single stage models were discontinued after the 1970 model year.
Just as the small scale models were fading away the industry was turned on it's head with the introduction of "personal sized" 2 stroke machines. The models were easy to handle, store and pay for. They pack enough power to handle a significant storm if you are patient enough to let it eat the elephant one bite at a time. Gilson was an early player with some patent action and the Snow-Cannon was a hit.
Horsepower grew over the years. Early machines were in the 3-4 horsepower range. In 1970 8HP was the big machine. By 1980 most brands included a 10 or even 11 HP machine. Today 13 HP models easy to find.
The 21st century brought power accessories. Manufacturers are offering heated handles, motorized chute rotators and you can find machines that have onboard battery power to allow electric starting when away from household power. While engine powered lighting is nothing new it is becoming far more common.
The other big story is consolidation. Where there used to be scores of suppliers there are now essentially 7. Promotional grade machines (I'm being kind here) are made by MTD, Murray and AYP. Quality machine are built by Simplicity, Ariens, Toro and Honda. Virtually any machine you can find on the market, regardless of the brand is from one of these sources. The exceptions as small players such as attachments for BCS tillers. The age of the mass merchandiser has forced everyone to slash cost in pursuit of market share. The quality brands often sell machines in several tiers with one targeted at the promotional grade competition.
What do the coming decades hold for snowblower users? The market moves slowly. While nearly every homeowner owns a lawn mower the snowblower market is confined to the snowbelt region and many property owners choose not to own such a machine. That being said it is a small piece of the pie that has a hard time attracting R&D money. The basic concepts have been quite stable for along time. Ecology has been a big driver of engine refinements and this is likely to continue. Much of the recent work has been value engineering with most of the benefit going to the manufacturers. The brute strength built into the machines of yesteryear is gone forever. We can only hope that future machines will not be overburdened with fragile accessories. Other than that we will all have to wait and see what blows in the future.
掃雪機(jī)的歷史
所以誰發(fā)明了掃雪機(jī)？我們需要開始的排位賽，因?yàn)橛性S多問題的答案取決于你的興趣。一些值得注意的第一次是：
●第一臺(tái)通過投擲或吹雪清除雪的機(jī)器
●什么是第一個(gè)完全移動(dòng)清理雪的機(jī)器?
●第一個(gè)國(guó)內(nèi)手動(dòng)除雪機(jī)
后者通常是人們最感興趣的一個(gè)，但是也是最難回答的一個(gè)。
第1章
那么這一切在哪里開始?回首往事時(shí)我們需要考慮在哪里有需要清除雪雖然有一個(gè)電源可用?這種需要和力量在美國(guó)多雪地帶和在加拿大的鐵路被發(fā)現(xiàn)。最早的記載藝術(shù)屬于一個(gè)叫J / W埃利奧特的多倫多牙醫(yī)。他1869年專利390號(hào)設(shè)計(jì)從來沒有建造。
接下來的故事發(fā)生在加拿大，奧蘭治維爾安大略，是發(fā)現(xiàn)Orange Jull的地方。Orange Jull是磨坊的操作員和發(fā)明者。1884年他申請(qǐng)了專利，隨后被授予專利18506號(hào)。Jull沒有建立和推廣他的發(fā)明，他承包了當(dāng)?shù)氐娜R斯利兄弟建造機(jī)器的裝置。
Jull/萊斯利機(jī)器可以自行供電但是卻不能自己行走。所以利用火車頭來移動(dòng)機(jī)器。Jull設(shè)計(jì)有兩大內(nèi)聯(lián)風(fēng)扇在相反的方向旋轉(zhuǎn)。風(fēng)扇將雪粉碎成沫，再經(jīng)由排風(fēng)扇將其吹向天空。由于堵塞問題，所以將風(fēng)扇簡(jiǎn)化成單扇。為了有效地控制放電，將其進(jìn)一步改變成一個(gè)可移動(dòng)的偏轉(zhuǎn)和俯仰葉輪葉片。產(chǎn)品被轉(zhuǎn)移到幾個(gè)做機(jī)車廠的地方。額外的機(jī)器是建立在許可證下。最后5臺(tái)“家庭建設(shè)”是在1971年通過最終用戶的最后一個(gè)完成的。一共共建造146臺(tái)機(jī)器。
接下來的工作是設(shè)計(jì)處理未知的危險(xiǎn)。通常是阻止倒下的樹木和其他隱藏在雪地里的碎片。傳說，有一次牛群被困，埋在雪下的床身導(dǎo)軌。旋轉(zhuǎn)掃雪機(jī)前進(jìn)過程中，牛排是飛行的。它們一直生產(chǎn)到上個(gè)世紀(jì)50年代，有一些甚至用到了今天。還有一些偶爾展示在博物館。
與萊斯利兄弟合作后Orange Jull繼續(xù)創(chuàng)建了下一代機(jī)器。這次設(shè)計(jì)利用了螺旋鉆來收集雪。但不是很有效，尤其是在積雪厚只有11厘米的地方，所以很遺憾的都被取消了。
在圖紙愛好者網(wǎng)站上這些所有可用的圖片和繪畫是這些機(jī)器最好的歸宿。在谷歌上輸入Jull掃雪機(jī)的關(guān)鍵字，那么你將花費(fèi)幾個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間閱讀和懷舊。在You-tube上，你可以找到“扶輪1號(hào)的回歸”相關(guān)話題，還可以搜索發(fā)現(xiàn)“旋轉(zhuǎn)掃雪機(jī)”的視頻。
第2章
大約在1894年，我們進(jìn)一步的發(fā)現(xiàn)亞瑟西卡德，一個(gè)18歲在圣倫納德的毛里斯港的家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)努力工作。暴風(fēng)雪的頻繁發(fā)生和奶制品的腐爛使他找到了一個(gè)更好地除雪動(dòng)力裝置。
這個(gè)動(dòng)機(jī)的靈感來自于，有一天他發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)叫做脫粒機(jī)的農(nóng)場(chǎng)機(jī)械。如果這種機(jī)器可以收集糧食，那么或許他可以利用這種設(shè)計(jì)來收集和清除雪。不久之后，他完成了他的第一個(gè)原型，并進(jìn)行測(cè)試，然而機(jī)器卻陷在雪里。他的觀點(diǎn)沒有被周圍的人理解，他的追求人們并不支持。他獨(dú)自一人前往蒙特利爾生活，一直到1925年，31年后，他發(fā)明的“西卡德除雪機(jī)”令那些城市的人感到驚訝。他第一次賣出掃雪機(jī)，是在1927年，賣到了附近的外山鎮(zhèn)。
西卡德的名字因此成為了大型除雪機(jī)的代名詞。我的家鄉(xiāng)有一個(gè)西卡德機(jī)器安裝到了舊密歇根，使用了幾十年。
第3章
人們好奇的問題變成了國(guó)內(nèi)可以行走的除雪機(jī)是什么時(shí)候發(fā)明的？托羅網(wǎng)站上說第一臺(tái)行走掃雪機(jī)是托羅在1951年提出的。這種機(jī)器和其附件Yardster系列在1952年進(jìn)入掃雪機(jī)市場(chǎng)。該產(chǎn)品的Sno-Thro系列在1960年問世。Simplicty也在1962年緊隨其后生產(chǎn)出來。這最早的確認(rèn)的Gilson產(chǎn)品要追溯到1966年。與此同時(shí)，其他許多公司也推出了生產(chǎn)線。這項(xiàng)發(fā)明當(dāng)然是國(guó)內(nèi)第一個(gè)行走單位。如果你有一個(gè)早期的機(jī)器，我可以欣賞它的圖片和簡(jiǎn)短的故事。我積累了所有早期機(jī)器的檔案資料。1951年托羅并不是我們今天看到的照片中的那樣。
在我的古董機(jī)展示中，你可以了解發(fā)現(xiàn)早期機(jī)器和搜索多樣性的專利，從而顯示更加激進(jìn)的設(shè)計(jì)。
現(xiàn)代機(jī)器的模型在20世紀(jì)60年代開始出現(xiàn)。小規(guī)模品牌慢慢消失，20世紀(jì)80年代之前的都成為了過去。Gilson除雪機(jī)成立于1966年，全尺寸齒輪驅(qū)動(dòng)器通過十年的不斷發(fā)展，在1970年引進(jìn)Unitrol機(jī)器。20世紀(jì)80年代Gilson 2演變?yōu)槿叽绺袷?。小的Gilson單級(jí)模型在1970年停產(chǎn)。
小規(guī)模模型消失后，這個(gè)行業(yè)推出了“個(gè)人型號(hào)”的沖程機(jī)器。模型很容易處理，存儲(chǔ)和支付。如果你有足夠的耐心讓它吃一頭大象，他們就有足夠的權(quán)利來處理強(qiáng)大的風(fēng)暴。Gilson是一個(gè)早期的專利行動(dòng)的球員也是雪炮的打擊。
多年后馬力增長(zhǎng)。早期的機(jī)器是3-4的馬力。1970年第8代惠普是大型機(jī)器。到1980年，包括第10代甚至第11代惠普機(jī)器在內(nèi)的大多數(shù)品牌都已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)。在今天，惠普13模型也很容易找到。
21世紀(jì)是電力配件。制造商提供加熱處理，電槽轉(zhuǎn)子，你可以找到機(jī)器主板電池，可以在遠(yuǎn)離家庭的時(shí)候啟動(dòng)。而發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力照明就不是什么新鮮事情了。
另一個(gè)故事是整理。那里曾經(jīng)有許多供應(yīng)商。促銷級(jí)的機(jī)器是由MTD,Murray和AYP傳達(dá)出來。質(zhì)量好的機(jī)器制造是由Simplicity，Ariens，Toro和Honda。市場(chǎng)上幾乎任何種機(jī)器你都可以找到，無論品牌是其中哪一個(gè)來源。作為BCS分蘗的小球員例外。大量商人的出現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致每個(gè)人不得不削減成本追求市場(chǎng)份額。質(zhì)量品牌通常出售幾個(gè)層次機(jī)器在針對(duì)促銷級(jí)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。
掃雪機(jī)用戶的未來幾十年將是什么樣的呢？市場(chǎng)變換很慢。雖然幾乎每家都擁有割草機(jī)的掃雪機(jī)市場(chǎng)，但掃雪機(jī)的使用僅限于多雪地區(qū)，許多業(yè)主選擇不買這種機(jī)器。也就是說這是一小塊蛋糕，很難吸引研發(fā)資金。隨著時(shí)間的推移，基本概念已經(jīng)相當(dāng)穩(wěn)定。生態(tài)環(huán)境是一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的推動(dòng)力，且會(huì)一直延續(xù)下去。最近大多工作已經(jīng)被大多數(shù)工廠利益去制造有價(jià)值的工程。昔日的制造機(jī)器的蠻力已經(jīng)一去不復(fù)返了，我們只能希望，未來的機(jī)器不會(huì)配置過多的脆弱零件。除此之外，我們都將等待，看看未來的打擊。