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機械工程的內(nèi)容
機械工程的服務(wù)領(lǐng)域廣闊而多面，凡是使用機械、工具，以至能源和材料生產(chǎn)的部門，都需要機械工程的服務(wù)。概括說來，現(xiàn)代機械工程有五大服務(wù)領(lǐng)域：研制和提供能量轉(zhuǎn)換機械、研制和提供用以生產(chǎn)各種產(chǎn)品的機械、研制和提供從事各種服務(wù)的機械、研制和提供家庭和個人生活中應(yīng)用的機械、研制和提供各種機械武器。
? 不論服務(wù)于哪一領(lǐng)域，機械工程的工作內(nèi)容基本相同，主要有：
建立和發(fā)展機械工程的工程理論基礎(chǔ)。例如，研究力和運動的工程力學(xué)和流體力學(xué)；研究金屬和非金屬材料的性能，及其應(yīng)用的工程材料學(xué)；研究熱能的產(chǎn)生、傳導(dǎo)和轉(zhuǎn)換的熱力學(xué)；研究各類有獨立功能的機械元件的工作原理、結(jié)構(gòu)、設(shè)計和計算的機械原理和機械零件學(xué)；研究金屬和非金屬的成形和切削加工的金屬工藝學(xué)和非金屬工藝學(xué)等等。
? 研究、設(shè)計和發(fā)展新的機械產(chǎn)品，不斷改進現(xiàn)有機械產(chǎn)品和生產(chǎn)新一代機械產(chǎn)品，以適應(yīng)當前和將來的需要。
機械產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)，包括：生產(chǎn)設(shè)施的規(guī)劃和實現(xiàn)；生產(chǎn)計劃的制訂和生產(chǎn)調(diào)度；編制和貫徹制造工藝；設(shè)計和制造工具、模具；確定勞動定額和材料定額；組織加工、裝配、試車和包裝發(fā)運；對產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量進行有效的控制。機械制造企業(yè)的經(jīng)營和管理。機械一般是由許多各有獨特的成形、加工過程的精密零件組裝而成的復(fù)雜的制品。生產(chǎn)批量有單件和小批，也有中批、大批，直至大量生產(chǎn)。銷售對象遍及全部產(chǎn)業(yè)和個人、家庭。而且銷售量在社會經(jīng)濟狀況的影響下，可能出現(xiàn)很大的波動。因此，機械制造企業(yè)的管理和經(jīng)營特別復(fù)雜，企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)管理、規(guī)劃和經(jīng)營等的研究也多是肇始于機械工業(yè)。
? 機械產(chǎn)品的應(yīng)用。這方面包括選擇、訂購、驗收、安裝、調(diào)整、操作、維護、修理和改造各產(chǎn)業(yè)所使用的機械和成套機械裝備，以保證機械產(chǎn)品在長期使用中的可靠性和經(jīng)濟性。
機械產(chǎn)品的應(yīng)用。這方面包括選擇、訂購、驗收、安裝、調(diào)整、操作、維護、修理和改造各產(chǎn)業(yè)所使用的機械和成套機械裝備，以保證機械產(chǎn)品在長期使用中的可靠性和經(jīng)濟性。
研究機械產(chǎn)品在制造過程中，尤其是在使用中所產(chǎn)生的環(huán)境污染，和自然資源過度耗費方面的問題，及其處理措施。這是現(xiàn)代機械工程的一項特別重要的任務(wù)，而且其重要性與日俱增。
機械工程分類
機械的種類繁多，可以按幾個不同方面分為各種類別，如：按功能可分為動力機械、物料搬運機械、粉碎機械等；按服務(wù)的產(chǎn)業(yè)可分為農(nóng)業(yè)機械、礦山機械、紡織機械等；按工作原理可分為熱力機械、流體機械、仿生機械等。另外，機械在其研究、開發(fā)、設(shè)計、制造、運用等過程中都要經(jīng)過幾個工作性質(zhì)不同的階段。按這些不同階段，機械工程又可劃分為互相銜接、互相配合的幾個分支系統(tǒng)，如機械科研、機械設(shè)計、機械制造、機械運用和維修等。
這些按不同方面分成的多種分支學(xué)科系統(tǒng)互相交叉，互相重疊，從而使機械工程可能分化成上百個分支學(xué)科。例如，按功能分的動力機械，它與按工作原理分的熱力機械、流體機械、透平機械、往復(fù)機械、蒸汽動力機械、核動力裝置、內(nèi)燃機、燃氣輪機，以及與按行業(yè)分的中心電站設(shè)備、工業(yè)動力裝置、鐵路機車、船舶輪機工程、汽車工程等都有復(fù)雜的交叉和重疊關(guān)系。船用汽輪機是動力機械，也是熱力機械、流體機械和透平機械，它屬于船舶動力裝置、蒸汽動力裝置，可能也屬于核動力裝置等等。
機械工程的發(fā)展歷程
人類成為“現(xiàn)代人”的標志就是制造工具。石器時代的各種石斧、石錘和木質(zhì)、皮質(zhì)的簡單粗糙的工具是后來出現(xiàn)的機械的先驅(qū)。從制造簡單工具演進到制造由多個零件、部件組成的現(xiàn)代機械，經(jīng)歷了漫長的過程。
幾千年前，人類已創(chuàng)制了用于谷物脫殼和粉碎的臼和磨，用來提水的桔槔和轆轤，裝有輪子的車，航行于江河的船及槳、櫓、舵等。所用的動力，從人自身的體力，發(fā)展到利用畜力、水力和風(fēng)力。所用材料從天然的石、木、土、皮革，發(fā)展到人造材料。最早的人造材料是陶瓷，制造陶瓷器皿的陶車，已是具有動力、傳動和工作三個部分的完整機械。
人類從石器時代進入青銅時代，再進而到鐵器時代，用以吹旺爐火的鼓風(fēng)器的發(fā)展起了重要作用。有足夠強大的鼓風(fēng)器，才能使冶金爐獲得足夠高的爐溫，才能從礦石中煉得金屬。在中國，公元前1000～前900年就已有了冶鑄用的鼓風(fēng)器，并逐漸從人力鼓風(fēng)發(fā)展到畜力和水力鼓風(fēng)。
15～16世紀以前，機械工程發(fā)展緩慢。但在以千年計的實踐中，在機械發(fā)展方面還是積累了相當多的經(jīng)驗和技術(shù)知識，成為后來機械工程發(fā)展的重要潛力。17世紀以后，資本主義在英、法和西歐諸國出現(xiàn)，商品生產(chǎn)開始成為社會的中心問題。
18世紀后期，蒸汽機的應(yīng)用從采礦業(yè)推廣到紡織、面粉、冶金等行業(yè)。制作機械的主要材料逐漸從木材改用更為堅韌，但難以用手工加工的金屬。機械制造工業(yè)開始形成，并在幾十年中成為一個重要產(chǎn)業(yè)。
機械工程通過不斷擴大的實踐，從分散性的、主要依賴匠師們個人才智和手藝的一種技藝，逐漸發(fā)展成為一門有理論指導(dǎo)的、系統(tǒng)的和獨立的工程技術(shù)。機械工程是促成18～19世紀的工業(yè)革命，以及資本主義機械大生產(chǎn)的主要技術(shù)因素。
動力是發(fā)展生產(chǎn)的重要因素。17世紀后期，隨著各種機械的改進和發(fā)展，隨著煤和金屬礦石的需要量的逐年增加，人們感到依靠人力和畜力不能將生產(chǎn)提高到一個新的階段。
在英國，紡織、磨粉等產(chǎn)業(yè)越來越多地將工場設(shè)在河邊，利用水輪來驅(qū)動工作機械。但當時的煤礦、錫礦、銅礦等礦井中的地下水，仍只能用大量畜力來提升和排除。在這樣的生產(chǎn)需要下，18世紀初出現(xiàn)了紐科門的大氣式蒸汽機，用以驅(qū)動礦井排水泵。但是這種蒸汽機的燃料消耗率很高，基本上只應(yīng)用于煤礦。
1765年，瓦特發(fā)明了有分開的冷凝器的蒸汽機，降低了燃料消耗率。1781年瓦特又創(chuàng)制出提供回轉(zhuǎn)動力的蒸汽機，擴大了蒸汽機的應(yīng)用范圍。蒸汽機的發(fā)明和發(fā)展，使礦業(yè)和工業(yè)生產(chǎn)、鐵路和航運都得以機械動力化。蒸汽機幾乎是19世紀唯一的動力源，但蒸汽機及其鍋爐、凝汽器、冷卻水系統(tǒng)等體積龐大、笨重，應(yīng)用很不方便。
19世紀末，電力供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)和電動機開始發(fā)展和推廣。20世紀初，電動機已在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中取代了蒸汽機，成為驅(qū)動各種工作機械的基本動力。生產(chǎn)的機械化已離不開電氣化，而電氣化則通過機械化才對生產(chǎn)發(fā)揮作用。
發(fā)電站初期應(yīng)用蒸汽機為原動力。20世紀初期，出現(xiàn)了高效率、高轉(zhuǎn)速、大功率的汽輪機，也出現(xiàn)了適應(yīng)各種水利資源的水輪機，促進了電力供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的蓬勃發(fā)展。
19世紀后期發(fā)明的內(nèi)燃機經(jīng)過逐年改進，成為輕而小、效率高、易于操縱、并可隨時啟動的原動機。它先被用以驅(qū)動沒有電力供應(yīng)的陸上工作機械，以后又用于汽車、移動機械和輪船，到20世紀中期開始用于鐵路機車。蒸汽機在汽輪機和內(nèi)燃機的排擠下，已不再是重要的動力機械。內(nèi)燃機和以后發(fā)明的燃氣輪機、噴氣發(fā)動機的發(fā)展，是飛機、航天器等成功發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)因素之一。
工業(yè)革命以前，機械大都是木結(jié)構(gòu)的，由木工用手工制成。金屬(主要是銅、鐵)僅用以制造儀器、鎖、鐘表、泵和木結(jié)構(gòu)機械上的小型零件。金屬加工主要靠機匠的精工細作，以達到需要的精度。蒸汽機動力裝置的推廣，以及隨之出現(xiàn)的礦山、冶金、輪船、機車等大型機械的發(fā)展，需要成形加工和切削加工的金屬零件越來越多，越來越大，要求的精度也越來越高。應(yīng)用的金屬材料從銅、鐵發(fā)展到以鋼為主。
機械加工包括鍛造、鍛壓、鈑金工、焊接、熱處理等技術(shù)及其裝備，以及切削加工技術(shù)和機床、刀具、量具等，得到迅速發(fā)展，保證了各產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展生產(chǎn)所需的機械裝備的供應(yīng)。
社會經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，對機械產(chǎn)品的需求猛增。生產(chǎn)批量的增大和精密加工技術(shù)的進展，促進了大量生產(chǎn)方法的形成，如零件互換性生產(chǎn)、專業(yè)分工和協(xié)作、流水加工線和流水裝配線等。
簡單的互換性零件和專業(yè)分工協(xié)作生產(chǎn)，在古代就已出現(xiàn)。在機械工程中，互換性最早體現(xiàn)在莫茨利于1797年利用其創(chuàng)制的螺紋車床所生產(chǎn)的螺栓和螺帽。同時期，美國工程師惠特尼用互換性生產(chǎn)方法生產(chǎn)火槍，顯示了互換性的可行性和優(yōu)越性。這種生產(chǎn)方法在美國逐漸推廣，形成了所謂“美國生產(chǎn)方法”。
20世紀初期，福特在汽車制造上又創(chuàng)造了流水裝配線。大量生產(chǎn)技術(shù)加上泰勒在19世紀末創(chuàng)立的科學(xué)管理方法，使汽車和其他大批量生產(chǎn)的機械產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)效率很快達到了過去無法想象的高度。
20世紀中、后期，機械加工的主要特點是：不斷提高機床的加工速度和精度，減少對手工技藝的依賴；提高成形加工、切削加工和裝配的機械化和自動化程度；利用數(shù)控機床、加工中心、成組技術(shù)等，發(fā)展柔性加工系統(tǒng)，使中小批量、多品種生產(chǎn)的生產(chǎn)效率提高到近于大量生產(chǎn)的水平；研究和改進難加工的新型金屬和非金屬材料的成形和切削加工技術(shù)。
18世紀以前，機械匠師全憑經(jīng)驗、直覺和手藝進行機械制作，與科學(xué)幾乎不發(fā)生聯(lián)系。到18～19世紀，在新興的資本主義經(jīng)濟的促進下，掌握科學(xué)知識的人士開始注意生產(chǎn)，而直接進行生產(chǎn)的匠師則開始學(xué)習(xí)科學(xué)文化知識，他們之間的交流和互相啟發(fā)取得很大的成果。在這個過程中，逐漸形成一整套圍繞機械工程的基礎(chǔ)理論。
動力機械最先與當時的先進科學(xué)相結(jié)合。蒸汽機的發(fā)明人薩弗里、瓦特，應(yīng)用了物理學(xué)家帕潘和布萊克的理論；在蒸汽機實踐的基礎(chǔ)上，物理學(xué)家卡諾、蘭金和開爾文建立起一門新的科學(xué)——熱力學(xué)。內(nèi)燃機的理論基礎(chǔ)是法國的羅沙在1862年創(chuàng)立的；1876年奧托應(yīng)用羅沙的理論，徹底改進了他原來創(chuàng)造的粗陋笨重、噪聲大、熱效率低的內(nèi)燃機而奠定了內(nèi)燃機的地位。其他如汽輪機、燃氣輪機、水輪機等都在理論指導(dǎo)下得到發(fā)展，而理論也在實踐中得到改進和提高。
早在公元前，中國已在指南車上應(yīng)用復(fù)雜的齒輪系統(tǒng)，在被中香爐中應(yīng)用了能永保水平位置的十字轉(zhuǎn)架等機件。古希臘已有圓柱齒輪、圓錐齒輪和蝸桿傳動的記載。但是，關(guān)于齒輪傳動瞬時速比與齒形的關(guān)系和齒形曲線的選擇，直到17世紀之后方有理論闡述。
手搖把和踏板機構(gòu)是曲柄連桿機構(gòu)的先驅(qū)，在各文明古國都有悠久歷史，但是曲柄連桿機構(gòu)的形式、運動和動力的確切分析和綜合，則是近代機構(gòu)學(xué)的成就。機構(gòu)學(xué)作為一個專門學(xué)科，遲至19世紀初才首次列入高等工程學(xué)院(巴黎的工藝學(xué)院)的課程。通過理論研究，人們方能精確地分析各種機構(gòu)，包括復(fù)雜的空間連桿機構(gòu)的運動，并進而能按需要綜合出新的機構(gòu)。
機械工程的工作對象是動態(tài)的機械，它的工作情況會發(fā)生很大的變化。這種變化有時是隨機而不可預(yù)見；實際應(yīng)用的材料也不完全均勻，可能存有各種缺陷；加工精度有一定的偏差，等等。
與以靜態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)為工作對象的土木工程相比，機械工程中各種問題更難以用理論精確解決。因此，早期的機械工程只運用簡單的理論概念，結(jié)合實踐經(jīng)驗進行工作。設(shè)計計算多依靠經(jīng)驗公式；為保證安全，都偏于保守，結(jié)果制成的機械笨重而龐大，成本高，生產(chǎn)率低，能量消耗很大。
從18世紀起，新理論的不斷誕生，以及數(shù)學(xué)方法的發(fā)展，使設(shè)計計算的精確度不斷的提高。進入20世紀，出現(xiàn)各種實驗應(yīng)力分析方法，人們已能用實驗方法測出模型和實物上各部位的應(yīng)力。20世紀后半葉，有限元法和電子計算機的廣泛應(yīng)用，使得對復(fù)雜的機械及其零。構(gòu)件進行力、力矩、應(yīng)力等的分析和計算成為可能。對于掌握有充分的實踐或?qū)嶒炠Y料的
機械或其元件，已經(jīng)可以運用統(tǒng)計技術(shù)，按照要求的可靠度，科學(xué)地進行機械設(shè)計。
機械工程的發(fā)展展望
機械工程以增加生產(chǎn)、提高勞動生產(chǎn)率、提高生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟性為目標來研制和發(fā)展新的機械產(chǎn)品。在未來的時代，新產(chǎn)品的研制將以降低資源消耗，發(fā)展?jié)崈舻脑偕茉?，治理、減輕以至消除環(huán)境污染作為超經(jīng)濟的目標任務(wù)。
機械可以完成人用雙手和雙目，以及雙足、雙耳直接完成和不能直接完成的工作，而且完成得更快、更好?，F(xiàn)代機械工程創(chuàng)造出越來越精巧和越來越復(fù)雜的機械和機械裝置，使過去的許多幻想成為現(xiàn)實。
人類現(xiàn)在已能上游天空和宇宙，下潛大洋深層，遠窺百億光年，近察細胞和分子。新興的電子計算機硬、軟件科學(xué)使人類開始有了加強，并部分代替人腦的科技手段，這就是人工智能。這一新的發(fā)展已經(jīng)顯示出巨大的影響，而在未來年代它還將不斷地創(chuàng)造出人們無法想象的奇跡。
人類智慧的增長并不減少雙手的作用，相反地卻要求手作更多、更精巧、更復(fù)雜的工作，從而更促進手的功能。手的實踐反過來又促進人腦的智慧。在人類的整個進化過程中，以及在每個人的成長過程中，腦與手是互相促進和平行進化的。
人工智能與機械工程之間的關(guān)系近似于腦與手之間的關(guān)系，其區(qū)別僅在于人工智能的硬件還需要利用機械制造出來。過去，各種機械離不開人的操作和控制，其反應(yīng)速度和操作精度受到進化很慢的人腦和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的限制，人工智能將會消除了這個限制。計算機科學(xué)與機械工程之間的互相促進，平行前進，將使機械工程在更高的層次上開始新的一輪大發(fā)展。
19世紀時，機械工程的知識總量還很有限，在歐洲的大學(xué)院校中它一般還與土木工程綜合為一個學(xué)科，被稱為民用工程，19世紀下半葉才逐漸成為一個獨立學(xué)科。進入20世紀，隨著機械工程技術(shù)的發(fā)展和知識總量的增長，機械工程開始分解，陸續(xù)出現(xiàn)了專業(yè)化的分支學(xué)科。這種分解的趨勢在20世紀中期，即在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束的前后期間達到了最高峰。
由于機械工程的知識總量已擴大到遠非個人所能全部掌握，一定的專業(yè)化是必不可少的。但是過度的專業(yè)化造成知識過分分割，視野狹窄，不能統(tǒng)觀和統(tǒng)籌稍大規(guī)模的工程的全貌和全局，并且縮小技術(shù)交流的范圍，阻礙新技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)和技術(shù)整體的進步，對外界條件變化的適應(yīng)能力很差。封閉性專業(yè)的專家們掌握的知識過狹，考慮問題過專，在協(xié)同工作時配合協(xié)調(diào)困難，也不利于繼續(xù)自學(xué)提高。因此自20世紀中、后期開始，又出現(xiàn)了綜合的趨勢。人們更多地注意了基礎(chǔ)理論，拓寬專業(yè)領(lǐng)域，合并分化過細的專業(yè)。
綜合-專業(yè)分化-再綜合的反復(fù)循環(huán)，是知識發(fā)展的合理的和必經(jīng)的過程。不同專業(yè)的專家們各具有精湛的專業(yè)知識，又具有足夠的綜合知識來認識、理解其他學(xué)科的問題和工程整體的面貌，才能形成互相協(xié)同工作的有力集體。
綜合與專業(yè)是多層次的。在機械工程內(nèi)部有綜合與專業(yè)的矛盾；在全面的工程技術(shù)中也同樣有綜合和專業(yè)問題。在人類的全部知識中，包括社會科學(xué)、自然科學(xué)和工程技術(shù)，也有處于更高一層、更宏觀的綜合與專業(yè)問題。
The content of mechanical engineering
Mechanical engineering services and multi-faceted, who use machinery, tools, and energy and material production department of mechanical engineering, need the service. The summary mentions, modern machinery engineering has five services: development and provide energy conversion, and provide for mechanical manufacturing all kinds of products and machinery, provide various services in the machinery, the development and provide family and personal life, the development and the application of the machines provide various mechanical weapons.
Regardless of what a field service to the working content of mechanical engineering, basic and same, mainly include:
The establishment and development of mechanical engineering construction and theoretical basis. For example, research force and motion and fluid mechanics, engineering mechanics, Metallic and non-metallic materials to study the performance, and its application in engineering materials, The heat conduction, research and conversion of thermodynamics, All kinds of mechanical components are independent of the function of the working principle, structure, design and calculation of mechanical principle and mechanical parts; Study of metallic and nonmetallic machining and forming technology of metal and technology, etc.
Research, design and development of new products and continuously improving existing machine mechanical products and new generation of mechanical products, in order to adapt to the current and future needs.
Mechanical products production, including: the planning and production facilities, Production plan and production scheduling, Prepare and implement manufacturing process, Design and manufacturing tools, moulds, Determine the quota and material quota, Organization processing, assembling and commissioning and package delivery, For product quality effectively control. Mechanical manufacturing enterprise operation and management. Mechanical general is composed of many each have unique shape, processing precision parts assembled into a complex products. Production batch have single piece and small batch, also have a large batch, until production. Throughout the entire industry and sales target individual, family. And sales in the social and economic situations, may appear under the influence of the big wave. Therefore, mechanical manufacturing enterprise management and operation of enterprises, especially complex production management, planning and management of research are also began in machinery industry.
The application of mechanical products. This includes selection, order, acceptance, installation, adjustment and operation, maintenance, repair and transformation of the industry by use of machinery and complete sets of equipment, to ensure the long-term use of mechanical products in the reliability and efficiency.
The application of mechanical products. This includes selection, order, acceptance, installation, adjustment and operation, maintenance, repair and transformation of the industry by use of machinery and complete sets of equipment, to ensure the long-term use of mechanical products in the reliability and efficiency.
Research in the manufacturing process of mechanical products, especially in the use of the natural resources and environmental pollution, excessive consumption issues, and treatment measures. This is a modern mechanical engineering is particularly important task, and its importance.
Mechanical engineering classification
Mechanical variety, can according to several different ways into various categories, such as: the function can be divided into mechanical power, material handling machinery, machine etc, According to the service industry could be divided into agricultural machinery, mining machinery, textile machinery, etc. According to the principle of work can be divided into the thermal fluid machinery, mechanical, bionic machine, etc. In addition, machinery in the research, development, design, manufacture, application process to work through several stages of nature. According to the different stage, mechanical engineering and can be divided into each other, with several branches system, such as mechanical research, mechanical design, mechanical manufacturing, mechanical using and maintenance, etc.
According to the different aspects of the various branches of system is divided into each other, thus overlap, mechanical engineering may be differentiated into hundreds of branches. For example, according to the function of dynamic mechanical, it points with the working principle of mechanical, thermal fluid machinery, turbine machinery, reciprocating machinery, steam power machinery, nuclear power plant, internal combustion engines, gas turbine, according to industry and the center of power equipment, industrial power plant, locomotives, ship, automobile engineering Marine engineering are complex and overlapping relation. Marine steam turbine power machinery, also is the thermal fluid machinery, mechanical and turbine machinery, it belongs to the Marine power plant, steam power plant, may also belongs to the nuclear power plant etc.
The development of mechanical engineering
Humans become "modern" sign is manufacturing tools. The Stone Age, all sorts of this stone hammers and wood, leather simple tools is rough pioneer of the machinery. From a simple tool to make manufacturing by multiple parts, components of modern machinery, experienced a long process.
Thousands of years ago, humanity has created a shell and crushed grain used to carry mortar and grinding, the JieGao engineer-in-chief with wheels, with the car, the ship sailing in rivers, buildings, and the rudder. The power from the physical, one's own development, using animal, hydraulic and wind. Materials from the natural stone, wood, clay, leather, synthetic materials development. The earliest artificial material is made of pottery and porcelain, is already has the pottery, transmission and three parts of the complete machine work.
Humans from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age, and then to the iron age, to flourish of drum wind blows of the development plays an important role. Have strong enough, the drum wind to get a high enough metallurgical furnace temperature, can have refined metal from ore in. In China, the former 900 years to use the drum for metallurgy, and gradually from the human drum wind to work and hydraulic drum wind.
15-16 centuries ago, mechanical engineering development is slow. But in practice, the millennium project in machinery development and has accumulated much experience and technical knowledge, became the mechanical engineering development potential. Since the 17th century, capitalism in the English, French and European countries, commodity production began to become the center of social problems.
In the 18th century, the application of steam from mining to textiles, flour, metallurgy, etc. The main material of production machines from wood to use more tough, but with manual processing of metal. Mechanical manufacturing industry, and began to form in the decades to become an important industry.
Mechanical engineering through expanding from the practice, the dispersion, mainly depends on the needs of individual talents and craft a skill, gradually develop a theoretical guidance, system and independent engineering technology. Mechanical engineering is 18-19 century and the industrial revolution, the capitalist mechanical production main technological factors.
Power is an important factor of the development of production. In the 17th century, along with the development and improvement of machinery, metal ore with coal and the requirements of increased year by year, people feel rely on human and animal will not produce to a new stage.
In Britain, textile, grinding industries are increasingly using workshop in the river, will work to drive hydraulic machinery. But when the coal mine, the copper ore, etc, with lots of groundwater is only to ascend and excluded. Animal In this production needs, 18 century appeared newcomen atmospheric type steam, mine drainage pumps to drive. But the steam engine fuel consumption, high, basically applies only to mine.
In 1765, watt invented the steam engine have separate condenser, reduce the fuel consumption. 1781 watt and create the steam engine, turning provide motivation of steam expanding the scope of application. The steam engine invented and development, mining and industrial production, railways and shipping to mechanical power. The steam engine was almost in the 19th century, but the only power and steam boiler, condenser, cooling water system huge volume, bulky, application is not easy.
19 century, the power supply system, and the development and popularization of motor start. At the beginning of the 20th century, the motor in industrial production has replaced the steam, become the basic mechanical drive all kinds of work. Production mechanization, already from electrification of electrified by mechanization production function.
Power for the initial application of the steam engine. In the early 20th century, high efficiency, high speed, high steam turbine, also appeared to water resources of the turbine power supply system, promote the vigorous development.
The invention of the late 19th century, has improved combustion through light and small, high efficiency, easy manipulation, and can always start the engine. It is used to drive to work without power supply of land, and mechanical for automobile, mobile machinery and ships, until the middle of 20th century began for locomotives. Steam turbine engine in the crowd, and are no longer important power machinery. After the invention of internal combustion engine and gas turbine, jet engines, is the development of aircraft, such successful development foundation spacecraft technical factor.
Before the industrial revolution, mostly of wood, mechanical hand made by the carpenter. Metal (mainly copper, iron) only to manufacture equipment, lock, clocks, pump and mechanical parts of the small wood. Metal processing of the machine mainly by seiko spy, achieves the need of precision. Steam power plant, and the promotion of the mining, metallurgical appears, ships, large machinery development of locomotive, forming and cutting processing of metal parts, growing more and more and more is also high accuracy requirements. The application of metal materials from copper and iron development to steel.
Mechanical processing including forging, forging, sheet metal work, welding, and heat treatment technology and equipment, and machining technology and machine tools, measuring tools, etc, is rapidly developing, ensuring each industry development for production equipment supply.
The development of social economy, the demand of mechanical products explosion. Production batch of increase and precision machining technology development, promote the formation of large production methods, such as division of professional production and interchangeability parts and collaboration, water processing line and assembly line etc.
Simple interchangeable parts and division of professional production, in ancient collaboration has appeared. In mechanical engineering, the interchangeability embodied in mo for 1797 Bates USES its created by threading lathe of bolts and nuts production. At the same time, the American engineers with interchangeable manufacturing production methods, Whitney, shows the feasibility and superiority of interchangeable. The production methods, in the United States has formed the so-called "American production methods".
In the early 20th century, ford car manufacturing and created the assembly line. Mass production technology in the 19th century and Taylor was that the scientific management method, automobile and other mass production machinery production efficiency quickly reached the height of past cannot imagine.
In the late 20th century, the main characteristics, mechanical processing, continuously improve the machine is processing speed and accuracy, reducing the dependence of craftsmanship, Improve machining and forming, cutting and assembly of mechanization and automation, Using CNC processing center, the group technology, etc, to develop flexible manufacturing systems, small volume and multiple varieties of production efficiency is to improve the level of production, Study hard and improve the processing of metallic and non-metallic materials, new forming and machining technology.
18 centuries ago, mechanical artisan, intuition and experience in mechanical manufacture craft, and almost no scientific association. To 18-19 century, in the emerging of capitalist economy, promote the scientific knowledge of master production, and people start paying attention to direct production needs to start to learn scientific and cultural knowledge, communication between them and made great achievements in mutual inspiration. In this process, and gradually formed a set of basic theory on mechanical engineering.
Mechanical power with the advanced scientific combination. The steam engine invented Avery, pizza, applied physicist watt pat Penn and black theory, Based on the practice in the steam engine, physicists cano, LanJinHe kelvin established a new science - thermodynamics. Engine is based on the theory of France in 1862 LuoSha founded, In 1876, the application of theory LuoSha otto thoroughly improve he had created the rough heavy, noise, low efficiency of internal combustion and laid the position. Other such as steam turbine, gas turbine, etc. In theory, and under the guidance of the theory in practice and improvement.
In early BC, China has applied the car in guide in complex system of gear was applied to the burner and level of the place turn, etc. Ancient Greece had cylindrical gears, bevel gears and worm transmission. However, the instantaneous speed on gear tooth shape and the relationship of tooth profile curve and the 17th century, until after a theory.
The agency's hand and pedal pioneers of crank rod system in the ancient civilization has a long history, but in the form of crank ro