831004法蘭盤車床軸套的機械加工工藝規(guī)程及夾具設(shè)計【組合機床設(shè)計含CAD圖紙和說明書卡片等】,組合機床設(shè)計含CAD圖紙和說明書卡片等,法蘭盤,車床,軸套,機械,加工,工藝,規(guī)程,夾具,設(shè)計,組合,機床,cad,圖紙,以及,說明書,仿單,卡片 畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書(論文) 作 者: 學 號： 系　部: 機械工程系 專 業(yè): 機械工程及自動化 題 目: 車床軸套加工工藝及關(guān)鍵工序工裝設(shè)計 指導者： 評閱者：  畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書（論文）中文摘要 摘要： 軸套是某企業(yè)產(chǎn)品中的關(guān)鍵零件之一，本課題要求根據(jù)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)需要和軸套零件的加工要求，首先完成零件的加工工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計，在此基礎(chǔ)之上，選擇其關(guān)鍵工序之一進行專用夾具及加工用組合機床設(shè)計，并完成必要的設(shè)計計算。本機床所用夾具的通用性強，工件采用液壓定位夾緊，快速方便。定位采用一面一心軸的定位方式，夾緊采用液壓加緊，采用這種方式完全能夠滿足精度要求。而且簡易方便，制造成本低，通用性好。由于軸套的生產(chǎn)量比較大，為了保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，提高加工效率，需要對其加工工藝進行優(yōu)化設(shè)計，并在關(guān)鍵工序使用組合機床或?qū)Ｓ脵C床進行加工。 通過設(shè)計，綜合運用了大學期間的多數(shù)基礎(chǔ)和專業(yè)知識，加深所學知識體系，掌握了運用各項繪圖軟件進行設(shè)計的方法和技巧,熟悉了工程應用設(shè)計。 關(guān)鍵詞： 軸套 零件分析 工藝路線 夾具設(shè)計 組合機床 畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書（論文）外文摘要 Title The Machine of Axile Bush Processes Craft Regulations and Work To Pake a Design Abstract The axile bush is one of the key parts of an enterprise products, this text expounds mainly the machining technology and the design of clamping device of the connecting rod and modular machine tool of the axile bush.The precision of size, the precision of profile and the precision of position , of the connecting rod is demanded highly , and the rigidity of the connecting rod is not enough, easy to deform,so arranging the craft course, need to separate the each main and superficial thick finish machining process. Reduce the function of processing the surplus , cutting force and internal stress progressively , revise the deformation after processing, can reach the specification requirement for the part finally .As the output of the axile bush is very large ,it is need to make optimal design for the machining technology and use modular machine tool for pivotal machining process ,to ensure product quality and to improve the processing efficiency. Through this design,the knowledge of more basic and specialty was synthetically applited.The system of knowledge we learned was intensified.Controlled to make use of various method and techniques that the painting software carry on a design,the design of engineering application was known well. Keywords Axile Bush Precision Processing Technology Design of Clamping Device Modular Machine Tool 學生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）中期檢查表 學生姓名 學 號 指導教師 選題情況 課題名稱 車床軸套加工工藝及關(guān)鍵工序工裝設(shè)計 難易程度 偏難 適中 √ 偏易 工作量 較大 合理 √ 較小 符合規(guī)范化的要求 任務書 有 √ 無 開題報告 有 √ 無 外文翻譯質(zhì)量 優(yōu) 良 中 √ 差 學習態(tài)度、出勤情況 好 一般 √ 差 工作進度 快 按計劃進行 慢 √ 中期工作匯報及解答問題情況 優(yōu) 良 中 √ 差 中期成績評定：中 所在專業(yè)意見： 學習態(tài)度、出勤情況一般，工作進度較慢，階段成果不明顯。 負責人： 年 月 日 畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）任務書 系　　　部： 機械工程系 專 業(yè)： 機械工程及自動化 學 生 姓 名： 設(shè)計(論文)題目： 起 迄 日 期: 設(shè)計(論文)地點: 指 導 教 師: 專業(yè)負責人: 發(fā)任務書日期: 年 2 月 26 日  任務書填寫要求 1．畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）任務書由指導教師根據(jù)各課題的具體情況填寫，經(jīng)學生所在專業(yè)的負責人審查、系部領(lǐng)導簽字后生效。此任務書應在第七學期結(jié)束前填好并發(fā)給學生； 2．任務書內(nèi)容必須用黑墨水筆工整書寫或按教務處統(tǒng)一設(shè)計的電子文檔標準格式（可從教務處網(wǎng)頁上下載）打印，不得隨便涂改或潦草書寫，禁止打印在其它紙上后剪貼； 3．任務書內(nèi)填寫的內(nèi)容，必須和學生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）完成的情況相一致，若有變更，應當經(jīng)過所在專業(yè)及系部主管領(lǐng)導審批后方可重新填寫； 4．任務書內(nèi)有關(guān)“系部”、“專業(yè)”等名稱的填寫，應寫中文全稱，不能寫數(shù)字代碼。學生的“學號”要寫全號； 5．任務書內(nèi)“主要參考文獻”的填寫，應按照國標GB 7714—2005《文后參考文獻著錄規(guī)則》的要求書寫，不能有隨意性； 6．有關(guān)年月日等日期的填寫，應當按照國標GB/T 7408—2005《數(shù)據(jù)元和交換格式、信息交換、日期和時間表示法》規(guī)定的要求，一律用阿拉伯數(shù)字書寫。如“2008年3月15日”或“2008-03-15”。 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計（論 文）任 務 書 1．本畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）課題應達到的目的： 車床軸套是某企業(yè)產(chǎn)品中的關(guān)鍵零件之一，生產(chǎn)量比較大。為了保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，提高加工效率，需要對其加工工藝進行優(yōu)化設(shè)計，并在關(guān)鍵工序使用組合機床或?qū)Ｓ脵C床進行加工。本課題即以此為背景，要求學生根據(jù)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)需要和車床軸套零件的加工要求，首先完成零件的加工工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計，在此基礎(chǔ)之上，選擇其關(guān)鍵工序之一進行專用夾具及加工用組合機床設(shè)計，并完成必要的設(shè)計計算。 通過這樣一個典型環(huán)節(jié)綜合訓練，達到綜合訓練學生運用所學知識，解決工程實際問題的能力。 2．本畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）課題任務的內(nèi)容和要求（包括原始數(shù)據(jù)、技術(shù)要求、工作要求等）： 本課題要求學生在對車床軸套的加工要求、零件的結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性進行認真分析的基礎(chǔ)上，首先對零件的加工工藝規(guī)程做出優(yōu)化設(shè)計，并對其關(guān)鍵工序之一進行專用夾具及加工用組合機床設(shè)計。具體任務及要求如下： （1）調(diào)查研究、查閱及翻譯文獻資料，撰寫開題報告； （2）車床軸套加工要求、零件的結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性分析； （3）車床軸套加工工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計； （4）車床軸套關(guān)鍵工序的專用夾具設(shè)計； （5）車床軸套關(guān)鍵工序的組合機床設(shè)計； （6）必要的設(shè)計計算與分析； （7）文檔整理、撰寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書及使用說明書。 設(shè)計技術(shù)要求包括： （1）生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng) 50000件/年 （2）夾具采用液壓驅(qū)動 （3）組合機床采用液壓滑臺 （4）每次加工一個零件 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計（論 文）任 務 書 3．對本畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）課題成果的要求〔包括畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文、圖表、實物樣品等〕： （1）開題報告、文獻綜述、資料翻譯； （2）車床軸套加工工藝過程綜合卡及各工序工序卡； （3）車床軸套零件圖及夾具裝配圖； （4）組合機床設(shè)計資料（三圖一卡）； （5）畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書。 4．主要參考文獻： [1] 裘愉弢主編. 組合機床［M］. 第1版.北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，1995. [2] 金振華主編.組合機床及其調(diào)整與使用［M］. 第1版.北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，1990. [3] 沈延山.生產(chǎn)實習與組合機床設(shè)計［D］.第1版.大連：大連理工大學出版社，1989. [4] 上海市大專院校機械制造工藝學協(xié)作組編著.機械制造工藝學［M］（修訂版）.福建科學技術(shù)出版社，1996. [5] 王華坤，范元勛編.機械設(shè)計基礎(chǔ)［M］.北京：兵器工業(yè)出版社，2000. [6] 馮辛安等編.機械制造裝備設(shè)計［M］. 北京：機械工業(yè)出版社,1998. [7] 陳日曜主編.金屬切削原理［M］. 第2版.北京：機械工業(yè)出版社,1992. [8] 方子良等編.機械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)［M］.上海：上海交通大學出版社，2004. [9] 劉秋生，李忠文主編.液壓傳動與控制［M］.北京：宇航出版社，1994. [10] 陳于萍，周兆元等.互換性與測量技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)［M］. 第2版.北京：機械工業(yè)出版社,2005. [11] 東北重型機械學院等合編.機床夾具設(shè)計手冊［M］.上海：上海科學技術(shù)出版社，1979. [12]《機械設(shè)計手冊》聯(lián)合編寫組. 機械設(shè)計手冊［M］. 第2版.北京：機械工業(yè)出版社,1987. 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計（論 文）任 務 書 5．本畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）課題工作進度計劃： 起 迄 日 期 工 作 內(nèi) 容 2009年 3月09日 ～ 3 月15 日 3月16日 ～ 3 月29 日 3月30日 ～ 4 月19 日 4月20日 ～ 5 月03 日 5月04日 ～ 5 月31 日 6月01日 ～ 6 月07 日 6月08日 ～ 6 月14 日 熟悉畢業(yè)設(shè)計要求。查閱資料，完成外文資料翻譯工作 撰寫開題報告及文獻綜述 車床軸套加工工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計（至少提出2個方案，進行分析比較，最后決定一個較優(yōu)的方案） 夾具設(shè)計（至少提出2個方案，進行分析比較，最后決定一個較優(yōu)的方案） 組合機床設(shè)計（完成三圖一卡） 文檔整理、撰寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書。 論文答辯 所在專業(yè)審查意見： 負責人： 2009年 月 日 系部意見： 系部主任： 2009年 月 日 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)前期工作材料 學生姓名: 學 號： 系　部: 機械工程系 專 業(yè): 機械工程及自動化 設(shè)計(論文)題目: 車床軸套加工工藝及關(guān)鍵工序 工裝設(shè)計 指導教師: 教授 材 料 目 錄 序號 名 稱 數(shù)量 備 注 1 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)選題、審題表 1 2 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)任務書 1 3 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)開題報告〔含文獻綜述〕 1 4 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文資料翻譯〔含原文〕 1 5 畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）中期檢查表 1 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文資料翻譯 系　　部： 機械工程系 專 業(yè)： 機械工程及自動化 姓 名： XX 學 號： XXXXXXXXXXX 外文出處： www.mapeng.net 附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。 指導教師評語： 簽名： 年 月 日 附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文 齒輪和軸的介紹 在直齒圓柱齒輪的受力分析中，是假定各力作用在單一平面的。我們將研究作用力具有三維坐標的齒輪。因此，在斜齒輪的情況下，其齒向是不平行于回轉(zhuǎn)軸線的。而在錐齒輪的情況中各回轉(zhuǎn)軸線互相不平行。 斜齒輪用于傳遞平行軸之間的運動。傾斜角度每個齒輪都一樣，但一個必須是右旋斜齒，而另一個必須是左旋斜齒。齒的形狀是一漸開線螺旋面。如果一張被剪成平行四邊形（矩形）的紙張包圍在齒輪圓柱體上，紙上印出齒的角刃邊就變成斜線。如果我展開這張紙，在角刃邊上的每一個點就連接成一漸開線曲線。 直齒圓柱齒輪輪齒的初始接觸處是跨過整個齒面而伸展開來的線。斜齒輪輪齒的初始接觸是一點，當齒進行更多的嚙合時，它就變成線。在直齒圓柱齒輪中，接觸是平行于回轉(zhuǎn)軸線的。在斜齒輪中，該線是跨過齒面的對角線。它使齒輪逐漸進行嚙合并平穩(wěn)的從一個齒到另一個齒傳遞運動，那樣就使斜齒輪具有高速重載下平穩(wěn)傳遞運動的能力。斜齒輪使軸的軸承承受徑向和軸向力。當軸向推力變的大了或由于別的原因而產(chǎn)生某些影響時，那就可以使用人字齒輪。雙斜齒輪（人字齒輪）與反向的并排地裝在同一軸上的兩個斜齒輪等效。它們產(chǎn)生相反的軸向推力作用，這樣就消除了軸向推力。當兩個或更多個單向雙斜齒輪被安裝在同一軸上時，齒輪的齒向應作選擇，以便產(chǎn)生最小的軸向推力。 交錯軸斜齒輪或螺旋齒輪，它們是軸中心線既不相交也不平行的齒輪。交錯軸斜齒輪的齒彼此之間發(fā)生點接觸，它隨著齒輪的嚙合而變成線接觸。因此它們只能傳遞小的載荷和主要用于儀器設(shè)備中，而且肯定不能在動力傳動中使用。交錯軸斜齒輪與螺旋齒輪在被安裝后互相嚙合之前是沒有任何區(qū)別的。一對相嚙合的交錯軸斜齒輪通常具有同樣的齒向，即左旋主動齒輪跟右旋從動齒輪相嚙合。在交錯軸斜齒設(shè)計中，當該齒的斜角相等時所產(chǎn)生滑移速度最小。然而當該齒的斜角不相等時，如果兩個齒輪具有相同齒向的話，大斜角齒輪應用作主動齒輪。 蝸輪與交錯軸斜齒輪相似。小齒輪即蝸桿具有較小的齒數(shù)，通常是一到四個齒，由于它們完全纏繞在節(jié)圓柱上，因此它們被稱為螺紋齒。與其相配的齒輪叫做蝸輪，蝸輪不是真正的斜齒輪。蝸桿和蝸輪通常是用于向垂直相交軸之間的傳動提供大的角速度和減速比。蝸輪不是斜齒輪，因為其齒頂面通常做成中凹形狀以適配蝸桿曲率，目的是要形成線接觸而不是點接觸。然而蝸桿蝸輪傳動機構(gòu)中存在齒間有較大滑移速度的缺點，正像交錯軸斜齒輪那樣。 蝸桿蝸輪機構(gòu)有單包圍和雙包圍機構(gòu)。單包圍機構(gòu)就是蝸輪包裹著蝸桿的一種機構(gòu)。當然，如果每個構(gòu)件各自局部地包圍著對方的蝸輪機構(gòu)就是雙包圍蝸輪蝸桿機構(gòu)。這兩者之間的重要區(qū)別是，在雙包圍蝸輪組的輪齒間是面接觸，而在單包圍蝸輪組的輪齒間是線接觸。一個裝置中的蝸桿和蝸輪正像交錯軸斜齒輪那樣具有相同的齒向，但是其斜齒齒角的角度是極不相同的。蝸桿上的齒斜角度通常很大，而蝸輪上的則極小，因此習慣常規(guī)定蝸桿的倒角，那就是蝸桿齒斜角的余角；也規(guī)定了蝸輪上的齒斜角，該兩角之和就等于90度的軸線交角。 當齒輪要用來傳遞相交軸之間的運動時，就需要某種形式的錐齒輪。雖然錐齒輪通常制造成能構(gòu)成90度軸的交角，但它們也可產(chǎn)生任何角度的軸交角。輪齒可以鑄出 ，銑制或滾切加工。僅就滾齒而言就可達一級精度。在典型的錐齒輪安裝中，其中一個錐齒輪常常安裝于支承的外側(cè)。這意味著軸的撓曲情況更加明顯而使其在輪齒接觸上具有更大的影響。 另外一個難題發(fā)生在難于預示錐齒輪輪齒上的應力，實際上是由于齒輪被加工成錐狀而造成的。 直齒錐齒輪易于設(shè)計且制造簡單，如果它們安裝的精密，在運轉(zhuǎn)中會產(chǎn)生良好的效果。然而在直齒圓柱齒輪的情況下，在節(jié)線速度較高時，他們將發(fā)出噪音。在這些情況下，螺旋錐齒輪比直齒輪能產(chǎn)生平穩(wěn)得多的嚙合作用，因此碰到高速運轉(zhuǎn)的場合那是很有用的。當在汽車的各種不同用途中，有一個帶偏心軸的類似錐齒輪的機構(gòu)。這樣的齒輪機構(gòu)叫做準雙曲面齒輪機構(gòu)，因為它們的節(jié)面是雙曲回轉(zhuǎn)面。這種齒輪之間的輪齒作用是沿著一根直線產(chǎn)生滾動與滑動相結(jié)合的運動并和蝸輪蝸桿的輪齒作用有著更多的共同之處。 軸是一種轉(zhuǎn)動或靜止的桿件。通常有圓形橫截面。在軸上安裝像齒輪，皮帶輪，飛輪，曲柄，鏈輪和其它動力傳遞零件。軸能夠承受彎曲，拉伸，壓縮或扭轉(zhuǎn)載荷，這些力相結(jié)合時，人們期望找到靜強度和疲勞強度作為設(shè)計的重要依據(jù)。因為單根軸可以承受靜壓力，變應力和交變應力，所有的應力作用都是同時發(fā)生的。 “軸”這個詞包含著多種含義，例如心軸和主軸。心軸也是軸，是既可以旋轉(zhuǎn)也可以靜止的軸，但不承受扭轉(zhuǎn)載荷。短的轉(zhuǎn)動軸常常被稱為主軸。 當軸的彎曲或扭轉(zhuǎn)變形必需被限制于很小的范圍內(nèi)時，其尺寸應根據(jù)變形來確定，然后進行應力分析。因此，如若軸要做得有足夠的剛度以致?lián)锨惶?，那么應力符合安全要求那是完全可能的。但決不意味著設(shè)計者要保證它們是絕對安全的，軸幾乎總是要進行計算的，知道它們是處在可以接受的允許的極限以內(nèi)。因此，設(shè)計者無論何時，設(shè)計動力傳遞零件，如齒輪或皮帶輪都應該設(shè)置在靠近支承軸承附近。這就減低了彎矩，因而減小變形和彎曲應力。 雖然來自M.H.G的方法在設(shè)計軸時難于應用，但它可以用來準確地預示實際失效。這樣，它是一個檢驗已經(jīng)設(shè)計好了的軸或者發(fā)現(xiàn)軸在運轉(zhuǎn)中發(fā)生損壞原因的好方法。進而有著大量的關(guān)于設(shè)計的問題，其中由于別的考慮例如剛度考慮，尺寸已得到較好的限制。 設(shè)計者去查找關(guān)于圓角尺寸、熱處理、表面光潔度和是否要進行噴丸處理等資料，那真正的唯一的需要是實現(xiàn)所要求的壽命和可靠性。 由于它們的功能相似，將離合器和制動器一起處理。簡化摩擦離合器或制動器的動力學表達式中，各自以角速度w1和w2運動的兩個轉(zhuǎn)動慣量I1和I2，在制動器情況下其中之一可能是零，由于接上離合器或制動器而最終要導致同樣的速度。因為兩個構(gòu)件開始以不同速度運轉(zhuǎn)而使打滑發(fā)生了，并且在作用過程中能量散失，結(jié)果導致溫升。在分析這些裝置的性能時，我們應注意到作用力，傳遞的扭矩，散失的能量和溫升。所傳遞的扭矩關(guān)系到作用力，摩擦系數(shù)和離合器或制動器的幾何狀況。這是一個靜力學問題。這個問題將必須對每個幾何機構(gòu)形狀分別進行研究。然而溫升與能量損失有關(guān)，研究溫升可能與制動器或離合器的類型無關(guān)。因為幾何形狀的重要性是散熱表面。各種各樣的離合器和制動器可作如下分類： 1．輪緣式內(nèi)膨脹制動塊； 2．輪緣式外接觸制動塊； 3．條帶式； 4．盤型或軸向式； 5．圓錐型； 6．混合式。 分析摩擦離合器和制動器的各種形式一般都應用同樣的程序，下面的步驟是必需的： 1．假定或確定摩擦表面上的壓力分布； 2．找出最大壓力和任一點處壓力之間的關(guān)系； 3．應用靜平衡條件去找尋（a）作用力；（b）扭矩；(c)支反力。 混合式離合器包括幾個類型，例如強制接觸離合器、超載釋放保護離合器、超越離合器、磁液離合器等等。 強制接觸離合器由一個變位桿和兩個夾爪組成。各種強制接觸離合器之間最大的區(qū)別與夾爪的設(shè)計有關(guān)。為了在結(jié)合過程中給變換作用較長的時間周期，夾爪可以是棘輪式的，螺旋型或齒型的。有時使用許多齒或夾爪。它們可以在圓周面上加工齒，以便它們以圓柱周向配合來結(jié)合或者在配合元件的端面上加工齒來結(jié)合。 雖然強制離合器不像摩擦接觸離合器用的那么廣泛，但它們確實有很重要的運用。離合器需要同步操作。 有些裝置例如線性驅(qū)動裝置或電機操作螺桿驅(qū)動器必須運行到一定的限度然后停頓下來。為著這些用途就需要保護離合器。這些離合器通常用彈簧加載，以使得在達到預定的力矩時釋放。當?shù)竭_超載點時聽到的“喀嚓”聲就被認定為是所希望的信號聲。 超越離合器或連軸器允許機器的被動構(gòu)件“空轉(zhuǎn)”或“超越”，因為主動驅(qū)動件停頓了或者因為另一個動力源使被動構(gòu)件增加了速度。這種離合器通常裝在外套筒和內(nèi)軸件之間。該內(nèi)軸件，在它的周邊加工了數(shù)個平面。驅(qū)動作用是靠在套筒和平面之間契入的滾子來獲得。因此該離合器與具有一定數(shù)量齒的棘輪棘爪機構(gòu)等效。 磁液離合器或制動器相對來說是一個新的發(fā)展項目，它們具有兩平行的磁極板。這些磁極板之間有磁粉混合物潤滑，電磁線圈被裝入磁路中的某處。借助激勵該線圈，磁液混合物的剪切強度可被精確的控制。這樣從充分滑移到完全鎖住的任何狀態(tài)都可以獲得。 附件2：外文原文 GEAR AND SHAFT INTRODUCTION In the force analysis of spur gears, the forces are assumed to act in a single plane. We shall study gears in which the forces have three dimensions. The reason for this, in the case of helical gears, is that the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation. Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right-hand helix and the other a left-hand helix. The shape of the tooth is an involute helicoid. If a piece of paper cut in the shape of a parallelogram is wrapped around a cylinder, the angular edge of the paper becomes a helix. If we unwind this paper, each point on the angular edge generates an involute curve. The surface obtained when every point on the edge generates an involute is called an involute helicoid. The initial contact of spur-gear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth. The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point, which changes into a line as the teeth come into more engagement. In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation; in helical gears, the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth. It is this gradual of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another, which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high speeds. Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads. When the thrust loads become high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. A double helical gear (herringbone) is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side by side on the same shaft. They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust load. When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft, the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load. Crossed-helical, or spiral, gears are those in which the shaft centerlines are neither parallel nor intersecting. The teeth of crossed-helical fears have point contact with each other, which changes to line contact as the gears wear in. For this reason they will carry out very small loads and are mainly for instrumental applications, and are definitely not recommended for use in the transmission of power. There is on difference between a crossed helical gear and a helical gear until they are mounted in mesh with each other. They are manufactured in the same way. A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand; that is ,a right-hand driver goes with a right-hand driven. In the design of crossed-helical gears, the minimum sliding velocity is obtained when the helix angle are equal. However, when the helix angle are not equal, the gear with the larger helix angle should be used as the driver if both gears have the same hand. Worm gears are similar to crossed helical gears. The pinion or worm has a small number of teeth, usually one to four, and since they completely wrap around the pitch cylinder they are called threads. Its mating gear is called a worm gear, which is not a true helical gear. A worm and worm gear are used to provide a high angular-velocity reduction between nonintersecting shafts which are usually at right angle. The worm gear is not a helical gear because its face is made concave to fit the curvature of the worm in order to provide line contact instead of point contact. However, a disadvantage of worm gearing is the high sliding velocities across the teeth, the same as with crossed helical gears. Worm gearing are either single or double enveloping. A single-enveloping gearing is one in which the gear wraps around or partially encloses the worm.. A gearing in which each element partially encloses the other is, of course, a double-enveloping worm gearing. The important difference between the two is that area contact exists between the teeth of double-enveloping gears while only line contact between those of single-enveloping gears. The worm and worm gear of a set have the same hand of helix as for crossed helical gears, but the helix angles are usually quite different. The helix angle on the worm is generally quite large, and that on the gear very small. Because of this, it is usual to specify the lead angle on the worm, which is the complement of the worm helix angle, and the helix angle on the gear; the two angles are equal for a 90-deg. Shaft angle. When gears are to be used to transmit motion between intersecting shaft, some of bevel gear is required. Although bevel gear are usually made for a shaft angle of 90 deg. They may be produced for almost any shaft angle. The teeth may be cast, milled, or generated. Only the generated teeth may be classed as accurate. In a typical bevel gear mounting, one of the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing. This means that shaft deflection can be more pronounced and have a greater effect on the contact of teeth. Another difficulty, which occurs in predicting the stress in bevel-gear teeth, is the fact the teeth are tapered. Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very good results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively. As in the case of squr gears, however, they become noisy at higher values of the pitch-line velocity. In these cases it is often good design practice to go to the spiral bevel gear, which is the bevel counterpart of the helical gear. As in the case of helical gears, spiral bevel gears give a much smoother tooth action than straight bevel gears, and hence are useful where high speed are encountered. It is frequently desirable, as in the case of automotive differential applications, to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset. Such gears are called hypoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids of revolution. The tooth action between such gears is a combination of rolling and sliding along a straight line and has much in common with that of worm gears. A shaft is a rotating or stationary member, usually of circular cross section, having mounted upon it such elementsas gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and other power-transmission elements. Shaft may be subjected to bending, tension, compression, or torsional loads, acting singly or in combination with one another. When they are combined, one may expect to find both static and fatigue strength to be important design considerations, since a single shaft may be subjected to static stresses, completely reversed, and repeated stresses, all acting at the same time. The word “shaft” covers numerous variations, such as axles and spindles. Anaxle is a shaft, wither stationary or rotating, nor subjected to torsion load. A shirt rotating shaft is often called a spindle. When either the lateral or the torsional deflection of a shaft must be held to close limits, the shaft must be sized on the basis of deflection before analyzing the stresses. The reason for this is that, if the shaft is made stiff enough so that the deflection is not too large, it is probable that the resulting stresses will be safe. But by no means should the designer assume that they are safe; it is almost always necessary to calculate them so that he knows they are within acceptable limits. Whenever possible, the power-transmission elements, such as gears or pullets, should be located close to the supporting bearings, This reduces the bending moment, and hence the deflection and bending stress. Although the von Mises-Hencky-Goodman method is difficult to use in design of shaft, it probably comes closest to predicting actual failure. Thus it is a good way of checking a shaft that has already been designed or of discovering why a particular shaft has failed in service. Furthermore, there are a considerable number of shaft-design problems in which the dimension are pretty well limited by other considerations, such as rigidity, and it is only necessary for the designer to discover something about the fillet sizes, heat-treatment, and surface finish and whether or not shot peening is necessary in order to achieve the required life and reliability. Because of the similarity of their functions, clutches and brakes are treated together. In a simplified dynamic representation of a friction clutch, or brake, two in ertias I1 and I2 traveling at the respective angular velocities W1 and W2, one of which may be zero in the case of brake, are to be brought to the same speed by engaging the clutch or brake. Slippage occurs because the two elements are running at different speeds and energy is dissipated during actuation, resulting in a temperature rise. In analyzing the performance of these devices we shall be interested in the actuating force, the torque transmitted, the energy loss and the temperature rise. The torque transmitted is related to the actuating force, the coefficient of friction, and the geometry of the clutch or brake. This is problem in static, which will have to be studied separately for eath geometric configuration. However, temperature rise is related to energy loss and can be studied without regard to the type of brake or clutch because the geometry of interest is the heat-dissipating surfaces. The various types of clutches and brakes may be classified as fllows: 1. Rim type with internally expanding shoes 2. Rim type with externally contracting shoes 3. Band type 4. Disk or axial type 5. Cone type 6. Miscellaneous type The analysis of all type of friction clutches and brakes use the same general procedure. The following step are necessary: 1. Assume or determine the distribution of pressure on the frictional surfaces. 2. Find a relation between the maximum pressure and the pressure at any point 3. Apply the condition of statical equilibrium to find (a) the actuating force, (b) the torque, and (c) the support reactions. Miscellaneous clutches include several types, such as the positive-contact clutches, overload-release clutches, overrunning clutches, magnetic fluid clutches, and others. A positive-contact clutch consists of a shift lever and two jaws. The greatest differences between the various types of positive clutches are concerned with the design of the jaws. To provide a longer period of time for shift action during engagement, the jaws may be ratchet-shaped, or gear-tooth-shaped. Sometimes a great many teeth or jaws are used, and they may be cut either circumferentially, so that they engage by cylindrical mating, or on the faces of the mating elements. Although positive clutches are not used to the extent of the frictional-contact type, they do have important applications where synchronous operation is required. Devices such as linear drives or motor-operated screw drivers must run to definite limit and then come to a stop. An overload-release type of clutch is required for these applications. These clutches are usually spring-loaded so as to release at a predetermined toque. The clicking sound which is heard when the overload point is reached is considered to be a desirable signal. An overrunning clutch or coupling permits the driven member of a machine to “freewheel” or “overrun” because the driver is stopped or because another source of power increase the speed of the driven. This type of clutch usually uses rollers or balls mounted between an outer sleeve and an inner member having flats machined around the periphery. Driving action is obtained by wedging the rollers between the sleeve and the flats. The clutch is therefore equivalent to a pawl and ratchet with an infinite number of teeth. Magnetic fluid clutch or brake is a relatively new development which has two parallel magnetic plates. Between these plates is a lubricated magnetic powder mixture. An electromagnetic coil is inserted somewhere in the magnetic circuit. By varying the excitation to this coil, the shearing strength of the magnetic fluid mixture may be accurately controlled. Thus any condition from a full slip to a frozen lockup may be obtained.