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1、cases,A e-Business case: Travel reservation(1/23),A typical scenario involving a set of Web services to serve as an useful example for Web services and to generate requirements and demonstrate its applications,Description A company (travel agent) wants to offer to people the ability to book complete

2、 vacation packages: plane/train/bus tickets, hotels, car rental, excursions, etc. Service providers (airlines, bus companies, hotel chains, etc) are providing Web services to query their offerings and perform reservations. Credit card companies are also providing services to guarantee payments made

3、by consumers. Due to the loosely coupled-nature of Web services, the travel agent doesnt need to have a priori agreements with service providers or credit card companies. This allows the travel agent to have access to more services, offering more options to its customers, the credit card companies t

4、o offer their services broadly and therefore make their customers happy, and the service providers can offer their services broadly and easily and therefore generating more business for themselves.,LEC2. Architecture and Technologies,A e-Business case: Travel reservation(2/23),Scope For this version

5、 of the usage scenario, we will limit ourselves to booking of vacation packages. We will assume that cancellation is not possible once a package has been purchased.,Stakeholders / Interests Travel agent: provides a system to provide the user with options for his/her vacation; earns money by charging

6、 fees for each package bought. Service providers: sell their services by making them available widely. Credit card company: enable customers to use their credit cards in a very large number of cases; make profit with each money transaction. Consumer: book vacation easily by choosing among a large va

7、riety of offers. Only the user in the scenario is a human being. The travel agent service, airline, hotel and payment services that the travel agent service is interacting with, are machines.,LEC2. Architecture and Technologies,A e-Business case: Travel reservation(3/23),Actors the travel agent serv

8、ice could reside locally on his/her computer. the user could write tools to interact directly with the airline and hotel services.,LEC2. Architecture and Technologies,A e-Business case: Travel reservation(12/23),1. User requests availabilities about some travel dates Goal / Context The user gets the

9、 location of a travel agent service via an unspecified way (search engine, URI in an email, service directory, etc). The user provides a destination and some dates to the travel agent service. The travel agent service inquires airlines about deals and presents them to the user.,LEC2. Architecture an

10、d Technologies,A e-Business case: Travel reservation(13/23),Scenario / Steps The user is presented with a form to fill in order to provide the travel agent service with details about dates of his/her travel and the destination. The user submits the information to the service in order to get a list o

11、f flights corresponding to his/her schedule. The travel agent service finds a list of airlines. For each airline found: The travel agent service requests a description of how to communicate with the service found. The travel agent service requests a list of flights accommodating the user. The travel

12、 agent service presents the results of the queries to the user letting him choose the best option.,LEC2. Architecture and Technologies,A e-Business case: Travel reservation(14/23),Extensions If no flight can be found, the user should be presented with an error. Technologies / Requirements Discovery

13、technology: used by the travel agent service to find the airlines services. Description language: used by the airlines to describe their query services to the travel agent service. Response to queries: XML documents that the travel agent service processes and merge together. Ontologies: the data com

14、ing from different airline services and expressed with different XML vocabularies needs some semantics to be merged in a meaningful way.,LEC2. Architecture and Technologies,A e-Business case: Travel reservation(15/23),2. User requests chooses flight and looks for hotels Goal / Context The user has b

15、een presented with options for flights to go to his/her destination. The user chooses a preferred flight. The service puts the seats on hold, and goes on with proposing lodging options to the user.,LEC2. Architecture and Technologies,A e-Business case: Travel reservation(16/23),Scenario / Steps The

16、user communicates his/her choice for the flight. The travel agent service requests the chosen airline to put the flight on hold: The travel agent service requests a description of how to put a seat on hold to the airline service. The travel agent service sends the request accordingly. The airline re

17、turns a confirmation number with an expiry date. The travel agent service finds a list of airlines. For each hotel found: The travel agent service requests a description of how to communicate with the service found. The travel agent service requests accommodation options for the period. The travel a

18、gent service looks for payment services available, and builds a list of options for the user. The travel agent service presents the results of the queries to the user letting him choose the best option, along with the payment options offered.,LEC2. Architecture and Technologies,A e-Business case: Tr

19、avel reservation(17/23),Extensions If the seats chosen are not available anymore, the travel agent service presents the user with an error message and the user is presented with an updated list of available flights to choose from. Technologies / Requirements Description language: used by the airline

20、s to describe their services to put tickets on hold to the travel agent service, by the hotels to describe their query services to the travel agent service. Discovery technology: used by the travel agent service to find the hotels services. Ontologies: the data coming from different accommodation se

21、rvices and expressed with different XML vocabularies needs some semantics to be merged in a meaningful way.,LEC2. Architecture and Technologies,3. User books hotel room and flight Goal / Context The user has been presented with options for hotels to go to his/her destination and a means of payment.

22、The user chooses a hotel option. The travel agent service contacts a bank for payment authorization. The service books the hotel and confirms the flight, using the payment authorization from the bank.,A e-Business case: Travel reservation(18/23),LEC2. Architecture and Technologies,Scenario / Steps T

23、he user communicates his/her accommodation choice to the travel agent service. The travel agent service contacts the bank service that the user chose to confirm payment: The travel agent service requests a description of how to guarantee payment of the total amount. The travel agent service send the

24、 request accordingly. The response indicates success with an authorization number, signed by the payment authority. The travel agent service books the hotel room: The travel agent service requests a description of how to book a room to the chosen hotel service. The travel agent service sends a reque

25、st in order to find out how to cancel the reservation should a problem occur later in the process. The travel agent service sends the request accordingly, communicating the payment service chosen and the signed authorization number from this service.,A e-Business case: Travel reservation(19/23),LEC2

26、. Architecture and Technologies,The travel agent service confirms the flight reservation: The travel agent service requests a description of how to buy a ticket on hold to the airline service. The travel agent service sends a request in order to find out how to cancel the reservation should a proble

27、m occur later in the process. The travel agent service sends the request accordingly, communicating the payment service chosen and the signed authorization number from this service. The travel agent service charges a fee to the user: The travel agent service requests a description of how to request

28、payment to the payment service. The travel agent service sends the request accordingly, along with the authorization number signed by the payment service. The service provides the user with various confirmation numbers and wishes the user a good vacation.,A e-Business case: Travel reservation(20/23)

29、,LEC2. Architecture and Technologies,Extensions If the payment service doesnt confirm the validity of the users payment option, the user should be presented with an error. If the hotel room cannot be booked, the user should be presented with an error and should get to choose from an updated list of

30、options. If the flight reservation cannot be confirmed, the hotel room reservation should be canceled and the user should be presented with an error and start the reservation process again.,A e-Business case: Travel reservation(21/23),LEC2. Architecture and Technologies,Technologies / Requirements S

31、ervice description technology: used by the payment authority to describe its confirmation service, by the hotel to describe its room booking service, and by the airline to describe its service to buy tickets by confirming seats on hold. Authentication technology: used by the payment authority to sig

32、n the payment authorization to be trusted by the hotel service, the airline service and the travel agent service. Encryption technology: used by the payment service and the travel agent service to communicate the users payment information confidentially. Ontologies: the payment confirmation needs to

33、 be used in a way meaningful to the travel service, hotel and airline services; in other words, the output of one service needs to be used as the input to other services that might use different vocabularies.,A e-Business case: Travel reservation(22/23),LEC2. Architecture and Technologies,Notes on t

34、he scenario This scenario illustrates how a program, the travel agent service, can interact dynamically with airline services, hotel services, without a priori knowledge of them or of the way they work. Thanks to the ontologies used, the program can adapt to variations of formats that an airline ser

35、vice might be using and adapt to the introduction of new products. However, there is a limit to what the travel agent service can understand. For example, it is likely to be able to understand the introduction of a new class of tickets, say class Z. However, if the restrictions on class Z tickets us

36、e concepts that it is not aware of (say that class Z tickets can only be bought more than 60 days in advance and with a valid international student identification), the developers of the travel agent service will need to implement the extra logic to make it understand this new type of restriction, i

37、ncluding validating the student identification.,A e-Business case: Travel reservation(23/23),LEC2. Architecture and Technologies,A e-Business case: financial e-Marketplace, What is an e-Marketplace?,Supply-chain e-Marketplace: as marketing infrastructure for financial institutions who play as broker

38、s, the business chain is extended upstream and downstream with the businesses of specified e-Marketplace providers as the junction, and the providers make profits directly from core transactions e.g. financial investment broker both through the rewards from suppliers and fees from clients Broker-sty

39、le e-Marketplace: as open market platforms, facilitate matchmaking between clients and merchants, and their profits are mostly from advertisements and membership,,,Buyer: consumers / vendors,Seller: suppliers / vendors,Buyer: consumers / vendors,Seller: suppliers / vendors,SCM,Open marketplace,,LEC2

40、. Architecture and Technologies,A e-Business case: financial e-Marketplace,E-Marketplaces are considered efficient for China in developing a modern value-added manufacturing and service-based economy. The provided services give suppliers constant access to the international marketplace, and offer bu

41、yers an easy system for sourcing product and negotiating terms online. By reaching Chinese manufacturers and traders with purchase inquiries and other information, electronic marketplaces can facilitate interactions between Chinese suppliers and overseas buyers, and offer Chinese businesses maximum

42、exposure to potential International markets and investors., Why e-Marketplace?,E-Marketplaces are open large-scale application environments in which the sub-systems are geographically dispersed and involve different application packages, not necessarily designed to work together, multiple platforms,

43、 protocols and forms of user interfaces. The system integration for them is involved with heterogeneous data and complex and non-deterministic interactions, and often producing results that are ambiguous and incomplete. The system components are required to be able to change configuration to partici

44、pate in dynamic, often simultaneous roles in a distributed e-Business community. Web services are efficient in enforcing automatic and dynamic collaborations. It is an appropriate design paradigm for e-Business systems with complex and distributed transactions, especially for e-Marketplaces.,LEC2. A

45、rchitecture and Technologies,A e-Business case: financial e-Marketplace,There have been emerging efforts to promote e-Marketplaces. For example, US business-to-business services firm, Excel Group, and the Chinese Light Industry Ministry, have unveiled ChinaTradingTime - an electronic marketplace pro

46、moting direct trading between China and the US. Meet World Trade is an online network of Asian eMarketplaces that uses a combination of online and offline With an online catalog of more than 70,000 suppliers and 150,000 products, another China-related e-Marketplace, Meet World Trade is helping raise

47、 global trade exchange for sourcing products in Asia. However, current e-Businesses have not sufficiently support sophisticated trading activities. Some e-business services simply provide information such as stock tickers or product catalogs. Other e-business services enable lightweight commerce, su

48、ch as B2B purchasing of office supplies, B2C auction businesses, or mission-critical B2B commerce transactions, such as CPU purchases by a PC manufacturer., Developments of e-Marketplaces,LEC2. Architecture and Technologies,A e-Business case: General vision for e-Marketplaces System,Interactions bet

49、ween the participants of the auction pattern,,,,,,,BCKOA eMarketplaces Community,1,2,3,m,,6,T5,T4,T6,T,m,Bn,Services/Agents,Business,Selectively composition,4,5,,,,,,,,,,eMarketplace,Tl,Transactions,,,Many-many relation,Tl,T1,T2,T3,B 1,B n,B ,B 6,B 5,B 4,B 3,B 2,,,I5,I5,I5,I5,I5,I5,I5,I5,I5,I5,I5,I5

50、,I5,Interactions,,,,,,,,,,Business-entities,T1,T2,,Tn-1,Tn,B1,,LEC2. Architecture and Technologies,A e-Business case: financial e-Marketplaces / System Analysis,,,,,e-MarketplaceCommunity,SOA Busin.,SOA Busin.,,Infrastructure,,Market,,Business,,Business Services,(a) Abstraction layers for e-Marketp

51、lace,,Service Protocols and Operation Environment,(b) BCKOA-based e-Marketplace,,,,,,Market Services,(Core & Value-added),Business-Specific Services,Distributed Computing Infrastructure,,,,,,Market,Business Model,Ontology,,Business,Entity BE,1,Services,Business,Entity BE,n,Services,BCKOA Integration

52、 Services,,,,Internet,Service-Oriented Description,Agent-Based Service Implementation,Interactions between the participants of the Rauction pattern,LEC2. Architecture and Technologies,A e-Business case: financial e-Marketplaces / Business Analysis,Goal Identification,,Product Selection,Broker Select

53、ion (e.g. bargain),Trademark Selection,Customer Relationship Management,Trade Settlement (e.g. BS),Advertisement,,List/Directory,,1,3,Auction&Bargain,ShopBot/PriceBot,,2,,5,Feedback/Evaluation/Trust,Trading/Banking,,4,,,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,Market-oriented Business Process Model,Related

54、 Services,LEC2. Architecture and Technologies,A e-Business case: financial e-Marketplaces / Business Survey,LEC2. Architecture and Technologies,A e-Business case: financial e-Marketplaces / Components Model,LEC2. Architecture and Technologies,A e-Business case: financial e-Marketplace / System Archi

55、tecture,Interactions between the participants of the Rauction pattern,We envision Web-based e-Marketplace as an economically motivated collaborative distributed environment. Web services are herein cooperatively or competitively interact to enable and support common economic services such as brokeri

56、ng, pricing and negotiation, as well as cross-enterprise integration and cooperation in an electronic supply-chain. In this view the fundamental elements of the markets are (Web) services, where transactions are behavioral aspects of the services. Web services capture and implement services as funct

57、ionalities and roles.,LEC2. Architecture and Technologies,A e-Business case: financial e-Marketplaces / System Components,Marketing,Selection,Negotiation,Settlement,Media,CRM,Service-level integration,Business-level integration,Data-level integration,,,Finance-related sites,,Service-Service interact

58、ion with applicable knowledge ontology and process ontology,Data-service interaction with applicable knowledge ontology,,Service-oriented financial e-marketplaces,Data collection based on semantic recognition of intelligent agents,,Auction,,,Client,Other facilities,Marketing,Selection,Negotiation,Se

59、ttlement,Media,CRM,Auction,Other facilities,Specialist,Legal advisor,Access,Access,IntraAgent,IntraAgent,InterAgent,Service oriented financial e-marketplaces,,,,InterAgent,,,,LEC2. Architecture and Technologies,,Services Roles and Deployment in a Financial e-Marketplace,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,b,c,d,JAD

60、E IntraNet,,JADE IntraNet,Internet,Business processing system,a,Business/Agency,Other eMarketplace,BCKOA & CIR-Agent -based Marketplace,Client,Notes: BS Services are designated as some kinds of workflows monitors/controller, in which workflows are those transactions involved in the specified busines

61、s-specific services The roles displayed in the figure are flexible with the different position of eMarketplace. In some cases where the participating agencies have well-built electronic-commerce infrastructure, when a user becomes the client of some certain agency, their further transactions from 7/

62、Negotiation can possibly be accomplished on direct interaction with each other without the eMarketplace systems intervention.,1,S6/*I: InterIntegration Service,S1/*U: Secure Specialist Services,Sa/*I: IntraIntegration Service,S7/*BS: eAuction Service,S2/*BF: Media Service,S3/*BF: Access Management S

63、ervice,S0/*U: Secure Client Service,S9/*BS: Trading Service,Sc/*BS: Banking Service,S8/*BS: Negotiation Service,Sd/*BF: CRM Service,S4/*BS: Program Selection Service,Sb/*BF: Value-added Service,S5/*BF: Legal Advisor Service,,Services Identifications: 0&1/E,S0 Secure Client Agent User-interface Servi

64、ce Market service Layer An intelligent user interface for (potential) clients. All users interact with the marketplace via it. This is a secure interface i.e., it communicating with agents involved in specific transactions at a secure mode by collaborating with each other. This kind of security can

65、implement randomly encrypted communication based on synchronized actions since both parties are members of eMarketplace. Anytime when a user decides to use this agent, the agent will firstly guide him(her) to be registered and be a client of the marketplace.,1,S6/*I: InterIntegration Service,S1/*U:

66、Secure Specialist Services,Sa/*I: IntraIntegration Service,S7/*BS: eAuction Service,S2/*BF: Media Service,S3/*BF: Access Management Service,S0/*U: Secure Client Service,S9/*BS: Trading Service,Sc/*BS: Banking Service,S8/*BS: Negotiation Service,Sd/*BF: CRM Service,S4/*BS: Program Selection Service,Sb/*BF: Value-added Service,S5/*BF: Legal Advisor Service,S1 Secure Specialist Agents User-Interface Agents BSS Layer Intelligent user interfaces for specialists from specific businesses. They are cust