M1432C萬能外圓磨床液壓傳動系統(tǒng)設(shè)計含10張CAD圖,m1432c,萬能,磨床,液壓,傳動系統(tǒng),設(shè)計,10,cad 外文資料 Introduction of Cylindrical Grinder The use and adjustment of cylindrical grinding machine the surface of the workpiece appears the reason： 1.grinding wheel imbalance, rotation is to produce vibration; 2. High hardness of grinding wheel; 3. the grinding wheel has not been repaired in time after the blunt; 4. the grinding wheel is too meticulous, or King Kong occupies the top corners have been blunt, grinding wheel trimming is not sharp; 5.The workpiece's circumference velocity is too large, and the center hole of workpiece has many corners; 6. Workpiece diameter weight too large, does not conform to machine tool specifications; 7. Grinding Wheel spindle bearing wear, the clearance is too large to produce radial runout; 8.Main spindle bearing loose; Elimination method: 1.pay attention to keep the wheel balance; The grinding wheel needs two times static balance; grinding wheel After the use of a period of time, if there is imbalance must be again to make static balance; the wheel before parking, first turn off the coolant, so that the wheel idling to dehydration, so as to avoid the accumulation of coolant in the lower and cause imbalance. 2. Grinding wheel hardness is too high: according to the workpiece material properties, choose the right grinding wheel hardness. 3. Grinding wheel blunt after no timely repair: must be timely repair grinding wheel. 4.grinding wheel dressing is too delicate, or more see accounted for the apex has been blunt, grinding wheel trimming is not sharp; 5. the workpiece circumference speed is too large, the workpiece center hole has a multiple angle, the appropriate reduction of workpiece rotation speed, repair center hole. 6. the workpiece diameter weight too large, not in line with machine specifications, change to the larger size of the grinder grinding. If you are unable to do so by the conditions of the equipment, you can reduce the depth of the grinding and the longitudinal feed and sharpen the grinding wheel. 7. Grinding wheel spindle bearing wear, the clearance is too large to produce radial runout, according to the specifications of the machine tool to adjust the bearing clearance. 8. the head of the spindle bearing loose, adjust the bearing clearance. The workpiece surface has the Helix trace： 1.the grinding wheel hardness is too high, repairs is meticulous, but the grinding depth is too big, the reasonable choice grinding wheel hardness and the dressing dosage, reduces the grinding depth suitably. 2. grinding wheel to be meticulous, not sharp enough, reasonable choice of dressing dosage. 3. grinding wheel is too dull; 4. grinding depth, the longitudinal feed is too large, or workpiece circumference speed is too low, appropriate reduction of grinding depth, reduce longitudinal feed or increase the workpiece speed. 5. cooling fluid is not sufficient, increase coolant. 6. the ring material perfect. Third, the workpiece has the Oval center hole shape is not correct (not round, angle is not, too shallow, have hair and so on) or center hole has dirt, iron filings, dust, etc.: according to the specific situation can be repaired center hole or the center hole wipe clean. The center hole or thimble is worn out due to poor lubrication, attention lubrication, such as the need to repair the center hole or grinding thimble. The workpiece top is too loose or too tight: adjust the ejector pressure of the tailstock. Thimble in the spindle and tailstock sleeve of the cone hole is not close, grinding workpiece shaking: Remove the thimble, clean and reload. Grinding Wheel too blunt: finishing Grinding wheel. Inadequate or inadequate coolant supply: sufficient coolant is ensured. Workpiece rigidity is poor and blank shape error is large, grinding due to uneven margin caused by the grinding depth changes, the workpiece elastic deformation changes, the result . Surface?grinding?is?the?most?common?of?the?grinding?operations.?It?is?a?finishing?process?that?uses?a?rotating?abrasive?wheel?to?smooth?the?flat?surface?of?metallic?or?nonmetallic?materials?to?give?them?a?more?refined?look?or?to?attain?a?desired?surface?for?a?functional?purpose.?The?surface?grinder?is?composed?of?an?abrasive?wheel,?a?workholding?device?known?as?a?chuck,?and?a?reciprocating?table.?The?chuck?holds?the?material?in?place?while?it?is?being?worked?on.?It?can?do?this?one?of?two?ways:?metallic?pieces?are?held?in?place?by?a?magnetic?chuck,?while?nonmetallic?pieces?are?held?in?place?by?vacuum?or?mechanical?means.?Factors?to?consider?in?surface?grinding?are?the?material?of?the?grinding?wheel?and?the?material?of?the?piece?being?worked?on.?Typical?workpiece?materials?include?cast?iron?and?minor?steel.?These?two?materials?don't?tend?to?clog?the?grinding?wheel?while?being?processed.?Other?materials?are?aluminum,?stainless?steel,?brass?and?some?plastics.?When?grinding?at?high?temperatures,?the?material?tends?to?become?weakened?and?is?more?inclined?to?corrode.?This?can?also?result?in?a?loss?of?magnetism?in?materials?where?this?is?applicable.?The?tolerances?that?are?normally?achieved?with?grinding?are?±?2?×?10?4?inches?for?a?grinding?a?flat?material,?and?±?3?×?10?4?inches?for?a?parallel?surface.?The?grinding?wheel?is?not?limited?to?just?a?cylindrical?shape,?but?can?have?a?myriad?of?options?that?are?useful?in?transferring?different?designs?to?the?object?being?worked?on.?When?surface?grinding?an?object,?one?must?keep?in?mind?that?the?shape?of?the?wheel?will?be?transferred?to?the?material?of?the?object?like?a?mirror?image ?Spark?out?is?a?term?used?when?precision?values?are?sought?and?literally?means?"until?the?sparks?are?out?(no?more)".?It?involves?passing?the?workpiece?under?the?wheel,?without?resetting?the?depth?of?cut,?more?than?once?and?generally?multiple?times.?This?ensures?that?any?inconsistencies?in?the?machine?or?workpiece?are?eliminated. Equipment?Surface?Grinder?with?electromagnetic?chuck,?inset?shows?a?Manual?magnetic?chuck?A?surface?grinder?is?a?machine?tool?used?to?provide?precision?ground?surfaces,?either?to?a?critical?size?or?for?the?surface?finish.?The?typical?precision?of?a?surface?grinder?depends?on?the?type?and?usage,?however?+/-?0.002?mm?(+/-?0.0001")?should?be?achievable?on?most?surface?grinders.?The?machine?consists?of?a?table?that?traverses?both?longitudinally?and?across?the?face?of?the?wheel.?The?longitudinal?feed?is?usually?powered?by?hydraulics,?as?may?the?cross?feed,?however?any?mixture?of?hand,?electrical?or?hydraulic?may?be?used?depending?on?the?ultimate?usage?of?the?machine?(i.e.:?production,?workshop,?cost).?The?grinding?wheel?rotates?in?the?spindle?head?and?is?also?adjustable?for?height,?by?any?of?the?methods?described?previously.?Modern?surface?grinders?are?semi-automated,?depth?of?cut?and?spark-out?may?be?preset?as?to?the?number?of?passes?and?once?setup?the?machining?process?requires?very?little?operator?intervention.?Depending?on?the?workpiece?material,?the?work?is?generally?held?by?the?use?of?a?magnetic?chuck.?This?may?be?either?an?electromagnetic?chuck,?or?a?manually?operated,?permanent?magnet?type?chuck;?both?types?are?shown?in?the?first?image.? The?machine?has?provision?for?the?application?of?coolant?as?well?as?the?extraction?of?metal?dust?(metal?and?grinding?particles). Types?of?surface?grinders?Horizontal-spindle?(peripheral)?surface?grinders?The?periphery?(flat?edge)?of?the?wheel?is?in?contact?with?the?workpiece,?producing?the?flat?surface.?Peripheral?grinding?is?used?in?high-precision?work?on?simple?flat?surfaces;?tapers?or?angled?surfaces;?slots;?flat?surfaces?next?to?shoulders;?recessed?surfaces;?and?profiles.??Vertical-spindle?(wheel-face)?grinders?The?face?of?a?wheel?(cup,?cylinder,?disc,?or?segmental?wheel)?is?used?on?the?flat?surface.?Wheel-face?grinding?is?often?used?for?fast?material?removal,?but?some?machines?can?accomplish?high-precision?work.?The?workpiece?is?held?on?a?reciprocating?table,?which?can?be?varied?according?to?the?task,?or?a?rotary-table?machine,?with?continuous?or?indexed?rotation.?Indexing?allows?loading?or?unloading?one?station?while?grinding?operations?are?being?performed?on?another.??Disc?grinders?and?double-disc?grinders?Disc?grinding?is?similar?to?surface?grinding,?but?with?a?larger?contact?area?between?disc?and?workpiece.?Disc?grinders?are?available?in?both?vertical?and?horizontal?spindle?types.?Double?disc?grinders?work?both?sides?of?a?workpiece?simultaneously.?Disc?grinders?are?capable?of?achieving?especially?fine?tolerances.??Grinding?wheels?for?surface?grinders?Aluminum?oxide,?silicon?carbide,?diamond,?and?cubic?boron?nitride?(CBN)?are?four?commonly?used?abrasive?materials?for?the?surface?of?the?grinding?wheels.?Of?these?materials,?aluminum?oxide?is?the?most?common.?Because?of?cost,?diamond?and?CBN?grinding?wheels?are?generally?made?with?a?core?of?less?expensive?material?surrounded?by? ?a?layer?of?diamond?or?CBN.?Diamond?and?CBN?wheels?are?very?hard?and?are?capable?of?economically?grinding?materials,?such?as?ceramics?and?carbides,?that?cannot?be?ground?by?aluminum?oxide?or?silicon?carbide?wheels.?As?with?any?grinding?operation,?the?condition?of?the?wheel?is?extremely?important.?Grinding?dressers?are?used?to?maintain?the?condition?of?the?wheel,?these?may?be?table?mounted?or?mounted?in?the?wheel?head?where?they?can?be?readily?applied. Lubrication?Lubricants?are?sometimes?used?to?cool?the?workpiece?and?wheel,?lubricate?the?interface,?and?remove?swarf?(chips).?It?must?be?applied?directly?to?the?cutting?area?to?ensure?that?the?fluid?is?not?carried?away?by?the?grinding?wheel.?Common?lubricants?include?water-soluble?chemical?fluids,?water?soluble?oils,?synthetic?oils,?and?petroleum-based?oils.?The?type?of?lubrication?used?depends?on?the?workpiece?material?and?is?outlined?in?the?table?below.??Types?of?lubricants?used?for?grinding?based?on?workpiece?material?WorkpiecemateLubricant?rial?Aluminium?Brass?Cast?iron?Mild?steel?Stainless?steel?Light?duty?oil?Light?duty?oil?Heavy?duty?emulsifiable?oil,?light?duty?chemical?and?synthetic?oil?Heavy?duty?water-soluble?oil?Heavy?duty?emulsifiable?oil,?heavy?duty?chemical?and?synthetic?oil? ?Water-soluble?oil,?dry,?heavy?duty?emulsifiable?oil,?light?duty?chemical?Plastics?and?synthetic?oil?Effects?on?work?material?properties?The?high?temperatures?encountered?at?the?ground?surface?create?residual?stresses?and?a?thin?martensitic?layer?may?form?on?the?part?surface;?this?decreases?the?fatigue?strength.?In?ferromagnetic?materials,?if?the?temperature?of?the?surface?is?raised?beyond?the?Curie?temperature?then?it?may?lose?some?magnetic?properties.?Finally,?the?surface?may?be?more?susceptible?to?corrosion. Trends?of?the?Surface?grinding?machines?The?current?trend?is?grinding?shift?shape,?step,?cut,?fast?jitter,?three-dimensional?curve?surface?grinding.?It?can?be?said,?flat?grinding?mill?is?the?largest?class?of?machine?tools?in?the?evolution?of?the?potential?of?a?model.??First,?the?development?trend?of?surface?grinding?machine??1.?From?the?specification?point?of?view,?mainly?with?small?grinding.?The?following?table?200mm?wide,?almost?50%,?small?size?and?the?mounting?of?the?machine?easier?to?transport;?relatively?small?size?machine?tools,?precision?easy?to?do?very?high;?in?the?international?market?upper,?middle?and?small?size?of?the?potential?demand?for?large?flat?grinding.??2.?From?the?control?point?of?view,?more?than?70%?for?the?NC?type,?there?are?uniaxial,?biaxial?and?triaxial?NC,?up?to?five-axis?control,?especially?of?more?than?400?large-size?models,?all?for?the?NC?type.?Due?to?technological?level?of?development?lead?to?functional?changes?from?the?traditional?flat?grinding?mill?grinding?to?shape?change,?conventional?control?has?been?difficult?to?achieve?functional?requirements.?CNC?grinding?has?become?a? ?market?trend.??3.?From?the?functional?point?of?view,?more?than?50%?of?the?grinding?process?not?only?for?the?horizontal?plane,?and?turned?to?shape,?step,?cut,?fast?jitter,?three-dimensional?curve?surface?grinding?process,?such?as?the?ELB,?BLM-based?company?to?change?grinding?made?of?five-axis?grinding?center,?enabling?non-planar?complex?surface?grinding;?Unison,?Trutech?company's?flexible?grinding?system?can?achieve?forming,?centerless,?cylindrical,?tool,?contour?grinding,?etc.;?there?Yu?Fu,?Parker?rapid?jitter?companies,?such?as?grinding,?grinding?class?reflects?the?grinding?machine?is?the?greatest?potential?in?the?evolution?of?a?model. Second,?the?development?shows?four?major?changes??1.?High-speed,?complex,?high?precision?and?high?rigidity?is?still?the?main?theme?of?the?development?of?metal?cutting?machine?tools,?but?there?are?new?changes.?Compound,?from?the?original?compound?into?the?compound?and?the?main?consideration?from?the?practical?and?efficient,?such?as?cars,?milling,?turning,?milling,?drilling?of?the?composite,?the?composite?milling?and?EDM;?from?a?functional?point?of?view,?for?the?compound?machine?highly?considered?for?certain?parts;?from?accuracy?point?of?view,?positioning?accuracy?<2μm,?repeat?accuracy?≤?±?1μm?the?machine?has?been?found?everywhere;?from?the?spindle?speed?point?of?view,?8.2kW?spindle?of?60000r/min,?13kW?of?42000r?/?min,?spindle?speed?is?not?the?exclusive?features?of?low?power;?from?rigid?point?of?view,?there?have?been?60HRC?hardness,?machinability?of?materials?processing?center.??2.?Modular?design?has?been?applied?in?machine?tool?manufacturing?had?reached?a?pinnacle.?Horizontal?line,?vertical?line,?the?whole?series,?cross-Series?modular?design,? ?whether?it?is?Okuma,?Makino,?represented?by?Japan?Machine?Tool,?or?Haas,?Cincinnati,?represented?by?the?U.S.?machine?tools,?like?point?of?view?exactly?the?same?shape,?but?the?function?is?completely?different?modules?posed?by?many?is?universal.??3.?The?concept?of?automatic?change.?The?traditional?automatic?machine?is?a?pneumatic?or?hydraulic?manipulator?to?achieve?automatic?workpiece,?cutting,?and?now?with?the?true?meaning?of?multi-joint?robot?series?to?achieve?the?workpiece,?the?cutting,?including?the?completion?of?parts?stacking.?Increase?the?scope?of?control?of?the?group?to?enhance?the?flexibility?of?line,?and?auxiliary?machinery?greatly?reduced.??4.?Increasing?environmental?requirements.?In?the?exhibits,?the?vast?majority?of?machine?tool?products?are?all-closed?shell,?absolutely?no?chips?or?cutting?fluid?splashing?phenomenon.?On?the?other?hand,?a?large?number?of?industrial?cleaning?machines?and?cutting?fluid?processor?systems?on?display,?modern?manufacturing?also refle cts?the?growing?demands?of?environmental?protection.? Grinding, or abrasive machining, is the fastest-growing metal cutting method in manufacturing. Many of the previously machined operations by traditional milling machines, lathes and planer machines are now performed by a variety of grinders. There are many types of grinders. Common tool Grinder, general grinder, centerless grinder, cylindrical grinder, internal grinder and tool grinder. Five kinds of grinding can be done on the Grinder: (1) Surface grinder. Surface grinding machines are used for machining planes, angular planes and irregular surfaces. In the plane grinding process, the grinding wheel rotates on the shaft, the work is installed on a reciprocating moving or rotating workbench, and the workpiece is driven to contact the grinding wheel. (2) cylindrical grinding. The outer-net grinding is the process of grinding the outer surface of a cylindrical body. These surfaces can be cylindrical, conical, and outer contour surfaces. Cylindrical grinding operations such as lathe turning. When the workpiece is very hard or when the need for extremely high precision and high smoothness, cylindrical grinding can replace the lathe. Workpiece rotation, the wheel and workpiece rotation direction of the opposite and faster speed, is brought to contact with the workpiece parts. Workpiece and table reciprocating movement, when contact with the grinding wheel to the material grinding. (3) centerless cylindrical grinding. No central hole or clamping device is required for the operation of centerless cylindrical grinder. On the centerless cylindrical grinder, the workpiece is parked on a stationary knife-shaped pallet and is supported by another wheel called a pulley. On the force-shaped support, the wheel pushes the workpiece downward and leans on the adjusting wheel. The adjustment wheel is often made of rubber and wear-resisting material, the direction of rotation is the same as that of the driving wheel, and the longitudinal feed of the workpiece can be controlled when the material is a small tilt angle. Changing this angle and the speed of the grinding wheel can also change the feed speed of the working process. (4) Internal cylindrical grinder. The internal grinder is used to complete the precise cylindrical, conical, and shaped hole processing. Most general-purpose internal grinder operations are very similar to the boring operation on the lathe. The workpiece is clamped by the work clamp, the workpiece fixture is usually the chuck or the claw chuck is clamped by the spindle box drive rotation. A separate motor drives the wheel rotation in the same direction as the workpiece. It can advance and retreat the workpiece can also adjust the cutting depth. (5) Special grinding process. Special grinder is a special type of workpiece and has special operation function of grinding equipment. The more common special types include the following tools and tool grinders: People design these grinding machines with sharp milling cutters, stranding beds, wire taps and other mechanical cutting tools. The General tool Grinder is the most versatile tool grinding machine. Its various accessories can make the most cutting tool to make sharp. Coordinate grinder, coordinate grinder development is used to locate and precisely grind conical and cylindrical holes. The coordinate grinder has a high-speed vertical shaft capable of mounting and driving the grinding wheel. As with the jig boring machine, they use the same precise positioning system. Thread grinder, this special grinding machine is similar to cylindrical grinding machine. They have an accurate guide screw to produce thGrinding, or abrasive machining, is the fastest-growing metal cutting method in manufacturing. Many of the previously machined operations by traditional milling machines, lathes and planer machines are now performed by a variety of grinders. There are many types of grinders. Common tool Grinder, general grinder, centerless grinder, cylindrical grinder, internal grinder and tool grinder. Five kinds of grinding can be done on the Grinder: (1) Surface grinder. Surface grinding machines are used for machining planes, angular planes and irregular surfaces. In the plane grinding process, the grinding wheel rotates on the shaft, the work is installed on a reciprocating moving or rotating workbench, and the workpiece is driven to contact the grinding wheel. (2) cylindrical grinding. The outer-net grinding is the process of grinding the outer surface of a cylindrical body. These surfaces can be cylindrical, conical, and outer contour surfaces. Cylindrical grinding operations such as lathe turning. When the workpiece is very hard or when the need for extremely high precision and high smoothness, cylindrical grinding can replace the lathe. Workpiece rotation, the wheel and workpiece rotation direction of the opposite and faster speed, is brought to contact with the workpiece parts. Workpiece and table reciprocating movement, when contact with the grinding wheel to the material grinding. (3) centerless cylindrical grinding. No central hole or clamping device is required for the operation of centerless cylindrical grinder. On the centerless cylindrical grinder, the workpiece is parked on a stationary knife-shaped pallet and is supported by another wheel called a pulley. On the force-shaped support, the wheel pushes the workpiece downward and leans on the adjusting wheel. The adjustment wheel is often made of rubber and wear-resisting material,