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1、 外文文獻 The Numerical Control Engine Bed Transforms numerical control system development summary brief history and tendency In 1946 the first electronic accounting machine was born in the world, this indicated the humanity created has been possible to strengthen and partially to replace the

2、 mental labor the tool. It with the humanity these which in the agriculture, the industry society created only is strengthens the physical labor the tool to compare, got up the quantitive leap, entered the information society for the humanity to lay the foundation. After 6 years, in 1952, computer

3、 technology applied to the engine bed , the first numerical control engine bed were born in US. From this time on, the traditional engine bed has had the archery target change. Since nearly half century, the numerical control system has experienced two stages and six generation of development. Num

4、erical control (NC) stage (1952 ~ 1970) The early computer operating speed is low, was not big to then science computation and the data processing influence, but could not adapt the engine bed real-time control request. The people can not but use numeral logic circuit "to build" to become an engin

5、e bed special purpose computer to take the numerical control system, is called the hardware connection numerical control (HARD-WIRED NC), Jian Chengwei numerical control (NC). Along with the primary device development, this stage has had been through repeatedly three generations, namely 1952 first g

6、eneration of -- electron tube; 1959 second generation of -- transistor; 1965 third generation -- small scale integration electric circuit. Computer numerical control (CNC) stage (in 1970 ~ present) In 1970, the general minicomputer already appeared and the mass production. Thereupon transplants

7、it takes the numerical control system the core part, from this time on entered the computer numerical control (CNC) the stage ("which should have computer in front of the general" two characters to abbreviate). In 1971, American INTEL Corporation in the world first time the computer two most cores p

8、art -- logic units and the controller, used the large scale integrated circuit technology integration on together the chip, called it the microprocessor (MICROPROCESSOR), also might be called the central processing element (to be called CPU). The microprocessor is applied to 1974 in the numerical

9、control system. This is because minicomputer function too strong, controlled an engine bed ability to have wealthily (therefore once uses in controlling the Taiwan engine bed at that time, called it group control), was inferior to used the microprocessor economy to be reasonable. Moreover then smal

10、l machine reliability was not ideal. The early microprocessor speed and the function although insufficiently are also high, but may solve through the multi-processor structure. Because the microprocessor is the general-purpose calculator core part, therefore still was called the computer numerical c

11、ontrol. In 1990, PC machine (personal computer, domestic custom had called microcomputer) the performance has developed to the very high stage, may take the numerical control system core part the request. The numerical control system henceforth entered based on the PC stage. In brief, the comp

12、uter numerical control stage has also experienced three generations. Namely 1970 fourth generation of -- minicomputer; 1974 five dynasties -- microprocessor and 1990 sixth generation -- (overseas was called PC-BASED) based on PC. Also must point out, although overseas already renamed as the comput

13、er numerical control (namely CNC). 　 Also must point out, although overseas already renamed as the computer numerical control (namely CNC), but our country still the custom called the numerical control (NC). Therefore we daily say "numerical control", the materially already was refers to "computer

14、numerical control". the numerical control future will develop tendency 1 open style continues to, to develop based on the PC sixth generation of direction 2 approaches and the high accuracy development 3 develops to the intellectualized direction (1) applies the adaptive control technology

15、 (2) introduces the expert system instruction processing (3) introduces the breakdown to diagnose the expert system (4) intellectualized numeral servo drive engine bed numerical control transformation necessity From on microscopic looked below that, the numerical control engine bed has t

16、he prominent superiority compared to the traditional engine bed, moreover these superiority come from the computer might which the numerical control system contains. 1 may process the traditional engine bed cannot process the curve, the curved surface and so on the complex components. 2 may reali

17、ze the processing automation, moreover is the flexible automation, thus the efficiency may enhance 3 ~ 7 times compared to the traditional engine bed. 3 processings components precision high, size dispersion degree small, makes the assembly to be easy, no longer needs "to make repairs". 4 may real

18、ize the multi- working procedures centralism, reduces the components in engine bed between frequent transporting. 5 has auto-alarm, the automatic monitoring, automatic compensation and so on the many kinds of autonomy function, thus may realize long time nobody to safeguard the processing. 6 adv

19、antage which derives by above five. 中文譯文 數(shù)控機床改造 數(shù)控系統(tǒng)發(fā)展簡史及趨勢 1946年誕生了世界上第一臺電子計算機，這表明人類創(chuàng)造了可增強和部分代替腦力勞動的工具。它與人類在農(nóng)業(yè)、工業(yè)社會中創(chuàng)造的那些只是增強體力勞動的工具相比，起了質(zhì)的飛躍，為人類進入信息社會奠定了基礎(chǔ)。 　　6年后，即在1952年，計算機技術(shù)應用到了機床上，在美國誕生了第一臺數(shù)控機床。從此，傳統(tǒng)機床產(chǎn)生了質(zhì)的變化。近半個世紀以來，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)經(jīng)歷了兩個階段和六代的發(fā)展。 數(shù)控（NC）階段（1952～1970年） 　　早期

20、計算機的運算速度低，對當時的科學計算和數(shù)據(jù)處理影響還不大，但不能適應機床實時控制的要求。人們不得不采用數(shù)字邏輯電路"搭"成一臺機床專用計算機作為數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，被稱為硬件連接數(shù)控（HARD-WIRED NC），簡稱為數(shù)控（NC）。隨著元器件的發(fā)展，這個階段歷經(jīng)了三代，即1952年的第一代--電子管；1959年的第二代--晶體管；1965年的第三代--小規(guī)模集成電路。 計算機數(shù)控（CNC）階段（1970年～現(xiàn)在） 　　到1970年，通用小型計算機業(yè)已出現(xiàn)并成批生產(chǎn)。于是將它移植過來作為數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的核心部件，從此進入了計算機數(shù)控（CNC）階段（把計算機前面應有的"通用"兩個字省略了）。到1971年

21、，美國INTEL公司在世界上第一次將計算機的兩個最核心的部件--運算器和控制器，采用大規(guī)模集成電路技術(shù)集成在一塊芯片上，稱之為微處理器（MICROPROCESSOR），又可稱為中央處理單元（簡稱CPU）。 　　到1974年微處理器被應用于數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。這是因為小型計算機功能太強，控制一臺機床能力有富裕（故當時曾用于控制多臺機床，稱之為群控），不如采用微處理器經(jīng)濟合理。而且當時的小型機可靠性也不理想。早期的微處理器速度和功能雖還不夠高，但可以通過多處理器結(jié)構(gòu)來解決。由于微處理器是通用計算機的核心部件，故仍稱為計算機數(shù)控。 　　到了1990年，PC機的性能已發(fā)展到很高的階段，可以滿足作為數(shù)控系

22、統(tǒng)核心部件的要求。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)從此進入了基于PC的階段。 　　總之，計算機數(shù)控階段也經(jīng)歷了三代。即1970年的第四代--小型計算機；1974年的第五代--微處理器和1990年的第六代--基于PC（也就是為PC-BASED）。 數(shù)控未來發(fā)展的趨勢 1繼續(xù)向開放式、基于PC的第六代方向發(fā)展 基于PC所具有的開放性、低成本、高可靠性、軟硬件資源豐富等特點，更多的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)廠家會走上這條道路。至少采用PC機作為它的前端機，來處理人機界面、編程、聯(lián)網(wǎng)通信等問題，由原有的系統(tǒng)承擔數(shù)控的任務。PC機所具有的友好的人機界面，將普及到所有的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。遠程通訊，遠程診斷和維修將更加普遍。

23、 2向高速化和高精度化發(fā)展 　　這是適應機床向高速和高精度方向發(fā)展的需要。 3向智能化方向發(fā)展 隨著人工智能在計算機領(lǐng)域的不斷滲透和發(fā)展，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的智能化程度將不斷提高。 （1）應用自適應控制技術(shù) 　　數(shù)控系統(tǒng)能檢測過程中一些重要信息，并自動調(diào)整系統(tǒng)的有關(guān)參數(shù)，達到改進系統(tǒng)運行狀態(tài)的目的。 （2）引入專家系統(tǒng)指導加工 　　將熟練工人和專家的經(jīng)驗，加工的一般規(guī)律和特殊規(guī)律存入系統(tǒng)中，以工藝參數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)庫為支撐，建立具有人工智能的專家系統(tǒng)。 （3）引入故障診斷專家系統(tǒng) （4）智能化數(shù)字伺服驅(qū)動裝置 　 可以通過自動識別負載，而自動調(diào)整參數(shù)，使驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)獲得最佳的

24、運行。 機床數(shù)控化改造的必要性 　　從微觀上看，數(shù)控機床比傳統(tǒng)機床有以下突出的優(yōu)越性，而且這些優(yōu)越性均來自數(shù)控系統(tǒng)所包含的計算機的威力。 1 可以加工出傳統(tǒng)機床加工不出來的曲線、曲面等復雜的零件。 　　由于計算機有高超的運算能力，可以瞬時準確地計算出每個坐標軸瞬時應該運動的運動量，因此可以復合成復雜的曲線或曲面。 2 可以實現(xiàn)加工的自動化，而且是柔性自動化，從而效率可比傳統(tǒng)機床提高3～7倍。 　　由于計算機有記憶和存儲能力，可以將輸入的程序記住和存儲下來，然后按程序規(guī)定的順序自動去執(zhí)行，從而實現(xiàn)自動化。數(shù)控機床只要更換一個程序，就可實現(xiàn)另一工件加工的自動化，從而使單件和小批生產(chǎn)得以自動化，故被稱為實現(xiàn)了"柔性自動化"。 3 加工零件的精度高，尺寸分散度小，使裝配容易，不再需要"修配"。 4 可實現(xiàn)多工序的集中，減少零件 在機床間的頻繁搬運。 5 擁有自動報警、自動監(jiān)控、自動補償?shù)榷喾N自律功能，因而可實現(xiàn)長時間無人看管加工。 6 由以上五條派生的好處。