J23-16開式雙柱可傾曲柄壓力機(jī)設(shè)計含8張CAD圖,j23,16,開式雙柱可傾,曲柄,壓力機(jī),設(shè)計,cad 外文資料 Introduction to Mechanical Design Mechanical design is the application of science and technology to devise new or improved products for the purpose of satisfying human needs. It is a vast field of engineering technology which not only concerns itself with the original conception of the product in terms of its size, shape and construction details, but also considers the various factors involved in the manufacture, marketing and use of the product. People who perform the various functions of mechanical design are typically called designers, or design engineers. Mechanical design is basically a creative activity. However, in addition to being innovative, a design engineer must also have a solid background in the areas of mechanical drawing, kinematics, dynamics, materials engineering, strength of materials and manufacturing processes. As stated previously, the purpose of mechanical design is to produce a product which will serve a need for man. Inventions, discoveries and scientific knowledge by themselves do not necessarily benefit people; only if they are incorporated into a designed product will a benefit be derived. It should be recognized, therefore, that a human need must be identified before a particular product is designed. Mechanical design should be considered to be an opportunity to use innovative talents to envision a design of a product, to analyze the system and then make sound judgments on how the product is to be manufactured. It is important to understand the fundamentals of engineering rather than memorize mere facts and equations. There are no facts or equations which alone can be used to provide all the correct decisions required to produce a good design. On the other hand, any calculation made must be done with the utmost care and precision. For example, if a decimal point is misplaced, a otherwise acceptable design may mot function. Good designs require trying mew ideas and being willing to take a certain amount of risk, knowing that if the mew idea does not work the existing method can be reinstated. Thus a designer must have patience, since there is no assurance of success for the time and effort expended. Creating a completely new design generally requires that many old and well-established methods be thrust aside. This is not easy since many people cling to familiar ideas, techniques and attitudes. A design engineer should constantly search for ways to improve an existing product and must decide what old, proven concepts should be used and what new, untried ideas should be incorporated. New designs generally have “bugs” or unforeseen which must be worked out before the superior characteristics of the new designs can be enjoyed. Thus there is a chance for a superior product, but only at higher risk. It should be emphasized that, if a design does not warrant radical new methods, such methods should not be applied merely for the sake of change. During the beginning stages of design, creativity should be allowed to flourish without a great number of constraints. Even though many impractical ideas may arise, it is usually easy to eliminate then in the early stages of design before firm details are required by manufacturing. In this way, Innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed, up to the point where they can be compared against each other. It is entirely possible that the design which is ultimately accepted will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise. Psychologists frequently talk about trying to fit people to the machines they operate. It is essentially the responsibility of the engineer to strive to fit machines to people. This is not an easy task, since there is really no average person for which certain operating dimensions and procedures are optimum. Another important point which should be recognized is that a design engineer must be able to communicate ideas to other people if they ate to be incorporated. Communicating the design to others is the final, vital step in the design process. Undoubtedly many great designs, inventions, and creative works have been lost to mankind simply because the originators were unable or unable or unwilling to explain their accomplishments to others. Presentation is a selling job. The engineer when presenting a new solution to administrative, management, or supervisory persons, is attempting to sell or to prove to them that this solution is a better one. Unless this can be done successfully, the time and effort spent on obtaining the solution have been largely wasted. Basically, there ate only three means of communication available to us. These are the written, the oral, and the graphical forms. Therefore the successful engineer will be technically competent and versatile in all three forms of communication. A technically competent person who lacks ability in any one of these forms is severely handicapped. If ability in all three forms is lacking, no one will ever know how competent that person is! The competent engineer should not be afraid of the possibility of not succeeding in a presentation. In fact, occasional failure should be expected because failure or criticism seems to accompany every really creative idea. There is a great deal to learn from a failure, and the greatest gains ate obtained by those wiling to risk defeat. In the final analysis, the real failure would lie in decoding not to make the presentation at all. To communicate effectively, the following questions must be answered: 1、Does the design really serve a human need? 2、Will it be competitive with existing products of rival companies? 3、It is economical to profit? 4、Can it be readily maintained? 5、Will it sell and make a profit? Only time will provide the true answers to the preceding questions, but the product should be designed, manufactured and marketed only with initial affirmative answers. The design engineer also must communicate the finalized design to manufacturing through the use of detail and assembly drawings. Quite often, a problem will occur during the manufacturing cycle. It may be that a exchange is required in the dimensioning or of a part so that it can be more readily produced. This falls in the category of engineering changes which must be approved by the design engineer so that the product function will not be adversely affected. In other cases, a deficiency in the design may appear during assembly or testing just prior to shipping. Engineering design is a systematic process by which solutions to the needs of humankind are obtained. The process is applied to problems (needs) of varying complexity. For example, mechanical engineers will use the design process to find an effective, efficient method to convert reciprocating motion to circular motion for the drive train in an internal combustion engine; electrical engineers will use the process to design electrical generating systems using falling water as the power source; and materials engineers use the process to design ablative materials which enable astronauts to safely the earth’s atmosphere. The vast majority of complex problems in today’s high technology society depend for solution not on a single engineering discipline, but on teams of engineers, scientists, environmentalists, economists, sociologists, and legal personnel. Solutions are not only dependent upon the appropriate applications of technology but also upon public sentiment, government regulations and political influence. As engineers we are empowered with the technical expertise to develop new and improved products and systems, but at the same time we must be increasingly aware of the impact of our actions on society and the environment in general and work conscientiously toward the best solution in view of all relevant factors. Design is the culmination of the engineering educational process; it is the salient feature that distinguishes engineering from other professions. A formal definition of engineering design is found in the curriculum guidelines of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (AENT). ABEN accredits curricula in engineering schools and derives its membership from the various engineering professional societies. Each accredited curriculum has a well-deigned design component which falls within the ABEN guideline. The ABEN statement on design reads as follows: Engineering design is the process of devising a system, component, or process to meet desired needs. It is a decision making process (often iterative ), in which the basic sciences, mathematic, and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated objective. Among the fundamental elements of the design process are the establishment of objectives and criteria, synthesis, analysis, construction, testing, and evaluation. The engineering design component of a curriculum must include most of the following features: development of student creativity, use of open-ended problems, development and use of modern design theory mad methodology, formulation of design problem statements and specifications, consideration of alternative solutions, feasibility considerations, production processes, concurrent engineering design, and detailed system descriptions. Further, it is essential to include a variety of realistic constraints such as economic factors, safety, reliability, aesthetics, ethics, and social impact. If anything can be said about the last half of the twentieth century, it is that we have had an explosion of information. The amount of data that can be uncovered on most subjects is overwhelming. People in the upper levels of most organizations have assistants who condense most of the things that they must read, hear, or watch. When you begin a search for information, be prepared to scan many of your sources and document their location so that you can find them easily if the date subsequently appear to be important. Some of the sources that are available include the following: 1、Exiting solutions. Much can be learned from the current status of solutions to a specific need if actual products can be located, studied and, in some cases, purchased for detailed analysis. An improved solution or an innovative new solution new solution cannot be found unless the existing solutions are thoroughly understood. 2、Your library. Many universities have courses that teach you how to use your library. Such courses are easy when you compare them with those in chemistry and calculus, but their importance should not be underestimated. There are many sources in the library that can lead you to the information that you are seeking. You may find what you need in an index such as the Engineering Index. There are many other indexes that provide specialized information. The nature of your problem will direct which ones may be helpful to you. Don’t hesitate to ask for assistance from the librarian. You should use to advantage the computer databases found in libraries and often available through CD-ROM technology. 3、Trade journals. They are published by the hundreds, usually specializing in certain classes of products and services. Money and economics are part of engineering design and decision making. We live in a society that is based on economics and competition. It is no doubt true that many good ideas never get tried because they are deemed to be economically infeasible. Most of us have been aware of this condition in our daily lives. We started with our parents explaining why we could not have some item that we wanted because it cost too much. Likewise, we will not put some very desirable component into our designs because the value gained will not return enough profit in relation to its cost. Industry is continually looking for new products of all types. Some are desired because the current product is not competing well in the marketplace. Others are tried simply because it appears that people will buy them. How do manufacturers know that a new product will be popular? They seldom know with certainty. Statistics is an important consideration in market analysis. Most of you will find that probability and statistics are an integral part of your chosen engineering curriculum. The techniques of this area of mathematics allow us to make inferences about how large groups of people react based on the reactions of a few. 12 中文翻譯 機(jī)械設(shè)計簡介 機(jī)械設(shè)計是為了滿足人類需要而制定出的新產(chǎn)品或者改進(jìn)舊產(chǎn)品時對科學(xué)與技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。它是工程技術(shù)的一個巨大領(lǐng)域,這個領(lǐng)域不僅關(guān)注原先這種產(chǎn)品的尺寸，形狀以及構(gòu)造方式， 而且考慮涉及這種產(chǎn)品的制造，銷售和使用的其它各方面的因素。 進(jìn)行機(jī)械設(shè)計的各種各功能的人們被通常叫為設(shè)計者或者設(shè)計工程師。機(jī)械設(shè)計基本上是一次創(chuàng)造活動。然而，除富有創(chuàng)新精神之外，一位設(shè)計工程師也必須在機(jī)械制圖，運(yùn)動學(xué)，力學(xué)，材料工程，材料強(qiáng)度和制造工藝有一定的背景知識。 精確的說，機(jī)械設(shè)計的目的就是為了滿足人們的需求。 發(fā)明，創(chuàng)造和科學(xué)知識它們自己可能不能讓人獲益； 但是只要他們合并在一起并設(shè)計產(chǎn)品，其益處就會被得到。因此，在一種特別的產(chǎn)品被設(shè)計之前，人的需求必須被鑒定，這一點(diǎn)應(yīng)該被認(rèn)識到。 機(jī)械設(shè)計應(yīng)被視為一個機(jī)會，利用創(chuàng)新人才的設(shè)想設(shè)計一個產(chǎn)品，分析系統(tǒng)，然后就如何制造產(chǎn)品作出正確的判斷。對工程基礎(chǔ)的理解而不是僅僅記住事實(shí)和方程式，這一點(diǎn)是很重要的。 沒有哪個事實(shí)或方程式能單獨(dú)提供要求生產(chǎn)一種好設(shè)計的全部的正確的決定。 另一方面，任何計算必須得最大限度小心和精密。 例如，一個小數(shù)點(diǎn)放錯，就有可能得不到所要設(shè)計得到的結(jié)果。好的設(shè)計應(yīng)該需要嘗試新的方法并且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險，知道如果新想法不起作用，這種現(xiàn)有的方法可能被重新使用。由于為了成功所付出的時間以及努力是不能保證的，因此一個設(shè)計者必須要有耐心。 創(chuàng)造一個完全新的設(shè)計一般要求很多舊的以及被建立起來的方法來推動。這并不容易因為很多人堅持舊的想法，技術(shù)和態(tài)度。設(shè)計工程師要不斷尋找方法，以改善現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品，并且決定哪些舊的、已被證明的概念須要采納，哪些新的、未曾嘗試的想法應(yīng)該被包刮進(jìn)來。在那些新設(shè)計的優(yōu)勢特性可以被享有之前,新設(shè)計一般有"缺陷"或者一些未預(yù)見的缺點(diǎn)。因此，有機(jī)會，提供優(yōu)異的產(chǎn)品，但只有在較高的風(fēng)險下。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)指出，如果一個設(shè)計并不需要激進(jìn)的新方法，這種方法不應(yīng)適用而僅僅是為了改變。 在設(shè)計的開始階段，創(chuàng)造性應(yīng)該被提倡而沒有許多限制條件。即使很多不實(shí)用的想法可能出現(xiàn)，在穩(wěn)定的細(xì)節(jié)生產(chǎn)被要求之前，這些在設(shè)計早期通常是容易消除的。以這種方法，富創(chuàng)新精神的想法不被抑制。 經(jīng)常，不止一種設(shè)計被提出，甚至到他們可能對彼此被進(jìn)行比較的方面。 這是完全可能的：最終被接受的設(shè)計將可能使用被拒絕的設(shè)計之中的一個想法。 心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撆κ顾麄儾僮鞯哪切C(jī)器適合人。努力使機(jī)器適應(yīng)人基本上是工程師的責(zé)任。這不是一項容易的任務(wù),因為真的沒有人能夠把某一個生產(chǎn)尺寸加工到最優(yōu)化的程度。 另一個要點(diǎn)是：一位設(shè)計工程師必須能把想法傳達(dá)給其他人，當(dāng)他們的想法可以被采納時。 把設(shè)計思想傳達(dá)給其它人是最后環(huán)節(jié)，也是在設(shè)計過程里的至關(guān)重要的步驟。無疑很多重要的設(shè)計，發(fā)明和有創(chuàng)造性的作品被人們所不認(rèn)同，僅僅是因為那些創(chuàng)始人不能或者不愿意對其它人解釋他們的成就。 贈送是一個出售的工作。當(dāng)提出一個新的解決方案，管理或者監(jiān)督的人的方法時，工程師， 正試圖出售或者向他們證明這個解決辦法是更好的。除非這能被成功操作，否則關(guān)于獲得這個解決辦法所花費(fèi)的時間和努力基本上是浪費(fèi)的。 基本上，那里只有我們可用的3個通信手段。它們是寫，口頭，以及圖表的形式。因此成功的工程師將精通這3 種交際方式的能力。缺乏其中任何一個交際能力的一個技術(shù)人員就相當(dāng)于嚴(yán)重殘疾。如果全部3個交際能力都缺乏的話，沒有人知道此人是多么有能力！ 有能力的工程師不應(yīng)該害怕推薦自己不成功的可能性。實(shí)際上，偶然的失敗應(yīng)該被期望，因為失敗或者批評好像伴隨每個真的有創(chuàng)造性的想法。有許多都是從失敗中獲悉，巨大收獲都是從那些冒險獲得的。歸根到底，真正的失敗將在于根本不會做推薦自己。為了有效地交流，下列問題必須被回答： (1)這設(shè)計真的能服務(wù)人需要嗎？ (2)它將與現(xiàn)有的競爭公司的產(chǎn)品競爭嗎？ (3)獲益是實(shí)惠的嗎？ (4)它能被比較容易的保持嗎？ (5)它將能被出售并且贏利嗎？ 只有時間能提供上述問題的正確的答案，但是產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該被設(shè)計，只用最初肯定的答案生產(chǎn)并且銷售。設(shè)計工程師也必須通過使用細(xì)節(jié)和裝配圖多溝通定稿設(shè)計到生產(chǎn)。 經(jīng)常，一個問題將在生產(chǎn)的循環(huán)期間產(chǎn)生。這可能是在一個部分的定尺寸或者加工過程中所要求一次交換，以便它能夠被更容易生產(chǎn)。這在被設(shè)計工程師批準(zhǔn)的工程變化的種類方面下降，以便產(chǎn)品功能將不被相反影響。在其他情況里，在設(shè)計過程中的一種缺陷可能在裝運(yùn)之前的裝配或檢測測試期間出現(xiàn)。 工程設(shè)計是一個系統(tǒng)的過程，其中的解決方案是為了滿足人類需要而得到的。進(jìn)程是不同的復(fù)雜性的問題（需求）的應(yīng)用。例如，機(jī)械工程師，將利用設(shè)計過程中，以找到一個有效率的方式轉(zhuǎn)換成往復(fù)運(yùn)動，在一個內(nèi)部內(nèi)燃機(jī)以圓周運(yùn)動來驅(qū)動列車;電氣工程師在使用過程中，以設(shè)計電動發(fā)電機(jī)系統(tǒng)使用，水位下降為能源;材料工程師使用過程中，以設(shè)計燒蝕材料，使宇航員平安返回地球的大氣層。 在今天的高科技社會,絕大多數(shù)的復(fù)雜問題賴以解決的方案不僅僅取決于單一的工程學(xué)科，而且還取決于團(tuán)隊的工程師，科學(xué)家，環(huán)境學(xué)家，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家，社會學(xué)家，法律人員。解決方案不僅取決于適當(dāng)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用而且還取決于公眾情緒，政府規(guī)章和政治影響力。作為工程師，我們有權(quán)與技術(shù)專家發(fā)展和改進(jìn)新的產(chǎn)品和系統(tǒng)，但同時我們必須意識到我們行動的影響：對社會和環(huán)境的總體工作，認(rèn)真對待最好的解決辦法，鑒于對所有的相關(guān)因素。 設(shè)計是經(jīng)過工程教育的過程，這是區(qū)別其他工程專業(yè)的顯著的特點(diǎn)。 它的一個正式的定義是：工程設(shè)計是有工程與技術(shù)評審委員會（AENT）的指引下建立的 。AENT委派的課程，在工程學(xué)校和源于其成員來自各工程專業(yè)社團(tuán)。各派駐課程已有一套完善的設(shè)計部分，其中屬于ABEN的指引。該AENT聲明，對設(shè)計內(nèi)容如下： ?? 工程設(shè)計是，制訂一個系統(tǒng)，組件的過程，以應(yīng)付預(yù)期的需求。同時它也是一個決策過程（通常迭代） ，其中基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)，數(shù)學(xué)，科學(xué)和工程科學(xué)的應(yīng)用轉(zhuǎn)換成資源，以最大限度地滿足目標(biāo)。其中基本要素的設(shè)計過程中，是設(shè)立目標(biāo)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，合成，分析，構(gòu)造，測試和評價。工程設(shè)計組成的一個課程必須具有以下大部分特點(diǎn)：發(fā)展學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造力，利用不限名額問題，開發(fā)和利用現(xiàn)代設(shè)計理論的方法，配方設(shè)計問題，報表和規(guī)格，考慮其他的解決辦法，可行性的考慮，生產(chǎn)進(jìn)程，并行工程設(shè)計，以及詳細(xì)的系統(tǒng)說明。此外，必須包括各種現(xiàn)實(shí)的制約因素，如經(jīng)濟(jì)因素，安全性，可靠性，美學(xué)，倫理學(xué)和社會的影響。 關(guān)于最近二十世紀(jì)下半葉，其最大的特點(diǎn)，那就是：我們處在一個資訊爆炸時代。可發(fā)現(xiàn)的數(shù)據(jù)量大部分的科目是壓倒性的。在上級的大多數(shù)組織的人們已經(jīng)幫助凝聚在他們必須讀，聽，或看的大部分的事情。當(dāng)你開始尋找資料，準(zhǔn)備以瀏覽你的許多消息來源，并記錄其位置，如果有日期就能方便你能夠輕松的找到。 一些消息的來源也可以包括以下幾個方面： 1、飛離解決方案。在某些情況下，根據(jù)具體需要從目前的現(xiàn)狀解決辦法，如果實(shí)際的產(chǎn)品可以研究，購買詳細(xì)的分析，我們可以從中學(xué)到很多東西。一種改進(jìn)的解決辦法或是一個嶄新的解決方案均不能被找到，除非現(xiàn)有的解決方案是徹底的了解。 2、你的圖書館。許多大學(xué)有課程，教你如何使用你的圖書館。此類課程的目的是很容易當(dāng)你比較他們與那些在化學(xué)和微積分，但其重要性是不可低估的。在圖書館有許多來源，這些來源可以把你帶到你想要尋找的資料。你可以找到你所需要的一個指標(biāo)，如工程索引。還有很多其他的指標(biāo)，提供專門的信息。你的問題的性質(zhì)，將直接哪些是可以幫助你。不要再猶豫向館員請求幫助。你應(yīng)該使用，以圖書館建立的電腦數(shù)據(jù)庫，而且往往可以通過光盤技術(shù)。 3、貿(mào)易雜志。公布這些數(shù)據(jù)是由數(shù)百個團(tuán)體，這些團(tuán)體通常是專門從事某些類別的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。金錢和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是工程設(shè)計與決策的一部分。我們生活在一個基于經(jīng)濟(jì)及競爭的社會中。毫無疑問確實(shí)有很多好的想法從來沒有得到通過，是因為他們被認(rèn)為在經(jīng)濟(jì)上不可行。我們大部分人已經(jīng)意識到我們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹倪@種狀況。我們開始與我們的父母解釋為什么我們不能有我們所希望的一些項目，因為它的成本太高了。同樣，我們將不會把一些非常可取的成分融入我們的設(shè)計中，因為價值上漲將不會獲得足夠的利潤，相對于其成本。 工業(yè)正不斷尋求所有種類的新的產(chǎn)品。有些是可取的，因為在市場上目前的產(chǎn)品不能與之相互競爭。而其它的都試圖簡單，因為在它看來，人們會購買他們。制造商怎么知道一個新的產(chǎn)品將受歡迎呢？他們很少確定。在市場分析中統(tǒng)計是一項重要的考慮因素。你們中的大部分人會發(fā)覺：概率統(tǒng)計是一個不可分割的組成部分，在你所選擇的工程課程中。該技術(shù)在本領(lǐng)域的數(shù)學(xué)，使我們作出的推論：對如何大群體的人的反應(yīng)的基礎(chǔ)上的反應(yīng)數(shù)。 結(jié)束語 畢業(yè)設(shè)計是對我們最后一次知識的全面檢查，是對我們所學(xué)基本知識、基本理論和基本技能掌握與提高程度的一次總測試，這是畢業(yè)設(shè)計的第一個目的。在學(xué)習(xí)期間，已經(jīng)按照教學(xué)計劃規(guī)定，學(xué)完了公共課、基礎(chǔ)課、專業(yè)課以及選修課等，每門課程也都經(jīng)過了考試和考查。學(xué)習(xí)期間的這種考核是單科進(jìn)行，主要是考察我們對本門課程所學(xué)知識的記憶程度和理解程度，但畢業(yè)設(shè)計不是單一地對學(xué)生進(jìn)行某一學(xué)科已學(xué)知識的考核，而是著重考查我們運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識對某一問題進(jìn)行探討和研究的能力。做一次好的畢業(yè)設(shè)計，既要系統(tǒng)地掌握和運(yùn)用專業(yè)知識，還要有較寬的知識面并有一定的邏輯思維能力和寫作功底。這就要求學(xué)生既要具備良好的專業(yè)素質(zhì)，又要有深度的基礎(chǔ)課和公共課知識。通過畢業(yè)設(shè)計的制作，使我們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的長處和短處，以便在今后的工作中有針對性地克服缺點(diǎn)，也便于學(xué)校和畢業(yè)生錄用單位全面地了解和考察每個學(xué)生的業(yè)務(wù)水平和工作態(tài)度，便于發(fā)現(xiàn)人才，同時還可以使學(xué)校全面考察了解教學(xué)質(zhì)量，總結(jié)經(jīng)驗改進(jìn)工作。 畢業(yè)設(shè)計的另一目的是培養(yǎng)我們的科學(xué)研究能力，使我們初步掌握進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究的基本程序和方法。畢業(yè)后，不論從事任何工作，都必須和具有一定的研究和寫作能力。在黨政部門和企事業(yè)單位從事管理工作，就要學(xué)會搞調(diào)查研究，學(xué)會起草工作計劃、總結(jié)、報告等，為此就要學(xué)會收集和整理材料，能提出問題、分析問題和解決問題，并將其結(jié)果以文字的形式表達(dá)出來。至于將來從事教學(xué)和科研工作的人，他們的一項重要任務(wù)就是科學(xué)研究。大學(xué)是高層次的教育，其培養(yǎng)的人才應(yīng)具有開拓精神，既有較扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)知識和專業(yè)知識，又能發(fā)揮無限的創(chuàng)造力，不斷解決實(shí)際中出現(xiàn)的問題；技能運(yùn)用已有知識熟練的從事一般性的專業(yè)工作，油能對人類的未知領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行大膽探索，不斷向科學(xué)的高峰攀登。 畢業(yè)設(shè)計的過程是訓(xùn)練我們獨(dú)立進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究的過程。通過畢業(yè)設(shè)計，可以使我們了解科學(xué)研究的過程，掌握如何收集、整理和利用資料；如何觀察、如何調(diào)查；如何利用圖書館，檢索文獻(xiàn)資料等方法。畢業(yè)設(shè)計是學(xué)習(xí)如何進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究的一個極好的機(jī)會，因為他不僅有教師的指導(dǎo)和傳授，可以減少摸索中一些失誤，少走彎路，而其直接參加和親身體驗了科學(xué)研究工作的全過程及其各個環(huán)節(jié)，又是一次傳統(tǒng)、全面地學(xué)習(xí)實(shí)踐機(jī)會。