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附錄 1. 英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯譯文 數(shù)控技術(shù)和裝備發(fā)展趨勢(shì)及對(duì)策 裝備工業(yè)的技術(shù)水平和現(xiàn)代化程度決定著整個(gè)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的水平和現(xiàn)代化程度， 數(shù)控技術(shù)及裝備是發(fā)展新興高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)和尖端工業(yè)（如信息技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、生物 技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、航空、航天等國(guó)防工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)）的使能技術(shù)和最基本的裝備。馬克思 曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)“各種經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代的區(qū)別，不在于生產(chǎn)什么，而在于怎樣生產(chǎn)，用什么勞動(dòng)資 料生產(chǎn)”。制造技術(shù)和裝備就是人類(lèi)生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)的最基本的生產(chǎn)資料，而數(shù)控技術(shù)又是 當(dāng)今先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)和裝備最為核心的技術(shù)。當(dāng)今世界各國(guó)制造業(yè)廣泛采用數(shù)控技術(shù)， 以提高制造能力和水平，提高對(duì)動(dòng)態(tài)多變市場(chǎng)的適應(yīng)能力和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。此外，世界 上各工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家還將數(shù)控技術(shù)及數(shù)控裝備列為國(guó)家的戰(zhàn)略物資，不僅采取重大措 施來(lái)發(fā)展自己的數(shù)控技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)，而且在“高精尖 ”數(shù)控關(guān)鍵技術(shù)和裝備方面對(duì)我 國(guó)實(shí)行封鎖和限制政策?？傊罅Πl(fā)展以數(shù)控技術(shù)為核心的先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)已成為 世界各發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家加速經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、提高綜合國(guó)力和國(guó)家地位的重要途徑。 數(shù)控技術(shù)是用數(shù)字信息對(duì)機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)和工作過(guò)程進(jìn)行控制的技術(shù)，數(shù)控裝備是以 數(shù)控技術(shù)為代表的新技術(shù)對(duì)傳統(tǒng)制造產(chǎn)業(yè)和新興制造業(yè)的滲透形成的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn) 品，即所謂的數(shù)字化裝備，其技術(shù)范圍覆蓋很多領(lǐng)域：(1)機(jī)械制造技術(shù)；(2)信息處 理、加工、傳輸技術(shù)；(3) 自動(dòng)控制技術(shù)；(4) 伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)技術(shù)；(5)傳感器技術(shù)；(6) 軟 件技術(shù)等。 1. 數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 數(shù)控技術(shù)的應(yīng)用不但給傳統(tǒng)制造業(yè)帶來(lái)了革命性的變化，使制造業(yè)成為工業(yè)化 的象征，而且隨著數(shù)控技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的擴(kuò)大，他對(duì)國(guó)計(jì)民生的一些重 要行業(yè)（IT、汽車(chē)、輕工、醫(yī)療等）的發(fā)展起著越來(lái)越重要的作用，因?yàn)檫@些行業(yè) 所需裝備的數(shù)字化已是現(xiàn)代發(fā)展的大趨勢(shì)。從目前世界上數(shù)控技術(shù)及其裝備發(fā)展的 趨勢(shì)來(lái)看，其主要研究熱點(diǎn)有以下幾個(gè)方面14 。 1.1 高速、高精加工技術(shù)及裝備的新趨勢(shì) 效率、質(zhì)量是先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的主體。高速、高精加工技術(shù)可極大地提高效率， 提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和檔次，縮短生產(chǎn)周期和提高市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。為此日本先端技術(shù)研 究會(huì)將其列為 5 大現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)之一，國(guó)際生產(chǎn)工程學(xué)會(huì)（CIRP）將其確定為 21 世紀(jì)的中心研究方向之一。 在轎車(chē)工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，年產(chǎn) 30 萬(wàn)輛的生產(chǎn)節(jié)拍是 40 秒/輛，而且多品種加工是轎車(chē) 裝備必須解決的重點(diǎn)問(wèn)題之一；在航空和宇航工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，其加工的零部件多為薄壁 和薄筋，剛度很差，材料為鋁或鋁合金，只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情況下， 才能對(duì)這些筋、壁進(jìn)行加工。近來(lái)采用大型整體鋁合金坯料“掏空” 的方法來(lái)制造機(jī) 翼、機(jī)身等大型零件來(lái)替代多個(gè)零件通過(guò)眾多的鉚釘、螺釘和其他聯(lián)結(jié)方式拼裝， 使構(gòu)件的強(qiáng)度、剛度和可靠性得到提高。這些都對(duì)加工裝備提出了高速、高精和高 柔性的要求。從 EMO2001 展會(huì)情況來(lái)看，高速加工中心進(jìn)給速度可達(dá) 80m/min，甚 至更高，空運(yùn)行速度可達(dá) 100m/min 左右。目前世界上許多汽車(chē)廠，包括我國(guó)的上海 通用汽車(chē)公司，已經(jīng)采用以高速加工中心組成的生產(chǎn)線部分替代組合機(jī)床。美國(guó) CINCINNATI 公司的 HyperMach 機(jī)床進(jìn)給速度最大達(dá) 60m/min，快速為 100m/min， 加速度達(dá) 2g，主軸轉(zhuǎn)速已達(dá) 60 000r/min。加工一個(gè)薄壁飛機(jī)零件，只用 30min，而 同樣的零件在一般高速銑床加工需 3h，在普通銑床加工需 8h；德國(guó) DMG 公司的雙 主軸車(chē)床的主軸速度及加速度分別達(dá) 120000r/mm 和 1g。 在加工精度方面，近 10 年來(lái)，普通級(jí)數(shù)控機(jī)床的加工精度已由 10m 提高到 5m， 精密級(jí)加工中心則從 35m，提高到 11.5m ，并且超精密加工精度已開(kāi)始進(jìn)入 納米級(jí)(0.01m) 。在可靠性方面，國(guó)外數(shù)控裝置的 MTBF 值已達(dá) 6 000h 以上，伺服 系統(tǒng)的 MTBF 值達(dá)到 30000h 以上，表現(xiàn)出非常高的可靠性。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)高速、高精 加工，與之配套的功能部件如電主軸、直線電機(jī)得到了快速的發(fā)展，應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域進(jìn)一 步擴(kuò)大。 1.2 五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工和復(fù)合加工機(jī)床快速發(fā)展 采用 5 軸聯(lián)動(dòng)對(duì)三維曲面零件的加工，可用刀具最佳幾何形狀進(jìn)行切削，不僅 光潔度高，而且效率也大幅度提高。一般認(rèn)為，1 臺(tái) 5 軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床的效率可以等于 2 臺(tái) 3 軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床，特別是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料銑刀進(jìn)行高速銑削淬硬鋼零 件時(shí)，5 軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工可比 3 軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工發(fā)揮更高的效益。但過(guò)去因 5 軸聯(lián)動(dòng)數(shù)控系 統(tǒng)、主機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜等原因，其價(jià)格要比 3 軸聯(lián)動(dòng)數(shù)控機(jī)床高出數(shù)倍，加之編程技術(shù) 難度較大，制約了 5 軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床的發(fā)展。 當(dāng)前由于電主軸的出現(xiàn)，使得實(shí)現(xiàn) 5 軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工的復(fù)合主軸頭結(jié)構(gòu)大為簡(jiǎn)化， 其制造難度和成本大幅度降低，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的價(jià)格差距縮小。因此促進(jìn)了復(fù)合主軸頭 類(lèi)型 5 軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床和復(fù)合加工機(jī)床（含 5 面加工機(jī)床）的發(fā)展。 在 EMO2001 展會(huì)上，新日本工機(jī)的 5 面加工機(jī)床采用復(fù)合主軸頭，可實(shí)現(xiàn) 4 個(gè)垂 直平面的加工和任意角度的加工，使得 5 面加工和 5 軸加工可在同一臺(tái)機(jī)床上實(shí)現(xiàn)， 還可實(shí)現(xiàn)傾斜面和倒錐孔的加工。德國(guó) DMG 公司展出 DMUVoution 系列加工中心， 可在一次裝夾下實(shí)現(xiàn) 5 面加工和 5 軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工，可由 CNC 系統(tǒng)控制或 CAD/CAM 直接或間接控制。 1.3 智能化、開(kāi)放式、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化成為當(dāng)代數(shù)控系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的主要趨勢(shì) 21 世紀(jì)的數(shù)控裝備將是具有一定智能化的系統(tǒng)，智能化的內(nèi)容包括在數(shù)控系統(tǒng) 中的各個(gè)方面：為追求加工效率和加工質(zhì)量方面的智能化，如加工過(guò)程的自適應(yīng)控 制，工藝參數(shù)自動(dòng)生成；為提高驅(qū)動(dòng)性能及使用連接方便的智能化，如前饋控制、 電機(jī)參數(shù)的自適應(yīng)運(yùn)算、自動(dòng)識(shí)別負(fù)載自動(dòng)選定模型、自整定等；簡(jiǎn)化編程、簡(jiǎn)化 操作方面的智能化，如智能化的自動(dòng)編程、智能化的人機(jī)界面等；還有智能診斷、 智能監(jiān)控方面的內(nèi)容、方便系統(tǒng)的診斷及維修等。 為解決傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)封閉性和數(shù)控應(yīng)用軟件的產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)存在的問(wèn)題。目前 許多國(guó)家對(duì)開(kāi)放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行研究，如美國(guó)的 NGC(The Next Generation Work- Station/Machine Control)、歐共體的 OSACA(Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems)、日本的 OSEC(Open System Environment for Controller)， 中國(guó)的 ONC(Open Numerical Control System)等。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)開(kāi)放化已經(jīng)成為數(shù)控系統(tǒng) 的未來(lái)之路。所謂開(kāi)放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)就是數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的開(kāi)發(fā)可以在統(tǒng)一的運(yùn)行平臺(tái)上， 面向機(jī)床廠家和最終用戶(hù)，通過(guò)改變、增加或剪裁結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)象（數(shù)控功能） ，形成系列 化，并可方便地將用戶(hù)的特殊應(yīng)用和技術(shù)訣竅集成到控制系統(tǒng)中，快速實(shí)現(xiàn)不同品 種、不同檔次的開(kāi)放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，形成具有鮮明個(gè)性的名牌產(chǎn)品。目前開(kāi)放式數(shù)控 系統(tǒng)的體系結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)范、通信規(guī)范、配置規(guī)范、運(yùn)行平臺(tái)、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能庫(kù)以及數(shù)控 系統(tǒng)功能軟件開(kāi)發(fā)工具等是當(dāng)前研究的核心。 網(wǎng)絡(luò)化數(shù)控裝備是近兩年國(guó)際著名機(jī)床博覽會(huì)的一個(gè)新亮點(diǎn)。數(shù)控裝備的網(wǎng)絡(luò) 化將極大地滿(mǎn)足生產(chǎn)線、制造系統(tǒng)、制造企業(yè)對(duì)信息集成的需求，也是實(shí)現(xiàn)新的制 造模式如敏捷制造、虛擬企業(yè)、全球制造的基礎(chǔ)單元。國(guó)內(nèi)外一些著名數(shù)控機(jī)床和 數(shù)控系統(tǒng)制造公司都在近兩年推出了相關(guān)的新概念和樣機(jī)，如在 EMO2001 展中， 日本山崎馬扎克（Mazak)公司展出的“CyberProduction Center”（智能生產(chǎn)控制中心， 簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng) CPC)；日本大隈（Okuma）機(jī)床公司展出“IT plaza”（信息技術(shù)廣場(chǎng)，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng) IT 廣場(chǎng))；德國(guó)西門(mén)子(Siemens) 公司展出的 Open Manufacturing Environment（開(kāi)放制造 環(huán)境，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng) OME）等，反映了數(shù)控機(jī)床加工向網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。 1.4 重視新技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范的建立 1.4.1 關(guān)于數(shù)控系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)規(guī)范 如前所述，開(kāi)放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)有更好的通用性、柔性、適應(yīng)性、擴(kuò)展性，美國(guó)、 歐共體和日本等國(guó)紛紛實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略發(fā)展計(jì)劃，并進(jìn)行開(kāi)放式體系結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)規(guī)范 (OMAC、OSACA 、OSEC) 的研究和制定，世界 3 個(gè)最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)體在短期內(nèi)進(jìn)行了幾 乎相同的科學(xué)計(jì)劃和規(guī)范的制定，預(yù)示了數(shù)控技術(shù)的一個(gè)新的變革時(shí)期的來(lái)臨。我 國(guó)在 2000 年也開(kāi)始進(jìn)行中國(guó)的 ONC 數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的規(guī)范框架的研究和制定。 1.4.2 關(guān)于數(shù)控標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 數(shù)控標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是制造業(yè)信息化發(fā)展的一種趨勢(shì)。數(shù)控技術(shù)誕生后的 50 年間的信息交 換都是基于 ISO6983 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即采用 G，M 代碼描述如何（how）加工，其本質(zhì)特征 是面向加工過(guò)程，顯然，他已越來(lái)越不能滿(mǎn)足現(xiàn)代數(shù)控技術(shù)高速發(fā)展的需要。為此， 國(guó)際上正在研究和制定一種新的 CNC 系統(tǒng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ISO14649（STEPNC) ，其目的是 提供一種不依賴(lài)于具體系統(tǒng)的中性機(jī)制，能夠描述產(chǎn)品整個(gè)生命周期內(nèi)的統(tǒng)一數(shù)據(jù) 模型，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)整個(gè)制造過(guò)程，乃至各個(gè)工業(yè)領(lǐng)域產(chǎn)品信息的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。 STEP-NC 的出現(xiàn)可能是數(shù)控技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的一次革命，對(duì)于數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展乃至整個(gè)制 造業(yè)，將產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。首先，STEP-NC 提出一種嶄新的制造理念，傳統(tǒng)的制造 理念中，NC 加工程序都集中在單個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)上。而在新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下， NC 程序可以分散在 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上，這正是數(shù)控技術(shù)開(kāi)放式、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化發(fā)展的方向。其次，STEP-NC 數(shù)控系統(tǒng) 還可大大減少加工圖紙（約 75） 、加工程序編制時(shí)間（約 35）和加工時(shí)間（約 50） 。 目前，歐美國(guó)家非常重視 STEP-NC 的研究，歐洲發(fā)起了 STEP-NC 的 IMS 計(jì)劃 (1999.1.12001.12.31)。參加這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃的有來(lái)自歐洲和日本的 20 個(gè) CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC 用戶(hù)、廠商和學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)。美國(guó)的 STEP Tools 公司是全球范圍 內(nèi)制造業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)交換軟件的開(kāi)發(fā)者，他已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)了用作數(shù)控機(jī)床加工信息交換的超級(jí) 模型(Super Model)，其目標(biāo)是用統(tǒng)一的規(guī)范描述所有加工過(guò)程。目前這種新的數(shù)據(jù) 交換格式已經(jīng)在配備了 SIEMENS、FIDIA 以及歐洲 OSACA-NC 數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的原型樣 機(jī)上進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證。 2. 對(duì)我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的基本估計(jì) 我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)起步于 1958 年，近 50 年的發(fā)展歷程大致可分為 3 個(gè)階段：第一 階段從 1958 年到 1979 年，即封閉式發(fā)展階段。在此階段，由于國(guó)外的技術(shù)封鎖和 我國(guó)的基礎(chǔ)條件的限制，數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展較為緩慢。第二階段是在國(guó)家的“六五” 、 “七五”期間以及“八五”的前期，即引進(jìn)技術(shù)，消化吸收，初步建立起國(guó)產(chǎn)化體系階 段。在此階段，由于改革開(kāi)放和國(guó)家的重視，以及研究開(kāi)發(fā)環(huán)境和國(guó)際環(huán)境的改善， 我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究、開(kāi)發(fā)以及在產(chǎn)品的國(guó)產(chǎn)化方面都取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步。第三階 段是在國(guó)家的“ 八五” 的后期和 “九五”期間，即實(shí)施產(chǎn)業(yè)化的研究，進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)階 段。在此階段，我國(guó)國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控裝備的產(chǎn)業(yè)化取得了實(shí)質(zhì)性進(jìn)步。在“九五” 末期，國(guó) 產(chǎn)數(shù)控機(jī)床的國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)占有率達(dá) 50，配國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)（普及型）也達(dá)到了 10。 縱觀我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)近 50 年的發(fā)展歷程，特別是經(jīng)過(guò) 4 個(gè) 5 年計(jì)劃的攻關(guān)，總體 來(lái)看取得了以下成績(jī)。 （1） 奠定了數(shù)控技術(shù)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)，基本掌握了現(xiàn)代數(shù)控技術(shù)。我國(guó)現(xiàn)在已基本掌 握了從數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)、數(shù)控主機(jī)、專(zhuān)機(jī)及其配套件的基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)，其中大部分 技術(shù)已具備進(jìn)行商品化開(kāi)發(fā)的基礎(chǔ)，部分技術(shù)已商品化、產(chǎn)業(yè)化。 （2） 初步形成了數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)基地。在攻關(guān)成果和部分技術(shù)商品化的基礎(chǔ)上，建立了 諸如華中數(shù)控、航天數(shù)控等具有批量生產(chǎn)能力的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)廠。蘭州電機(jī)廠、華 中數(shù)控等一批伺服系統(tǒng)和伺服電機(jī)生產(chǎn)廠以及北京第一機(jī)床廠、濟(jì)南第一機(jī)床廠等 若干數(shù)控主機(jī)生產(chǎn)廠。這些生產(chǎn)廠基本形成了我國(guó)的數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)基地。 （3）建立了一支數(shù)控研究、開(kāi)發(fā)、管理人才的基本隊(duì)伍。 雖然在數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開(kāi)發(fā)以及產(chǎn)業(yè)化方面取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步，但我們也要清醒地 認(rèn)識(shí)到，我國(guó)高端數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開(kāi)發(fā)，尤其是在產(chǎn)業(yè)化方面的技術(shù)水平現(xiàn)狀與我 國(guó)的現(xiàn)實(shí)需求還有較大的差距。雖然從縱向看我國(guó)的發(fā)展速度很快，但橫向比（與 國(guó)外對(duì)比）不僅技術(shù)水平有差距，在某些方面發(fā)展速度也有差距，即一些高精尖的 數(shù)控裝備的技術(shù)水平差距有擴(kuò)大趨勢(shì)。從國(guó)際上來(lái)看，對(duì)我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)水平和產(chǎn)業(yè) 化水平估計(jì)大致如下。 （1） 技術(shù)水平上，與國(guó)外先進(jìn)水平大約落后 1015 年，在高精尖技術(shù)方面則更大。 （2） 產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平上，市場(chǎng)占有率低，品種覆蓋率小，還沒(méi)有形成規(guī)模生產(chǎn)；功能 部件專(zhuān)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)水平及成套能力較低；外觀質(zhì)量相對(duì)差；可靠性不高，商品化程度 不足；國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)尚未建立自己的品牌效應(yīng)，用戶(hù)信心不足。 （3） 可持續(xù)發(fā)展的能力上，對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)前數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開(kāi)發(fā)、工程化能力較弱；數(shù) 控技術(shù)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域拓展力度不強(qiáng)；相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范的研究、制定滯后。 分析存在上述差距的主要原因有以下幾個(gè)方面。 （1） 認(rèn)識(shí)方面。對(duì)國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)進(jìn)程艱巨性、復(fù)雜性和長(zhǎng)期性的特點(diǎn)認(rèn)識(shí)不足； 對(duì)市場(chǎng)的不規(guī)范、國(guó)外的封鎖加扼殺、體制等困難估計(jì)不足；對(duì)我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)應(yīng)用 水平及能力分析不夠。 （2） 體系方面。從技術(shù)的角度關(guān)注數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)化問(wèn)題的時(shí)候多，從系統(tǒng)的、產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈 的角度綜合考慮數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)化問(wèn)題的時(shí)候少；沒(méi)有建立完整的高質(zhì)量的配套體系、完 善的培訓(xùn)、服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)等支撐體系。 （3） 機(jī)制方面。不良機(jī)制造成人才流失，又制約了技術(shù)及技術(shù)路線創(chuàng)新、產(chǎn)品創(chuàng) 新，且制約了規(guī)劃的有效實(shí)施，往往規(guī)劃理想，實(shí)施困難。 （4） 技術(shù)方面。企業(yè)在技術(shù)方面自主創(chuàng)新能力不強(qiáng)，核心技術(shù)的工程化能力不強(qiáng)。 機(jī)床標(biāo)準(zhǔn)落后，水平較低，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)研究不夠。 3. 對(duì)我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)和產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略思考 3.1 戰(zhàn)略考慮 我國(guó)是制造大國(guó)，在世界產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移中要盡量接受前端而不是后端的轉(zhuǎn)移，即要掌 握先進(jìn)制造核心技術(shù)，否則在新一輪國(guó)際產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整中，我國(guó)制造業(yè)將進(jìn)一步“空 芯”。我們以資源、環(huán)境、市場(chǎng)為代價(jià)，交換得到的可能僅僅是世界新經(jīng)濟(jì)格局中的 國(guó)際“加工中心 ”和“組裝中心”，而非掌握核心技術(shù)的制造中心的地位，這樣將會(huì)嚴(yán) 重影響我國(guó)現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)的發(fā)展進(jìn)程。 我們應(yīng)站在國(guó)家安全戰(zhàn)略的高度來(lái)重視數(shù)控技術(shù)和產(chǎn)業(yè)問(wèn)題，首先從社會(huì)安全看， 因?yàn)橹圃鞓I(yè)是我國(guó)就業(yè)人口最多的行業(yè)，制造業(yè)發(fā)展不僅可提高人民的生活水平， 而且還可緩解我國(guó)就業(yè)的壓力，保障社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定；其次從國(guó)防安全看，西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó) 家把高精尖數(shù)控產(chǎn)品都列為國(guó)家的戰(zhàn)略物質(zhì)，對(duì)我國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)禁運(yùn)和限制， “東芝事件” 和 “考克斯報(bào)告 ”就是最好的例證。 3.2 發(fā)展策略 從我國(guó)基本國(guó)情的角度出發(fā)，以國(guó)家的戰(zhàn)略需求和國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的市場(chǎng)需求為導(dǎo)向， 以提高我國(guó)制造裝備業(yè)綜合競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力和產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平為目標(biāo)，用系統(tǒng)的方法，選擇能 夠主導(dǎo) 21 世紀(jì)初期我國(guó)制造裝備業(yè)發(fā)展升級(jí)的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)以及支持產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的支撐 技術(shù)、配套技術(shù)作為研究開(kāi)發(fā)的內(nèi)容，實(shí)現(xiàn)制造裝備業(yè)的跨躍式發(fā)展。 強(qiáng)調(diào)市場(chǎng)需求為導(dǎo)向，即以數(shù)控終端產(chǎn)品為主，以整機(jī)（如量大面廣的數(shù)控車(chē)床、 銑床、高速高精高性能數(shù)控機(jī)床、典型數(shù)字化機(jī)械、重點(diǎn)行業(yè)關(guān)鍵設(shè)備等）帶動(dòng)數(shù) 控產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。重點(diǎn)解決數(shù)控系統(tǒng)和相關(guān)功能部件（數(shù)字化伺服系統(tǒng)與電機(jī)、高速 電主軸系統(tǒng)和新型裝備的附件等）的可靠性和生產(chǎn)規(guī)模問(wèn)題。沒(méi)有規(guī)模就不會(huì)有高 可靠性的產(chǎn)品；沒(méi)有規(guī)模就不會(huì)有價(jià)格低廉而富有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的產(chǎn)品；當(dāng)然，沒(méi)有規(guī)模 中國(guó)的數(shù)控裝備最終難以有出頭之日。 在高精尖裝備研發(fā)方面，要強(qiáng)調(diào)產(chǎn)、學(xué)、研以及最終用戶(hù)的緊密結(jié)合，以“做得 出、用得上、賣(mài)得掉” 為目標(biāo)，按國(guó)家意志實(shí)施攻關(guān)，以解決國(guó)家之急需。 在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)前數(shù)控技術(shù)方面，強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)新，強(qiáng)調(diào)研究開(kāi)發(fā)具有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品， 為我國(guó)數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)、裝備制造業(yè)乃至整個(gè)制造業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展奠定基礎(chǔ)。 附錄 2：英文文獻(xiàn)原文 Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasure Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor . Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop ones own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology; (5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc. Development trend of a numerical control technology The application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the peoples livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect 1- in its main research focus. 1 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equipped The efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering. In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank pay empty make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility. According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g. In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5m up to from 10m already, accurate grades of machining center from 35m, rise to 11.5m, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is it enter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01m). In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability . In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further . 1.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axes Adopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds. At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5). At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly. 1.3 Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently, openly, networkedly. The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feedforward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc.. Produce the existing problem for the industrialization of solving the traditional numerical control system sealing and numerical control application software. A lot of countries carry on research to the open numerical control system at present, such as NGC of U.S.A. (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), OSACA of European Community (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller) of Japan, ONC (Open Numerical Control System) of China, etc.. The numerical control system melts to become the future way of the numerical control system open. The so-called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and end user, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control function), form the serration, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, communication norm , disposing norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software development ,etc. are the core of present research. The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years. Meeting production line , manufacture system , demand for the information integration of manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, realize new manufacture mode such as quick make , fictitious enterprise , basic Entrance that the whole world make too. Some domestic and international famous numerical control lathes and systematic manufacturing companies of numerical control have all introduced relevant new concepts and protons of a machine in the past two years, if in EMO2001 exhibition, Cyber Production Center that the company exhibits of mountain rugged campstool gram in Japan (Mazak) (intellectual central production control unit, abbreviated as CPC); The lathe company of Japanese big Wei (Okuma ) exhibits IT plaza (the information technology square , is abbreviated as IT square ); Open Manufacturing Environment that the company exhibits of German Siemens (Siemens ) (open the manufacturing environment, abbreviated as OME),etc., have reflected numerical control machine tooling to the development trend of networked direction. 1.4 Pay attention to the new technical standard, normal setting-up 1.4.1 Design the norm of developing about the numerical control system As noted previously, there are better common ability, flexibility, adaptability, expanding in the open numerical control system, such countries as U.S.A. ,European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on the research and formulation of the systematic norm (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ) of numerical control of the open system structure, 3 biggest economies in the world have carried on the formulation that nearly the same science planned and standardized in a short time, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of numerical control technology. Our country started the research and formulation of standardizing the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000. 1.4.2 About the numerical control standard The numerical control standard is a kind of tre