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1、The Renaissance Humanism,阮君 2011年12月15日,The renaissance and the Humanism,Renaissance sprang as a result of rediscovery and restudy of the Greek and Roman civilization which is based on the conception that the man is the measure of all things, the man-centered culture. The Renaissance was marked by t

2、he spread of humanism. Humanism is the keynote (the great spirit ) of Renaissance.,人文主義是歐洲文藝復(fù)興運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)期出現(xiàn)的一種資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的世界觀，是文藝復(fù)興的指導(dǎo)思想，強(qiáng)調(diào)人的自然本性、價(jià)值、自由意志、世俗生活和世俗教育,The origin of Humanism,Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged by scholars, writers, and civic leaders who are

3、 today known as Renaissance humanists. It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth centuries, and was a response to the challenge of medieval scholastic education, emphasizing practical, pre-professional and pre-scientific studies. The main centers of humanism were Florence

4、 and Naples(那不勒斯). Rather than train professionals in jargon and strict practice, humanists sought to create a citizenry (sometimes including women) able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity. Thus, they would be capable of better engaging the civic life of their communities and persuading o

5、thers to virtuous and prudent actions. This was to be accomplished through the study of the studia humanitatis（人文學(xué)科）, today known as the humanities: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and moral philosophy.,Early humanists, such as Petrarch(彼特拉克), Coluccio Salutati(科盧喬薩盧塔蒂 ) and Leonardo De Vinci(達(dá)芬奇

6、), were great collectors of antique manuscripts. Many worked for the organized Church and were in holy orders (like Petrarch), while others were lawyers and chancellors of Italian cities, like Petrarchs disciple, Salutati, the Chancellor of Florence, and thus had access to book copying workshops...,

7、Francesco Petrarca 彼特拉克 （13041374） Petrarca is traditionally called the father of Humanism and considered by many to be the “father of the Renaissance.”,提出“人學(xué)”對(duì)抗“神學(xué)” 被譽(yù)為“人文主義之父”,What is humanism,Contrary to the subordination(附屬) of individuals to the feudal rules and the sacrifice of earthly life f

8、or a future life in the medieval society, Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development for perfection.,By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the

9、 present life, humanists voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.,The main content of humanism,Man is the measure of all things, man-centered culture Emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importanc

10、e of the present life. Believe human beings were glorious creatures and man has the right to pursue personal happiness, knowledge and wealth.,文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的思想,因其對(duì)“人”的發(fā)現(xiàn)和重視，被后世稱作人文主義(Humanism)思想. (1)從對(duì)上帝與彼世的關(guān)注，轉(zhuǎn)到對(duì)人與現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)與自然的關(guān)注。不僅促進(jìn)了哲學(xué)、文學(xué)等各項(xiàng)發(fā)展，而且?guī)?lái)了“科學(xué)的發(fā)現(xiàn)”。 (2)反對(duì)神權(quán)，肯定人的價(jià)值、尊嚴(yán)和高貴。 (3)

11、提倡理性精神，反對(duì)蒙昧與愚民 薄伽丘十日談 愛拉斯莫的愚神頌 (4)反對(duì)禁欲主義，要求現(xiàn)世權(quán)利 我是凡人，我只要凡人的幸福。 彼特拉克 (5)反對(duì)等級(jí)觀念，要求平等,The features of humanism,1. Emphasizing the power, value and dignity of the human beings and holding that human beings are glorious creatures The core of Renaissance thought is the greatness of man/giants . This

12、 is best summarized in the lines of Shakespeares Hamlet.,What a piece of work is man; how noble in reason; how infinite in faculty, in form and moving how express and admirable; in action how like an angel; in apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world, the paragon of animals.,人是一件多么了不起的杰作

13、！多么高貴的理性！多么偉大的力量！多么優(yōu)美的儀表！多么文雅的舉動(dòng)！在行為上多么像一個(gè)天使！在智慧上多么像一個(gè)天神！宇宙的精華！萬(wàn)物的靈長(zhǎng)！,2. Emphasizing secular happiness and individualism against the medieval ideas of asceticism; Influences: shifting mans interest from Christianity to humanity, from religion to philosophy, from beauty and greatness of God to the be

14、auty of human body in all its joys and pains.,3. Applying Aristotles theory, Humanist literature mainly use realistic style and take literature as the mirror or miniature(縮影) of the society. Influences: These Italians, and many others, helped to make Italy the center of the Renaissance movement in

15、Europe. The movement changed the medieval Western Europe into a modern one,人文主義是歐洲文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的主要思潮和理論。人文主義是歐洲新興資產(chǎn)階級(jí)在反封建、反教會(huì)斗爭(zhēng)中形成的思想體系?！叭宋闹髁x”反對(duì)一切以神為本的舊觀念，宣傳人是宇宙的主宰，是萬(wàn)物之本，以“人權(quán)”對(duì)抗“神權(quán)”，人文主義者否定教會(huì)宣揚(yáng)的人一生下來(lái)就有罪孽，否定人生的目的是死后永生的來(lái)世思想，猛烈抨擊教會(huì)鼓吹的禁欲主義。他們肯定現(xiàn)世生活，頌揚(yáng)現(xiàn)世歡樂和幸福，贊美愛情是人的最高尚的情感，認(rèn)為人有追求榮譽(yù)和財(cái)富的權(quán)利等等。所以，人文主義在反對(duì)中世紀(jì)的教會(huì)統(tǒng)治和宗

16、教教義、破除封建社會(huì)的舊觀念方面，具有重要的進(jìn)步意義。,The church-centered culture,The medieval Catholic teachings were characterized by God-centeredness, otherworldliness(來(lái)世) and asceticism. The nature of human is guilty, the highest duties of human is to atone to the God The belief in God is the noblest virtue. Jesus is ref

17、erred to as a Redeemer Advocate for the obscurantism and the asceticism,人文主義與宗教神學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比分析：,The positive influence of humanism,Humanism is the essence of Renaissance. Humanism stands for devotion to the humane values represented in classical literature. Humanism helped to civilize man, to make him rea

18、lize his potential powers and gifts. It contributed a great deal to the progress of human society. It represented the new ideas of the rising bourgeoisie . Thomas More, Marlowe and Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists. The humanistic ideas and belief permeated(充滿) the li

19、terature of this period.,1)反映資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的要求，動(dòng)搖了封建神學(xué)，一定程度打擊封建制度 (2)文藝復(fù)興的指導(dǎo)思想，貫穿于各領(lǐng)域和整個(gè)過程。 (3)影響廣泛（各領(lǐng)域）而深遠(yuǎn)（宗教改革，啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)） (4)托馬斯，馬洛和莎士比亞是人文主義的代表。他們?nèi)宋乃枷胴灤┻@一時(shí)期的文學(xué)。,Thomas More,,Thomas More (1478--1535) 托馬斯莫爾（ St. Thomas More又作Sir Thomas More ）歐洲早期空想社會(huì)主義學(xué)說的創(chuàng)始人,才華橫溢的人文主義學(xué)者和閱歷豐富的政治家,以其名著烏托邦而名垂史冊(cè)。 Utopia (1516) 烏托邦一書是

20、莫爾的不朽之作,它的全名是關(guān)于最完美的國(guó)家制度和烏托邦新島的既有益又有趣的金書,寫于1515年至1516年出使歐洲期間,用拉丁語(yǔ)寫成。書中敘述一個(gè)虛構(gòu)的航海家航行到一個(gè)奇鄉(xiāng)異國(guó)烏托邦的旅行見聞。,,克里斯托弗馬洛 (1564--1593) Plays: Tamurlaine 帖木兒大帝 Doctor Faustus 浮士德博士 Edward the Second 愛德華二世 Poems: Hero and Leander 希羅與利安德 The Passionate Shepherd to His Love 熱情的牧羊人致情人詩(shī),Christopher Marlowe,莎士

21、比亞 （15641616） The four tragedies： Hamlet 哈姆雷特 Othello 奧賽羅 King Lear李爾王 Mac Beth 麥克白 The four comedies： As you like it 皆大歡喜 A midsummer nights dream 仲夏夜之夢(mèng) The merchant of Venice威尼斯商人 Twelfth Night第十二夜 The Historical dramas： Henry IV亨利四世 Henry V亨利五世 Charlie II查理二世,W. William Shakespeare,The negative

22、 influence (limitations) of the humanism,The humanism emphasized too much on the individuals, which may be easy to cultivate the subjectivity and extreme individualism. Niccol Machiavelli was an extreme individualist. 人文主義過分強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人 ,容易造成主觀隨意性或極端個(gè)人主義 。 馬基雅維利就是個(gè)極端個(gè)人主義者。,,尼可羅馬基亞維利 14691527 意大利的政治哲學(xué)家、音樂家、詩(shī)人、和浪漫喜劇劇作家。他是意大利文藝復(fù)興中的重要 人物，尤其是他所寫下的君主論一書提出了現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的政治理論、以及論李維一書中的共和主義理論。 他提出了馬基雅維利主義machiavelliansm 。通常分為高馬基雅維利主義和低馬基雅維里主義。高馬基雅維利主義的個(gè)體重視實(shí)效，保持著情感的距離，相信結(jié)果能替手段辯護(hù)。,Niccol Machiavelli,,Thank you！,,