機械畢業(yè)-除雪機的設(shè)計【含CAD圖紙、說明書】,含CAD圖紙、說明書,機械,畢業(yè),除了,設(shè)計,cad,圖紙,說明書,仿單 畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）任務(wù)書 系（院） 機電工程 學(xué)院 專 業(yè) 機械設(shè)計制造 及其自動化 班級 學(xué)生姓名 學(xué)號 指導(dǎo)教師 職稱 論文題目 除雪破冰機結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 起止時間 一、畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）題目來源： 學(xué)生自擬題。 二、畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）的基本要求： 1.在充分調(diào)研、查閱資料和研讀資料的基礎(chǔ)上，寫出開題報告； 2.查閱專業(yè)參考書3冊以上，專業(yè)設(shè)計或論文6篇以上； 3.到實地考查，開展有關(guān)研究； 4.做出畢業(yè)設(shè)計圖，寫出8000字以上畢業(yè)設(shè)計文字說明； 5.請專業(yè)技術(shù)人員對畢業(yè)設(shè)計方案進行指導(dǎo)與評議； 6.完成一篇3000漢字以上的外文資料的翻譯工作。 三 、畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）的主要內(nèi)容： 1.查閱資料了解除雪破冰機的研究背景和國內(nèi)外現(xiàn)狀； 2.針對目前國內(nèi)的設(shè)計進行自己的設(shè)計計劃； 3.對除雪破冰機傳動機構(gòu)和執(zhí)行機構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)的主要參數(shù)進行初步計算選擇； 4.對主要構(gòu)件的受力部分進行有限元分析，對該結(jié)構(gòu)進行優(yōu)化設(shè)計； 5.完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計的全部工作，并審查。 四、進度安排： 1. 2017.2.29-2017.3.11 課題調(diào)研，文獻檢索（中英文），整理文獻，撰寫開題報告； 2. 2017.3.12-2017.3.25 制定畢業(yè)設(shè)計技術(shù)方案，完成外文翻譯任務(wù)； 3. 2017.3.26-2017.4.8 列出畢業(yè)設(shè)計章節(jié)提綱，準備所需實驗設(shè)備； 4. 2017.4.9-2017.4.22 撰寫初稿，基本完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計初稿框架，開始做實驗； 5. 2017.4.23-2017.5.6 繼續(xù)撰寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計初稿, 繼續(xù)開展實驗，整理實驗數(shù)據(jù)； 6. 2017.5.7-2017.5.20 完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計初稿，原理圖等支撐文件； 7. 2017.5.21-2017.6.3 完善畢業(yè)設(shè)計內(nèi)容，規(guī)范格式，全部完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計工作； 8. 2017.6.4-2017.6.8 打印、上交畢業(yè)設(shè)計材料；準備畢業(yè)設(shè)計答辯。 五. 參考文獻: [1]胡海英.國內(nèi)除雪機械現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢[J].工程機械與維修,2011,18(8)：6-8.. [2]張啟君.國內(nèi)除雪機械探討[J].建設(shè)機械技術(shù)與管理,2008,19(5):5-8. [3]胡海英.國內(nèi)除雪方式探討及除雪機械的發(fā)展趨勢[J].林業(yè)機械與木工設(shè)備,2011,13(5):5-9. [4]崔憲江.拋揚式除雪機的應(yīng)用[J].建設(shè)機械技術(shù)與管理,2007,13(5):5-9. [5]田集躍.國外產(chǎn)品與技術(shù)[J].江蘇理工大學(xué),國外道路除雪機械發(fā)展概況,2001. [6]彭冬生, 劉富 ,王震.多功能除雪機的設(shè)計[J].湖北汽車工業(yè)學(xué)院學(xué)報,2011,13(5):5-9. [7]孟艷秋,巴吾東.一種小型破冰除雪機的設(shè)計[J].機械工程與自動化,2009,14(3):5-9. [8] Li guocan, lang huiming. The design of snow and snow removal machines in urban roads. [J]. Engineering machinery, no.4, 1999. 指導(dǎo)教師（簽字）： 年 月 日 教研室主任（簽字）： 年 月 日 畢業(yè)設(shè)計（外文翻譯） 英文題目 Status and Development Trend of Snow Removal Machinery 中文題目 除雪機械現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢 系 （院） 專 業(yè) 學(xué)生姓名 學(xué) 號 指導(dǎo)教師 職 稱 Status and Development Trend of Snow Removal Machinery 1 summary With the rapid development of national economy and society, the highway and highway mileage increasing, provides the basic conditions for transportation, but in winter, snow road to People's Daily living and transportation to bring many difficulties, directly affect the degree of vehicle speed and road safety, keep clear of road snow, is an important content of the winter road maintenance work. At present, the winter snow is generally adopted in addition to snow and ice. There are many kinds of snow removal machines, which can be classified according to the principle of work, use range, chassis form and walking style. (1) it is classified according to the principle of work. According to the principle of the removal of snow machine, the machine can be divided into two types: moving type, screw throwing, rolling pressure, cutting and hammer type. It can be divided into shovel-shovel, v-type, snow plough and snow removal. Helical rotor type can be divided into milling cutter rotor type and impeller rotor type. (2) classification by use. According to the purpose of the snow removal machine, the snow machine can be divided into four kinds: the general use of snow removal machine, the pavement removal machine, the railway snow blower and the highway snow blower. (3) according to the chassis classification. According to the chassis of the removal machine, the machine can be divided into special chassis and dual chassis. (4) according to the walking organization. According to the difference of the chassis difference of the snow removal machine, the snow machine can be divided into the wheel and the crawler type. In actual work, people will divide the snow machine mainly into the plough type and the rotary cutting machine. At present, from snow removal process to see, snow removal mechanism, technology method has been mature, but in the process of specific work, often influenced by road, layers thick, high and low temperatures, such as constraints, the use of a mechanical hard to clean up all kinds of pavement ice snow, there are many limitations so that the application of the snow blower. 2 The present situation of domestic snow removal machinery Started relatively late development of domestic snow removal machine, from research and development since the 1980 s, with the deep into the reform and open policy, the road of rising, all kinds of motor vehicles in traffic began to pray for, there are dozens of types of snow blower is come out by the development and production, played a role in the snow removal operations. Harbin snow Wolf brand series snow removal machine, chongqing dima multifunctional snow removal vehicle and changchun cz-2400 automatic snow removal machine, etc. At the same time of developing China in addition to the snow machinery, the related department also pay attention to the introduction of road maintenance of absorbing foreign advanced technology, has introduced from abroad in recent years a certain quantity of road maintenance equipment, some of the equipment has the snow removal work Can, for example, the snow and snow removal machine and Swiss treasure, snow vehicles, etc. 2.1 plough type snow plough Plough type snow removal machine is mainly suitable for snow without compaction is special density smaller new fallen snow, due to the low price, high efficiency, reliable operation, is the most widely used snow removal machine. The form of the plough is mainly V shaped plough, u-shaped plough, single plough and wing spatula. In addition, it can also realize the change of the Angle of the plough knife and the Angle of operation. The plough is an early removal machine abroad. As early as in 1943, Japan began to put V plough used in road snow removal in the heavy truck, after years of development, foreign plough type snow removal machine has high technology level, to Russia's new product K0-812-2 type plough type snow blower as an example, the snow blower car using M T3-80/82 type tractor, its function has snow removal, remove rubbish and sand pile and can be used in the streets, sidewalks, can also be used for roads and snow removal on the construction site; The working device has a bulldozer, a ploughing knife and a disc brush, and the width of the snow: 2, 500 mm. The plough knife 2 500 mm; The disc brushes 1, 800 mm. In the early 1990 s, the shenyang - dalian highway in China, the introduction of German unni monk road comprehensive maintenance vehicle, auxiliary engine equipped with plough type flanger, its total mass is 1, 000 kg, best except 2 375 mm width, snow snow shovels 1 000 mm high, the best snow removal rate of 20 km/h, the best productivity 47, 500 m2 / h, residual snow thickness is not more than 10 mm. 2.2 rotary cutting machine The rotary cutting machine usually has the characteristics of cutting, concentrating, passing and casting, which has the characteristics of complex structure and function. Whirling snow blower Can be divided into single-stage and two-stage type two kinds, one is divided into single stage type milling Knife type and the fan type, two-stage type can be divided into single shaft spiral fan type and biaxial spiral fan type. Russia and Japan are the leading countries in the production of rotary cutting machines, which are more mature and have the world's leading water level. Japanese high-speed rotary cutting type snow blower, operation speed of 70 km/h, the snow blower adopts the four-wheel drive way, using the disc system, total length of 7790 mm, machine 2, 490 mm wide, the largest snow removal 2 490 mm width, engine power 220 KW, the largest snow removal speed 70 km/h, maximum snow removal of 3 000 t/h. Has successfully developed domestic rotary cutting type snow blower are mainly developed by jilin university of technology and other units CX - 30 type snow blower, Harbin institute of forestry machinery developed by CBX - 216 city road ice snow blower. 3Reasons for not being promoted 3.1The speed of work is low Is now the biggest snow plough abroad type snow blower speed of 50 km/h, rotary type snow blower maximum speed of 70 km/h. 3.2The machine utilization is low and the cost is high Despite China's northern region winter snow period up to 3 ~ 4 months, but the data show that winter snow is not too many times, most also is only a dozen times, if the snow blower single function, can only be used in addition to the snow, so the machine idle most of the time in a year, this greatly improves the snow removal operations costs, and increase the load of highway maintenance departments. 3.3The avoidance function is not ideal In snow removal process, often encounter roadblocks and make the host or the snow removal equipment damage, the domestic existing plough type snow removal machine, most avoid barrier ability is poor. 3.4Poor protection of road surface When the road bump is not usual, will damage to roads built into a snow blower homework, although the snow blower on the extent of damage is not yet a measure, but the domestic snow removal machine in the road profiling ability, to the road surface protection, there is a certain gap compared with abroad. 4 The development direction of domestic snow removal machine 4.1We will strengthen the study of the mechanical properties of snow and establish a road meteorological system In order to improve the design of snow removal machine, the mechanical properties of snow need to be studied deeply. In addition, the road meteorological information system should be established. The system is composed of sensors and set around with advanced software of microcomputer, used to predict the way freezing and snow removal condition, using the sensors available on the road, such as temperature, humidity, wind direction, wind speed information, it can timely and accurately grasp the road conditions, so that spirit alive, to efficiently use the snow removal machine. 4.2Move toward miniaturization and high speed During the snow removal operations, the size of snow blower fuselage and snow removal rate are the two important factors that affect the traffic, the fuselage is too big, snow blower presence affected traffic; Too low speed affects the flow of traffic, and the removal of snow on narrow roads requires the fuselage to be too small. In order not to interfere with the traffic, the future of the country's snow removal machinery will be small and high speed. 4.3The development of the integration of multi-function, machine, electric and liquid In order to increase the utilization of the machine, the machine should be developed in a more general direction. Snow removal machinery in China should be to under the party to develop, for a variety of machinery such as trucks, bulldozers, construction machinery, such as the implementation of reform, only in the winter snow snow removal operations, the rest Between for pavement maintenance operations, such as sprinkler, cleaning and other industry. The machine should be used as a new technology, the automatic control and the technology of the removal of snow machine. 4.4 Be careful to improve security and comfort Because of the snow removal machine driving operation has certain risk, so to maximize reduce the driver's operation intensity, the maneuverability of the improvement in addition to the snow machine, developed automatic control system, automatically to avoiding, avoid damage to machine and snow removal device. Attention should be paid to improve the driver's working conditions at the same time, strengthen the noise and dust prevention measures, reduce the bridge vibration, pay attention to ventilation, make drivers work in a comfortable environment. 4.5 We will break the patent blockade and strengthen technical cooperation Concentrate manpower and material resources advantage, joint development of snow removal machine, as soon as possible to develop high speed, high performance of snow removal equipment, reduce the human snow removal, to realize the automatic snow removal. This can greatly reduce the intensity of labor, remove people from the harsh labor environment, and increase the mechanization level of urban construction in the country. In 2002 and heilongjiang province of heilongjiang province bureau of quality technical supervision bureau jointly issued the "on strengthening the transportation sector motor vehicle inspection measuring equipment and related items metrological verification notice. Traffic in capacity is the main industry motor vehicle testing equipment and related project must according to the relevant provisions of the China home (or department) to carry on the metrological verification, in order to play the advantages, realize the complementary advantages, promote the transport and measuring the development of my career, and heilongjiang province of heilongjiang province bureau of quality and technical supervision has to strengthen the management and supervision of this job. To maintain good communication and cooperation with the quality and technical supervision department, we can create conditions for further inspection. On the basis of the establishment of cooperation, the department of transportation and quality technology supervision department is also discussing the scope of the expanded verification. Now the scope of the joint verification as: motor vehicle comprehensive testing station, passenger vehicles often, transportation vehicle restrictions, the wheel dynamic balancing machine, four-wheel, ensure the meter taxi, tankers, and automobile maintenance enterprises, a variety of testing equipment. Metrological verification of improved transportation sector calibration, testing the quality of personnel work and business level, to adapt to the vehicle inspection and testing equipment development of metering technology. With the advance of science and technology, and the replacement of car inspection and maintenance equipment, the measurement will be perfected and new development. 除雪機械現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢 1概括 隨著國民經(jīng)濟與社會的快速發(fā)展, 高速公路和 高等級公路里程與日俱增, 為交通出行便利提供了 基本條件, 但是到了冬季, 道路積雪給人們的日常生 活和交通運輸帶來許多困難, 直接影響車輛行駛速 度和行車安全, 及時清除道路積雪, 是冬季道路養(yǎng)護 作業(yè)的一項重要內(nèi)容。 目前, 冬季降雪普遍采用除 冰雪方式主要是機械化除冰雪。 除雪機的種類很多, 可按工作原理、使用范圍、 底盤形式和行走方式的不同進行分類。 (1)按工作原理分類。 根據(jù)除雪機械工作原理 的不同可以把除雪機分為推移式、螺旋拋投式、滾壓 式、鏟剁式、錘擊式 5 種;其中推移式又可分為推雪 鏟式、V 型除雪犁和除雪車等;螺旋轉(zhuǎn)子式又可分為 銑刀轉(zhuǎn)子式和葉輪轉(zhuǎn)子式。 (2)按用途分類。 按照除雪機械的用途可把除 雪機分為泛用除雪機、人行道除雪機、鐵道除雪機和 高速公路除雪機 4 種。 (3)按底盤分類。 根據(jù)除雪機械的底盤不同可 把除雪機分為專用底盤和兼用底盤兩種。 (4)按行走機構(gòu)分類。 根據(jù)除雪機械的底盤差 異可以把除雪機分為輪胎式和履帶式兩種。 在實際工作中, 人們將除雪機主要分為犁式除 雪機和旋切式除雪機。 目前, 從除雪的作業(yè)過程來 看, 除雪機理、技術(shù)方法已趨于成熟, 但在具體工作 過程中, 往往受到路面狀況、雪層薄厚、氣溫高低等 條件的限制, 使用一種機械難以清除各種路面的冰 雪, 從而使除雪機的應(yīng)用存在許多局限性。 2 國內(nèi)除雪機械現(xiàn)狀 國內(nèi)除雪機械的研制起步較晚, 是從 20 世紀 80 年代以后研制與開發(fā), 隨著改革開放的不斷深 入, 道路的不斷升級, 各種機動車輛猛增而對交通要 求開始的, 先后有十幾種型號的除雪機被研制生產(chǎn) 出來, 在除雪作業(yè)中發(fā)揮了一定的作用。 哈爾濱雪 狼牌系列除雪機、重慶迪馬牌多功能除雪車和長春 CZ-2400 型自動除雪機等等。 在大力發(fā)展中國除 雪機械的同時, 有關(guān)部門也注意引進吸收國外先進的道路養(yǎng)護技術(shù), 近年來先后從國外引進了一定數(shù) 量的道路綜合養(yǎng)護設(shè)備, 其中一些設(shè)備具有除雪功 能, 例如美國雪挪位除雪機械和瑞士寶佳集團掃雪 車等。 2.1 犁式除雪機 犁式除雪機主要適用于未經(jīng)壓實的積雪, 特別 是密度較小的新降積雪, 由于價格低、效率高、工作 可靠, 是使用最廣泛的除雪機械。 犁刀的形式主要 有 V 形犁、U 形犁、單向犁和側(cè)翼鏟等。 國外的犁 式除雪機, 大多數(shù)具有避讓功能, 此外, 還可以實現(xiàn) 犁刀升降以及作業(yè)角度的變化。 犁式除雪機是國外使用較早的除雪機械。 早在 1943 年, 日本就開始把 V 型犁裝在載重卡車上用于 道路除雪, 經(jīng)過多年的發(fā)展, 國外犁式除雪機已具有 較高的技術(shù)水平, 以俄羅斯新產(chǎn)品 K0 -812-2 型 犁式除雪機為例, 這種除雪機基礎(chǔ)車采用 M T3 - 80/82 型拖拉機, 其功能有除雪、清除垃圾和砂堆, 既可以用于街道、人行道, 也可用于公路和建筑工地 的除雪;工作裝置有推土板、犁刀和圓盤刷, 除雪寬 度:推土 板 2 500 mm ;犁刀 2 500 mm;圓盤刷 1 800 mm。 20 世紀 90 年代初, 在中國的沈大高速 公路上, 引進了德國產(chǎn)的烏尼莫克道路綜合養(yǎng)護車, 輔機備有犁式除雪器, 其總質(zhì)量為 1 000 kg , 最佳除 雪寬度 2 375 mm, 除雪鏟高 1 000 mm, 最佳除雪速 度 20 km/ h , 最佳生產(chǎn)率 47 500 m2 / h , 殘留雪厚度 不大于 10 mm。 2.2 旋切式除雪機 旋切式除雪機一般具有切削、集中、推移和拋投 功能, 具有結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、功能多的特點。 旋切式除雪機 可分為單級式和雙級式兩種, 其中單級式又分為銑 刀型和風(fēng)扇型, 雙級式分為單軸螺旋風(fēng)扇型及雙軸 螺旋風(fēng)扇型。 俄羅斯、日本是生產(chǎn)旋切式除雪機的 主要國家, 技術(shù)較成熟, 其產(chǎn)品性能居世界領(lǐng)先水 平。日本產(chǎn)高速行走旋切式除雪機, 作業(yè)速度為 70 km/ h , 該除雪機采用四輪驅(qū)動方式, 利用盤式制 動 , 全長為7790mm , 機寬2 490 mm , 最大除雪寬度2 490 mm, 發(fā)動機功率 220 KW , 最大除雪速度 70 km/h , 最大除雪量 3 000 t/ h 。 國內(nèi)已研制成功的旋切式除雪機主要有吉林工業(yè) 大學(xué)等單位研制的CX-30 型除雪機, 哈爾濱林業(yè)機械 研究所研制的CBX-216 型城市道路破冰除雪機。 3 未推廣的原因 3.1 作業(yè)速度低 目前 國 外 犁 式 除 雪 機 最 大 除 雪 速 度 為 50 km/h , 旋切式除雪機最大速度為 70 km/ h 。 3.2 整機利用率低 、成本高 盡管中國的北方地區(qū)冬季降雪期可達 3～ 4 個 月, 可是資料表明冬季降雪次數(shù)并不太多, 最多也只 是十幾次而已, 如果除雪機功能單一, 只能用來除 雪, 那么機器一年里大部分時間處于閑置狀態(tài), 這就 大大提高了除雪作業(yè)的成本, 增加了公路養(yǎng)護部門 的負擔(dān)。 3.3 避讓功能不理想 在除雪過程中, 常常因遇路障而使主機或者除 雪裝置損壞, 國內(nèi)已有的犁式除雪機械, 大部分回避 路障的能力較差。 3.4 對路面保護能力差 當路面凹凸不平時, 除雪機作業(yè)時會對路面造 成破壞, 雖然除雪機對路面的損壞程度目前還沒有 一個衡量標準, 但國內(nèi)的除雪機械在路面仿形能力、 對路面保護等方面, 與國外相比還存在一定差距。 4 國內(nèi)除雪機械的發(fā)展方向 4.1 加強雪的力學(xué)性質(zhì)研究 ,建立道路氣象系統(tǒng) 為了提高除雪機設(shè)計水平, 需要對雪的力學(xué)性 質(zhì)進行深入研究。 此外應(yīng)建立道路氣象信息系統(tǒng)。 該系統(tǒng)是由設(shè)置在各地的傳感器與具有先進軟件的 微機構(gòu)成, 用于預(yù)測道路的凍結(jié)和除雪狀況, 利用其傳感器可獲取路面溫度、濕度、風(fēng)向、風(fēng)速等方面的 信息, 這樣能夠及時、準確地掌握路面狀況, 以便靈 活、高效地使用除雪機械。 4.2 向小型化、高速度的方向發(fā)展 在除雪作業(yè)中, 除雪機機身的大小及除雪速度是 影響交通的兩個重要因素, 機身過大, 除雪機占道影響 交通;速度過低, 影響車流通暢, 同時狹窄路面的除雪 也要求機身體積不宜過大。為了不妨礙交通, 今后中 國的除雪機械要向小型化、高速度的方向發(fā)展。 4.3 向多功能、機 —電 —液一體化的方向發(fā)展 為了提高機器的使用率, 除雪機械應(yīng)向一機多 用的方向發(fā)展。中國的除雪機械應(yīng)該向兼用型的方 向發(fā)展, 可對多種機械如卡車、推土機、建筑機械等 實施改造, 只是在冬季降雪時進行除雪作業(yè), 其余時 間可進行灑水、清掃等多種路面養(yǎng)護作業(yè)及其他作 業(yè)。除雪機械應(yīng)盡量采用機—電—液新技術(shù), 實現(xiàn) 自動控制, 提高除雪機械的科技含量。 4.4 要注意提高安全性、舒適性 由于除雪機械的駕駛操作具有一定的危險性, 因此要最大限度地減輕駕駛員的操作強度, 改善除 雪機械的可操作性, 研制自動控制系統(tǒng), 實現(xiàn)自動避 讓功能, 避免機器和除雪裝置的損壞。 同時要注意 改善駕駛員的工作條件, 加強防噪音、防塵埃措施, 減輕駕駛室振動, 注意通風(fēng), 使駕駛員在一個舒適的 環(huán)境中工作。 4.5 打破專利封鎖,加強技術(shù)合作 集中人力、物力優(yōu)勢, 聯(lián)合開發(fā)除雪機械, 盡早 研制出高速度、高性能的除雪設(shè)備, 減少人力除雪, 實現(xiàn)除雪自動化。 這樣既可以大大降低勞動強度, 把人們從惡劣勞動環(huán)境中解脫出來, 又可以提高國 內(nèi)城市建設(shè)機械化水平。 在 2002 年黑龍江省交通廳與黑龍江省質(zhì)量技 術(shù)監(jiān)督局聯(lián)合下發(fā)了《關(guān)于加強交通行業(yè)機動車檢 測設(shè)備及相關(guān)項目計量檢定工作的通知》 。 主要內(nèi) 容是交通行業(yè)機動車檢測設(shè)備及相關(guān)項目必須按國 家(或部門)的有關(guān)規(guī)定進行計量檢定, 為了發(fā)揮各 方長處, 實現(xiàn)優(yōu)勢互補, 促進交通和計量事業(yè)的發(fā) 展, 黑龍江省交通廳和黑龍江省質(zhì)量技術(shù)監(jiān)督局共 同加強對此項工作的管理與監(jiān)督。與質(zhì)量技術(shù)監(jiān)督 部門保持良好的溝通和合作, 可以為進一步做好檢 定工作創(chuàng)造條件。 目前在建立合作的基礎(chǔ)上, 交通部門和質(zhì)量技 術(shù)監(jiān)督部門還在對擴大檢定范圍等具體工作進行商 議。現(xiàn)在開展聯(lián)合檢定的范圍定為:機動車綜合性 能檢測站、客運車輛安檢站、運輸車輛限載儀、車輪 動平衡機、四輪定位儀、出租車稅控計價器、加油機、 加氣機以及汽車檢修企業(yè)的各種檢測設(shè)備。 計量檢定的開展提高了交通行業(yè)校準、檢測人 員的工作質(zhì)量和業(yè)務(wù)水平, 適應(yīng)汽車檢測和檢測設(shè) 備計量技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展。 隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的進步、汽車檢測維修設(shè)備的更新?lián)Q代, 計量檢定也會隨之逐 漸完善并有新的發(fā)展。 8