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液壓泵站也被稱為站是獨立的氫水利設(shè)備。
???它要求逐步由石油。并控制液壓油的流動方向，壓力和流量，適用于大型機和雜交draulic裝置分離的水力機械。
????用戶將購買后提供液壓站和大量的執(zhí)行機構(gòu)（機油或油箱）與油管，液壓機械，才能實現(xiàn)這些運動和工作周期。
?????液壓泵站的安裝，集成塊或閥組合， T型anks ，組合電器盒。
?????功能部件：
???泵裝置-配有馬達和泵，液壓站是力量的源泉。以機械能到液壓油的壓力能。
???多方面的-從液壓閥體和渠道組裝。正確的方向?qū)嵤┮簤河停瑝毫土髁靠刂啤?
????閥組合-板閥是安裝在電路板后，局康恩-
???? ects具有相同功能的IC 。
????油箱-板焊半封閉容器，還裝載油類過濾網(wǎng)絡(luò)，空氣過濾器，用于石油，機油濾清器和冷卻。
????電氣盒-在這兩個模式。一套外部保險絲終端板;分布全方位的電氣控制。
????液壓站的原則：電機驅(qū)動泵輪，其中泵吸油從油罐。以機械能到液壓站的壓力，液壓油通過集成塊（或閥組合）實現(xiàn)了方向，壓力，調(diào)整后流通管道和外部缸液壓機械或機油，以控制方向的動機流體轉(zhuǎn)變部隊的規(guī)模和速度的步伐，促進各代理油壓機械。
????
????一個發(fā)展過程
????我國液壓（包括液壓，下同） ，氣動和密封工業(yè)發(fā)展進程大致可分為三個階段，即： 20 20世紀50年代初至60年代初期，最初階段， 60年代和70個專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng); 80 ? 90的成長階段的快速發(fā)展階段。其中，液壓行業(yè)在20世紀50年代初從機床行業(yè)生產(chǎn)假冒蘇磨床，拉床，復(fù)制車床及其他液壓傳動開始，液壓元件的工廠液壓車間，自住。進入20世紀60年代，液壓技術(shù)的應(yīng)用從機床逐漸推廣到農(nóng)業(yè)機械和機械工程領(lǐng)域，重視原始速度的液壓車間一些突出的液壓件專業(yè)生產(chǎn)。到上世紀60年代末， 70年代初，隨著機械化生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展，特別是在第二汽車廠提供高效率，自動化設(shè)備，以及液壓元件制造業(yè)經(jīng)歷了快速發(fā)展的形勢下，一批中小企業(yè)已成為專業(yè)液壓配件廠。 1968年我國年產(chǎn)液壓元件有近20萬在1973年，機床，農(nóng)業(yè)機械，機械工程行業(yè)，生產(chǎn)液壓配件廠是專業(yè)發(fā)展的100多個和年產(chǎn)超過100萬。一個獨立的液壓制造業(yè)已初具規(guī)模。然后，液壓件假冒產(chǎn)品從蘇聯(lián)引進的產(chǎn)品開發(fā)和技術(shù)相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計的壓力，高血壓和發(fā)展的電液伺服閥及系統(tǒng)，液壓應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域進一步擴大。氣動比開始的工業(yè)液壓年后，于1967年開始建立氣動元件專業(yè)廠，氣動元件只能作為商品生產(chǎn)和銷售。密封橡膠和塑料制品，機械密封和密封柔性石墨密封行業(yè)， 20世紀50年代初從生產(chǎn)普通O型環(huán)。橡膠和塑料擠出，如油封密封和密封石棉產(chǎn)品開始到60年代初期，開始生產(chǎn)機械密封和柔性石墨密封制品。 20世紀70年代，焚燒前部，一個部，該部的農(nóng)業(yè)機械化系統(tǒng)，一批專業(yè)生產(chǎn)廠已經(jīng)成立，并正式成立工業(yè)密封工業(yè)發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)，促進經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。
???? 20世紀80年代以來，在國家的改革開放政策的指導(dǎo)方針，以發(fā)展機械行業(yè)，基于大型機件背后的沖突日益突出，并引起有關(guān)部門。為此，該部原來在1982年，形成共同的基礎(chǔ)件產(chǎn)業(yè)，將分散在原機床，農(nóng)業(yè)機械，機械工程行業(yè)的集中液壓，氣動和密封件專業(yè)廠，對其進行共同基礎(chǔ)件局管理，使該行業(yè)在規(guī)劃，投資，技術(shù)和科學的研究和發(fā)展領(lǐng)域，如基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施件局的指導(dǎo)和支持。從那時起進入了一個階段的快速發(fā)展，引進了60多個項目的國外先進技術(shù)，其中包括40多個項目的液壓，氣動7 。經(jīng)過消化吸收和改造，現(xiàn)在有大量生產(chǎn)，和業(yè)界領(lǐng)先的產(chǎn)品。近年來，該行業(yè)增加技術(shù)改造的努力，于1991年，當?shù)仄髽I(yè)和自籌資金共投入約20億元人民幣，其中超過16.00億元液壓。通過技術(shù)改造和技術(shù)研究，以及一些大型企業(yè)，以進一步提高技術(shù)水平，技術(shù)和設(shè)備將大大改善。為了形成一個更高的起點上，專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)和運行奠定了良好的基礎(chǔ)。近年來，許多國家發(fā)展的共同擁有的指導(dǎo)方針，根據(jù)不同所有制的中小企業(yè)迅速崛起顯示出強大的生命力。而進一步開放市場，三資企業(yè)迅速發(fā)展的行業(yè)標準，為改善和擴大出口方面發(fā)揮重要作用。今天，我國已和美國，日本，德國和其他國家的著名廠商合資或全資擁有的外國制造商建立一個活塞泵/馬達，行星減速機，舵機，液壓控制閥，液壓系統(tǒng)，靜液壓傳動，液壓鑄造。氣動控制閥，氣缸，氣體處理三聯(lián)件，機械密封，橡膠和密封產(chǎn)品50多個生產(chǎn)企業(yè)，吸引外國投資超過200億美元。
????其次，目前的局勢
???? （ 1 ）基本概況
????經(jīng)過40年的努力，我國液壓，氣動和密封工業(yè)已形成了一個比較完整的類別。一定水平的技術(shù)能力和產(chǎn)業(yè)體系。根據(jù)1995年第三次全國工業(yè)普查統(tǒng)計，液壓，氣動密封件工業(yè)370,000和年銷售收入100萬元，國有企業(yè)，村辦，私營和合作企業(yè)，個人， “三資”企業(yè)共更多超過1300名，其中約700液壓，氣動密封件和大約300萬人。到1996年的國際貿(mào)易統(tǒng)計，國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值我國工業(yè)液壓二十三萬四千八百點零零零萬元，占世界60 ;氣動工業(yè)產(chǎn)值49100萬元，占世界排名第10 。
???? （ 2 ）目前的供應(yīng)和需求概況
????通過引進技術(shù)，自主開發(fā)和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，高壓柱塞泵，齒輪泵，葉片泵，通用液壓閥，坦克，非潤滑氣動件和各類密封的第一大技術(shù)產(chǎn)品的顯著增加。穩(wěn)定的大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)，可為各種主機產(chǎn)品提供了一定程度的保證。此外，液壓和氣動元件的CAD系統(tǒng)，污染控制，比例伺服技術(shù)取得了一些成就，并已用于生產(chǎn)。目前，液壓，氣動和密封件產(chǎn)品總計約3000種，超過23,000規(guī)格。其中，有1200液壓品種，一萬多規(guī)格（包括液壓產(chǎn)品60個品種500個規(guī)格） ;氣動有1350種， 8000多規(guī)格;橡膠密封件350種5000多個規(guī)格已基本滿足不同類型的主機產(chǎn)品的一般需要，成套設(shè)備為主要品種的匹配率為60 ％以上，并開始少量出口。
???? 1998年國產(chǎn)液壓件產(chǎn)量480萬美元。銷售收入約28億美元（其中約70 ％的機械系統(tǒng)） ;氣動件產(chǎn)量360萬美元。銷售收入約5.5億美元（其中約60 ％的機械系統(tǒng)） ;密封產(chǎn)量約800萬美元。銷售收入約10億美元（其中約50 ％的機械系統(tǒng)） 。據(jù)中國液壓氣動密封件工業(yè)協(xié)會1998年年度報告，液壓產(chǎn)品銷售率為97 . 5 ％ （ 101 ％液壓） ，氣動95.9 ％ ， 98.7 ％密封。這充分反映市場的基本趨同。
????我國液壓，氣動和密封工業(yè)已經(jīng)達到了很大的進展，但與主機發(fā)展的需要，和世界先進水平，但仍存在許多差距，主要反映在產(chǎn)品品種，性能和可靠性，等等。液壓產(chǎn)品為例，國外產(chǎn)品的三分之一，一半生活在國外。為了滿足關(guān)鍵主機和大型機進口的主要技術(shù)和設(shè)備的需要，每年大量的液壓，氣動和密封產(chǎn)品進口。據(jù)海關(guān)統(tǒng)計和分析數(shù)據(jù)，在1998年液壓，氣動和密封件的進口約200億美元，其中液壓約1.4億美元，氣動近零3000美元，密封約30000美元。相比略有下降， 1997年。的款項，目前進口產(chǎn)品的國內(nèi)市場份額的30 ％左右。 1998年件的國內(nèi)市場需求總的液壓約6萬美元，銷售總額近40億美元;氣動件需求總量約500萬，銷售額超過700萬元;海豹總需求約為11億美元。總銷售額約13億美元。
????第三，發(fā)展趨勢，未來
???? 1 ，影響發(fā)展的主要因素
???? （ 1 ）產(chǎn)品開發(fā)能力和技術(shù)發(fā)展水平和速度不能完全滿足先進主機產(chǎn)品，主要設(shè)備和技術(shù)進口設(shè)備和維護支持;
???? （ 2 ）一些企業(yè)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，裝備水平和管理水平相對落后，加上強烈的質(zhì)量，導(dǎo)致低水平的產(chǎn)品性能，質(zhì)量，可靠性差服務(wù)及時，缺乏用戶滿意和信任的品牌產(chǎn)品;
???? （ 3 ）行業(yè)的專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)低，力量分散，低重復(fù)嚴重，地區(qū)和企業(yè)之間的融合產(chǎn)品，盲目地相互競爭，壓低價格，減少了企業(yè)效益，缺乏資金，周轉(zhuǎn)困難，產(chǎn)品開發(fā)和技術(shù)改造是不夠的，并嚴重制約了行業(yè)的整體水平提高的競爭和增加強度;
???? （ 4 ）國內(nèi)市場國際化程度的提高，外國公司進入中國市場并參與競爭的國內(nèi)私營部門和合作企業(yè)，個人，外商投資企業(yè)，如增加對國有企業(yè)由于不斷增長的影響。
???? 2 ，發(fā)展趨勢
????隨著社會主義市場經(jīng)濟的不斷深化，液壓，氣動和密封產(chǎn)品在市場的供應(yīng)和需求，并有一個更大的變化，很久以前的“短缺”的賣方市場已基本成為一個“結(jié)構(gòu)性過?！钡奶攸c買方市場。整體能力，已經(jīng)在供應(yīng)過剩的局面，特別是水平普遍較低液壓，氣動和密封件，一般供過于求;和東道國的迫切高科技高參數(shù)，高附加值的高端產(chǎn)品，而且他們這樣做不能滿足市場的需求，只有依賴進口。我國加入WTO ，其影響可能會更大。因此， “十五”期間的增長，工業(yè)產(chǎn)值，決不能依賴于量的增長和行業(yè)應(yīng)解決結(jié)構(gòu)性問題的自己，加大調(diào)整產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)，是我們應(yīng)該依靠提高質(zhì)量，促進技術(shù)升級，產(chǎn)品以滿足市場需求和刺激，尋求更大的發(fā)展。
Hydraulic Station and the development of hydraulic components Profiles
Hydraulic Pump Station also known as the stations are independent h- ydraulic device.
It requested by the oil gradually. And controlling the hydraulic oil flow direction, pressure and flow rate, applied to the mainframe and hy- draulic devices separability of hydraulic machinery.
Users will be provided after the purchase hydraulic station and host of implementing agencies (motor oil or fuel tanks) connected with tubing, Hydraulic machinery can be realized from these movements and the work cycle.
Hydraulic pump station is installed, Manifold or valve combination, t- anks, a combination of electrical boxes.
Functional components :
Pump device -- is equipped with motors and pumps, hydraulic station is the source of power. to mechanical energy into hydraulic oil pressure can be.
Manifold -- from hydraulic valve body and channel assembled. Right direction for implementation of hydraulic oil, pressure and flow control.
Valve portfolio -- plate valve is installed in up board after board conn-
ects with the same functional IC.
Tank -- plate welding semi-closed containers, also loaded with oil filtering network, air filters, used oil, oil filters and cooling.
Electrical boxes -- at the two patterns. A set of external fuse terminal plate; distribution of a full range of electrical control.
Hydraulic Station principle : motor driven pump rotation, which pump oil absorption from the oil tank. to mechanical energy into hydraulic pressure to the station, hydraulic oil through Manifold (or valve combinations) realized the direction, pressure, After adjusting flow pipe and external to the cylinder hydraulic machinery or motor oil, so as to control the direction of the motive fluid transformation force the size and speed the pace of promoting the various acting hydraulic machinery.
A development course
China Hydraulic (including hydraulic, the same below), pneumatic and seals industrial development process can be broadly divided into three phases, namely : 20 early 1950s to the early 1960s, the initial stage; 60's and 70 for specialized production system ;80~90's growth stage for the rapid development stage. Which, hydraulic industry in the early 1950s from the machine tool industry production of fake Su-grinder, broaching machine, copying lathe, and other hydraulic drive started, Hydraulic Components from the plant hydraulic machine shop, self-occupied. After entering the 1960s, the application of hydraulic technology from the machine gradually extended to the agricultural machinery and mechanical engineering fields, attached to the original velocity of hydraulic shop some stand out as pieces of hydraulic professional production. To the late 1960s, early 1970s, with the development of mechanized production, especially in the second automobile factory in providing efficient, automated equipment, along with the Hydraulic Components manufacturing has experienced rapid development of the situation, a group of SMEs have become professional hydraulic parts factory. 1968 China's annual output of hydraulic components have nearly 200,000 in 1973, machine tools, agricultural machinery, mechanical engineering industries, the production of hydraulic parts factory has been the professional development of more than 100 and an annual output more than one million. an independent hydraulic manufacturing industry has begun to take shape. Then, hydraulic pieces of fake products from the Soviet Union for the introduction of the product development and technical design combining the products to the pressure, Hypertension, and the development of the electro-hydraulic servo valves and systems, hydraulic application areas further expanded. Aerodynamic than the start of the industrial hydraulic years later, in 1967 began to establish professional pneumatic components factory, Pneumatic Components only as commodity production and sales. Sealed with rubber and plastics, mechanical seals and sealing flexible graphite sealing industry, the early 1950s from the production ordinary O-rings. rubber and plastics extrusion, such as oil seal sealing and seal asbestos products start to the early 1960s, begun production of mechanical seals and flexible graphite sealing products. 1970s, the burning of the former Ministry, a Ministry, the Ministry of Agricultural Mechanization System, a group of professional production plants have been established, and the official establishment of industries to seal industrial development has laid the foundation for growth.
Since the 1980s, in the country's reform and opening up policy guidelines, with the development of the machinery industry, based mainframe pieces behind the conflicts have become increasingly prominent and attracted the attention of the relevant departments. To this end, the Ministry of the original one in 1982, formed the basis of common pieces of Industry, will be scattered in the original machine tools, agricultural machinery, mechanical engineering industries centralized hydraulic, pneumatic and seals specialized factories, placing them under common management infrastructure pieces Bureau, so that the industry in the planning, investment, technology and scientific research and development in areas such as infrastructure pieces Bureau of guidance and support. Since then entered a phase of rapid development, has introduced more than 60 items of advanced technology from abroad, including more than 40 items of hydraulic, pneumatic 7. After digestion and absorption and transformation, now have mass production, and industry-leading products. In recent years, the industry increased the technological transformation efforts, in 1991, Local enterprises and the self-financing total input of about 20 billion yuan, of which more than 1.6 billion yuan Hydraulic. Through technological transformation and technology research, and a number of major enterprises to further improve the level of technology, technique and equipment to be greatly improved. In order to form a higher starting point, specialization, and run production has laid a good foundation. In recent years, many countries in the development of common ownership guidelines, under different ownership SMEs rapid rise showing great vitality. With the further opening up, three-funded enterprises rapid development of industry standards for improving and expanding exports play an important role. Today, China has and the United States, Japan, Germany and other countries famous manufacturers joint ventures or wholly-owned by foreign manufacturers to establish a piston pump / motor, planetary reduction gears, steering gear, hydraulic control valve, hydraulic system, hydrostatic transmission, hydraulic Casting. pneumatic control valve, cylinder, gas processing triple pieces, mechanical seals, rubber and seal products more than 50 production enterprises, attracting foreign investment over 200 million U.S. dollars.
Second, the current situation
(1) Basic Profiles
After 40 years of efforts, China hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing industry has formed a relatively complete categories. a certain level of technical capacity and the industrial system. According to the 1995 Third National Industrial Census statistics, hydraulic, Pneumatic seals and industrial 370,000 annual sales income of 100 million yuan in state-owned, village-run, private and cooperative enterprises, individual, "three capital" enterprises with a total of more than 1,300, of which about 700 hydraulic, Pneumatic seals and the approximately 300 thousand. By 1996 with the international trade statistics, the total output value of China's industry hydraulic 2.348 billion yuan, accounting for the world's 6; Pneumatic industry output 419 million yuan, accounting for world No. 10.
(2) the current supply and demand profiles
Through the introduction of technology, independent development and technological innovation, and high-pressure piston pump, gear pumps, vane pump, General Motors hydraulic valves, tanks, Non-lubricated aerodynamic pieces and various seals of the first large technology products has increased noticeably. stability of the mass production may, for various mainframe products provide a level of assurance. In addition, hydraulic and pneumatic components of the CAD system, pollution control, proportional servo technology has scored some achievements, and is already in production. Currently, hydraulic, pneumatic and seals products total about 3,000 species, more than 23,000 specifications. Among them, there are 1,200 hydraulic varieties, more than 10,000 specifications (including hydraulic products 60 varieties 500 specifications); Pneumatic are 1,350 varieties, more than 8,000 specifications; Rubber seal 350 species more than 5,000 specifications have been basically cater to the different types of mainframe products to the general needs, complete sets of equipment for major varieties of matching rate was over 60%, and started a small amount of exports.
1998 pieces of homemade hydraulic output 4.8 million. sales of about 28 billion (of which about 70% mechanical systems); aerodynamic pieces yield 3.6 million. sales of about 5.5 billion (of which about 60% of mechanical systems); Seals output of about 800 million. sales of about 10 billion (of which about 50% mechanical systems). According to the China Hydraulic Pneumatic Seals Industry Association 1998 annual report, hydraulic product sales rate of 97. 5% (101% for hydraulic), pneumatic 95.9%, 98.7% sealed. This fully reflects the basic marketing convergence.
My hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing industry has attained a great deal of progress, but with mainframe development needs, and the world's advanced level, there are still many gaps, mainly reflected in the product variety, performance and reliability, and so on. Hydraulic products as an example, products abroad only one-third, life for half abroad. In order to meet key mainframe, and mainframe imports of major technology and equipment needs, every year a large number of hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing products imports. According to customs statistics and the analysis of data, in 1998 hydraulic, pneumatic and seals in the import about 200 million U.S. dollars, Hydraulic which about 1.4 billion dollars, aerodynamic nearly 030 million U.S. dollars, sealed about 030 million U.S. dollars. compared with a slight decline in 1997. By sums, currently imported products on the domestic market share of about 30%. 1998 pieces of the domestic market demand for hydraulic total of about six million, the total sales of nearly 40 billion; aerodynamic pieces of the total demand of about 5 million, with sales more than 700 million yuan; Seals total demand of about 1.1 billion. total sales of about 1.3 billion.
Third, the development trend of the future
1, affect the development of the main factors
(1) product development ability, and the level of technological development and speed can not completely meet the advanced mainframe products, major equipment and technology imported equipment and maintenance support;
(2) the number of enterprises manufacturing technology, the level of equipment and management standards are comparatively backward, coupled with a strong sense of quality, resulting in low levels of product performance, quality, Reliability poor services in a timely manner, lack of user satisfaction and trust of the brand-name products;
(3) industry specialization of production low, scattered strength, low repeat serious, between regions and enterprises of convergence products, blindly compete with each other, driving down prices, the decline of enterprise returns, lack of funds, liquidity difficulties, product development and technological transformation is inadequate and seriously restricted the industry to improve the overall level of competition and the increase of strength;
(4) The internationalization of the domestic market and the increasing degree of foreign companies have entered the Chinese market and participate in competition with the domestic private and cooperative enterprises, individuals, foreign-funded enterprises, such as the rise of state-owned enterprises due to the growing impact.
2, the development trend
As the socialist market economy continues to deepen, hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing products in the market supply and demand and there is a greater change, long ago to a "shortage" of the seller's market has basically become a "structural surplus" of the characteristics of the buyer's market place . Overall capacity, is already in oversupply situation, in particular the general low level of hydraulic, pneumatic and seals, the general oversupply; and the host of urgent high-tech high-parameter, high value-added high-end products, and they do not satisfy the market needs, only dependent on imports. China joins the WTO, its impact may be even greater. Therefore, the "15" during the growth of the output value of industry, must not depend on volume growth and the industry should address the structural problems of their own, increase the intensity of the adjustment of the industrial structure and product mix, is, we should rely on the improvement of quality, and promote technical upgrading of products to meet market demand and stimulating, seek greater development.
Abstract
According to GB3836.2-2000 "explosive gas atmospheres Electrical Equipment Part 2: Flameproof" d "" No. 3 "inspection and testing" the provisions of explosion-proof electrical equipment and components shell casings zero, components the need for a strength test, the use of hydraulic pressure test machine to test its strength testing methods.
The main effect of the hydraulic system test workpiece clamping and water pressure seals the role of prison letters. Hydraulic system, the two hydraulic cylinders at the same time to intensify the way, hydraulic system, outside any leakage, the size of clamping force, the upper and lower co-ordination with the cylinder, and will directly affect the overall system pressure effect.
Keywords：Power sliding Taiwan High efficiency hydraulic pressure