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編號 無錫太湖學院 畢業(yè)設計（論文） 相關資料 題目： EG-6203四通道超聲波軸承 清洗機送料機構設計 信機 系 機械工程及自動化專業(yè) 學 號： 　　　 0923242　　　　 學生姓名： 馬佳富 指導教師： 　 范圣耀 （職稱：副教授） （職稱： ） 2013年5月25日 目 錄 一、畢業(yè)設計（論文）開題報告 二、畢業(yè)設計（論文）外文資料翻譯及原文 三、學生“畢業(yè)論文（論文）計劃、進度、檢查及落實表” 四、實習鑒定表 無錫太湖學院 畢業(yè)設計（論文） 開題報告 題目： EG-6203四通道超聲波軸承 清洗機送料機構設計 信機 系 機械工程及自動化 專業(yè) 學 號： 0923242 學生姓名： 馬佳富 指導教師： 范圣耀 （職稱：副教授） （職稱： ） 2012年11月25日 課題來源 由于我在一家軸承制造廠家進行實習，在軸承的清洗過程中涉及到軸承的清洗，而軸承的清洗機在市場上有很多種，本人實習的公司用的是先進的超聲波軸承清洗機，所以我就選取超聲波軸承清洗機上的一個機構——送料機構進行設計。 科學依據(jù)（包括課題的科學意義；國內(nèi)外研究概況、水平和發(fā)展趨勢；應用前景等） （1）課題科學意義 超聲波清洗(簡稱超聲清洗)是將超聲波的振動加人到洗滌液中用以清洗固體表面的方法。現(xiàn)在,超聲清洗以其獨特的清洗效果泛地應用于機械、電子、電腦、輕工、醫(yī)療、化工、五金、儀表、電鍍等行業(yè)。在市場經(jīng)濟的環(huán)境下，對產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量要求越來越高。為保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，許多企業(yè)在產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)過程中，將采用清洗工藝來提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，為企業(yè)創(chuàng)造良好的經(jīng)濟效益。當前在一些工業(yè)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)過程中，應用超聲波清洗是一種洗凈效果好，價格經(jīng)濟，有利于環(huán)保的清洗工藝。超聲波清洗機可以應用于清洗各式各樣體形大小，形狀復雜，清潔度要求高的許多工件。 (2）超聲波軸承清洗機的研究狀況及其發(fā)展前景 軸承在當今的國民生產(chǎn)的應用是非常廣泛的。中國是軸承生產(chǎn)大國，清洗是軸承的合套后的一道重要的工序。清洗的好壞決定了軸承的合格率。軸承的內(nèi)外圈在加工打磨之后就產(chǎn)生了細小的顆粒和磁性。在自動化之前，直至現(xiàn)在一些小廠還沿用獨立的退磁機去磁然后用機械式的液體壓力清洗。這樣大大浪費勞動力和減少工作效率。在超聲波的出現(xiàn)后，現(xiàn)在采用的超聲波清洗，由發(fā)生器輸出超音頻振蕩電功率，經(jīng)換能器將電功率換成超聲機械振動，清洗液在超聲振動下，產(chǎn)生具有數(shù)千萬個大氣壓的微核波，形成液面與被清洗面間的高速核氣流，使粘附被清洗件表面的各類污物剝落使產(chǎn)品合格率大大提升，同時提高效率，減少勞動力。以下是超聲波清洗技術的具體應用范圍： (1) 機械行業(yè)：防銹油脂的去除；量具的清洗；機械零部件的除油除銹；發(fā)動機、化油器及汽車零件的清洗；過濾器、濾網(wǎng)的疏通清洗等。 (2) 表面處理行業(yè)：電鍍前的除油除銹；離子鍍前清洗；磷化處理；清除積炭；清除氧化皮；清除拋光膏；金屬工件表面活化處理等。 (3) 儀器儀表行業(yè)：精密零件的高清潔度裝配前的清洗等。 (4) 電子行業(yè)：印刷線路板除松香、焊斑；高壓觸點等機械電子零件的清洗等。 (5) 醫(yī)療行業(yè)：醫(yī)療器械的清洗、消毒、殺菌、實驗器皿的清洗等。 (6) 半導體行業(yè)：半導體晶片的高清潔度清洗。 (7) 鐘表首、飾行業(yè)：清除油泥、灰塵、氧化層、拋光膏等。 (8) 化學、生物行業(yè)：實驗器皿的清洗、除垢。 研究內(nèi)容 ① 熟悉超聲波清洗技術的發(fā)展歷程，特別是近十幾年來提出的對于軸承進行的全自動的清洗技術。 ② 熟練掌握超聲波清洗設備的分類，超聲波清洗時的工藝流程以及相關的要求； ③了解超聲波清洗機的內(nèi)部主要器件及其作用； ④掌握超聲波送料機構上的各個零件的大小、受力情況，使其能夠在安全系數(shù)內(nèi)安全工作； ⑤對PLC技術在超聲波清洗裝備中的應用，使設備能夠進行全自動清洗。 擬采取的研究方法、技術路線、實驗方案及可行性分析 （1）實驗方案 將超聲波清洗機分成幾個主要組成部分，對每個部分塊進行介紹分析；對送料機構進行受力分析及校核；對校核后的軸取合適的直徑，在最經(jīng)濟的條件下，軸能在安全系數(shù)的條件下安全工作；對自動送料機構進行plc設計。 （2）研究方法 ① 在理想的工作條件下，分析軸的受力情況，繪制軸的矩形圖。 ② 在理想的工作條件下，對軸上各個零件進行受力分析，選取合適的零件。 研究計劃及預期成果 研究計劃： 2012年10月12日-2012年12月25日：按照任務書要求查閱論文相關參考資料，填寫畢業(yè)設計開題報告書。 2013年1月11日-2013年3月5日：填寫畢業(yè)實習報告。 2013年3月8日-2013年3月14日：按照要求修改畢業(yè)設計開題報告。 2013年3月15日-2013年3月21日：學習并翻譯一篇與畢業(yè)設計相關的英文材料。 2013年3月22日-2013年4月11日：送料機構的設計。 2013年4月12日-2013年4月25日：plc的設計。 2013年4月26日-2013年5月21日：畢業(yè)論文撰寫和修改工作。 預期成果： 了解超聲波清洗技術的發(fā)展歷程，熟練掌握超聲波清洗設備的分類，超聲波清洗時的工藝流程以及相關的要求；了解超聲波清洗機的內(nèi)部主要器件及其作用；掌握超聲波清洗機內(nèi)部相關器件的結構、工作原理和注意條件；對超聲波清洗機的總的電路圖有所了解；掌握超聲波送料機構上的各個零件的大小、受力情況；使其能夠在安全系數(shù)內(nèi)安全工作對PLC技術在超聲波清洗裝備中的應用，使設備能夠進行全自動清洗。 特色或創(chuàng)新之處 ①PLC技術在超聲波清洗裝備中的應用，使設備能夠進行全自動清洗。 ② 采用固定某些參量、改變某些參量來研究問題的方法，思路清晰，簡潔明了，行之有效。 已具備的條件和尚需解決的問題 ① 實驗方案思路已經(jīng)非常明確，通過對送料機構中軸的設計，選取合適的軸承、齒輪以及其他安裝在軸上的零件。 ②對軸上的潤滑尚未討論分析。 指導教師意見 指導教師簽名： 年 月 日 教研室（學科組、研究所）意見 教研室主任簽名： 年 月 日 系意見 主管領導簽名： 年 月 日 無 錫 太 湖 學 院 畢業(yè)設計（論文）外文資料翻譯 院 （系）： 信 機 系 專 業(yè)： 機械工程及自動化 班 級： 機械95班 姓 名： 馬佳富 學 號： 0923242 外文出處： 中國期刊網(wǎng) 附 件： 譯文；原文；評分表 2013年 5 月 Fundamentals of Mechanical Design And Theory Mechanical design means the design of things and systems of a mechanical nature—machines, products, structures, devices, and instruments. For the most part mechanical design utilizes mathematics, the materials sciences, and the engineering-mechanics sciences. The total design process is of interest to us. How does it begin? Does the engineer simply sit down at his desk with a blank sheet of paper? And, as he jots down some ideas, what happens next? What factors influence or control the decisions which have to be made? Finally, then, how does this design process end? Sometimes, but not always, design begins when an engineer recognizes a need and decides to do something about it. Recognition of the need and phrasing it in so many words often constitute a highly creative act because the need may be only a vague discontent, a feeling of uneasiness, of a sensing that something is not right. The need is usually not evident at all. For example, the need to do something about a food-packaging machine may be indicated by the noise level, by the variations in package weight, and by slight but perceptible variations in the quality of the packaging or wrap. There is a distinct difference between the statement of the need and the identification of the problem. Which follows this statement? The problem is more specific. If the need is for cleaner air, the problem might be that of reducing the dust discharge from power-plant stacks, or reducing the quantity of irritants from automotive exhausts. Definition of the problem must include all the specifications for the thing that is to be designed. The specifications are the input and output quantities, the characteristics of the space the thing must occupy and all the limitations on these quantities. We can regard the thing to be designed as something in a black box. In this case we must specify the inputs and outputs of the box together with their characteristics and limitations. The specifications define the cost, the number to be manufactured, the expected life, the range, the operating temperature, and the reliability. There are many implied specifications which result either from the designer's particular environment or from the nature of the problem itself. The manufacturing processes which are available, together with the facilities of a certain plant, constitute restrictions on a designer's freedom, and hence are a part of the implied specifications. A small plant, for instance, may not own cold-working machinery. Knowing this, the designer selects other metal-processing methods which can be performed in the plant. The labor skills available and the competitive situation also constitute implied specifications. After the problem has been defined and a set of written and implied specifications has been obtained, the next step in design is the synthesis of an optimum solution. Now synthesis cannot take place without both analysis and optimization because the system under design must be analyzed to determine whether the performance complies with the specifications. The design is an iterative process in which we proceed through several steps, evaluate the results, and then return to an earlier phase of the procedure. Thus we may synthesize several components of a system, analyze and optimize them, and return to synthesis to see what effect this has on the remaining parts of the system. Both analysis and optimization require that we construct or devise abstract models of the system which will admit some form of mathematical analysis. We call these models mathematical models. In creating them it is our hope that we can find one which will simulate the real physical system very well. Evaluation is a significant phase of the total design process. Evaluation is the final proof of a successful design, which usually involves the testing of a prototype in the laboratory. Here we wish to discover if the design really satisfies the need or needs. Is it reliable? Will it compete successfully with similar products? Is it economical to manufacture and to use? Is it easily maintained and adjusted? Can a profit be made from its sale or use? Communicating the design to others is the final, vital step in the design process. Undoubtedly many great designs, inventions, and creative works have been lost to mankind simply because the originators were unable or unwilling to explain their accomplishments to others. Presentation is a selling job. The engineer, when presenting a new solution to administrative, management, or supervisory persons, is attempting to sell or to prove to them that this solution is a better one. Unless this can be done successfully, the time and effort spent on obtaining the solution have been largely wasted. Basically, there are only three means of communication available to us. There are the written, the oral, and the graphical forms. Therefore the successful engineer will be technically competent and versatile in all three forms of communication. A technically competent person who lacks ability in any one of these forms is severely handicapped. If ability in all three forms is lacking, no one will ever know how competent that person is! The competent engineer should not be afraid of the possibility of not succeeding in a presentation. In fact, occasional failure should be expected because failure or criticism seems to accompany every really creative idea. There is a great to be learned from a failure, and the greatest gains are obtained by those willing to risk defeat. In the find analysis, the real failure would lie in deciding not to make the presentation at all. Introduction to Machine Design Machine design is the application of science and technology to devise new or improved products for the purpose of satisfying human needs. It is a vast field of engineering technology which not only concerns itself with the original conception of the product in terms of its size, shape and construction details, but also considers the various factors involved in the manufacture, marketing and use of the product. People who perform the various functions of machine design are typically called designers, or design engineers. Machine design is basically a creative activity. However, in addition to being innovative, a design engineer must also have a solid background in the areas of mechanical drawing, kinematics, dynamics, materials engineering, strength of materials and manufacturing processes. As stated previously, the purpose of machine design is to produce a product which will serve a need for man. Inventions, discoveries and scientific knowledge by themselves do not necessarily benefit people; only if they are incorporated into a designed product will a benefit be derived. It should be recognized, therefore, that a human need must be identified before a particular product is designed. Machine design should be considered to be an opportunity to use innovative talents to envision a design of a product is to be manufactured. It is important to understand the fundamentals of engineering rather than memorize mere facts and equations. There are no facts or equations which alone can be used to provide all the correct decisions to produce a good design. On the other hand, any calculations made must be done with the utmost care and precision. For example, if a decimal point is misplaced, an otherwise acceptable design may not function. Good designs require trying new ideas and being willing to take a certain amount of risk, knowing that is the new idea does not work the existing method can be reinstated. Thus a designer must have patience, since there is no assurance of success for the time and effort expended. Creating a completely new design generally requires that many old and well-established methods be thrust aside. This is not easy since many people cling to familiar ideas, techniques and attitudes. A design engineer should constantly search for ways to improve an existing product and must decide what old, proven concepts should be used and what new, untried ideas should be incorporated. New designs generally have “bugs” or unforeseen problems which must be worked out before the superior characteristics of the new designs can be enjoyed. Thus there is a chance for a superior product, but only at higher risk. It should be emphasized that if a design does not warrant radical new methods, such methods should not be applied merely for the sake of change. During the beginning stages of design, creativity should be allowed to flourish without a great number of constraints. Even though many impractical ideas may arise, it is usually easy to eliminate them in the early stages of design before firm details are required by manufacturing. In this way, innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed, up to the point where they can be compared against each other. It is entirely possible that the design which ultimately accepted will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise. Psychologists frequently talk about trying to fit people to the machines they operate. It is essentially the responsibility of the design engineer to strive to fit machines to people. This is not an easy task, since there is really no average person for which certain operating dimensions and procedures are optimum. Another important point which should be recognized is that a design engineer must be able to communicate ideas to other people if they are to be incorporated. Initially the designer must communicate a preliminary design to get management approval. This is usually done by verbal discussions in conjunction with drawing layouts and written material. To communicate effectively, the following questions must be answered: (1) Does the design really serve a human need? (2) Will it be competitive with existing products of rival companies? (3) Is it economical to produce? (4) Can it be readily maintained? (5) Will it sell and make a profit? Only time will provide the true answers to the preceding questions, but the product should be designed, manufactured and marketed only with initial affirmative answers. The design engineer also must communicate the finalized design to manufacturing through the use of detail and assembly drawings. Quite often, a problem well occur during the manufacturing cycle. It may be that a change is required in the dimensioning or telegramming of a part so that it can be more readily produced. This falls in the category of engineering changes which must be approved by the design engineer so that the product function will not be adversely affected. In other cases, a deficiency in the design may appear during assembly or testing just prior to shipping. These realities simply bear out the fact that design is a living process. There is always a better way to do it and the designer should constantly strive towards finding that better way. Machining Turning The engine lathe, one of the oldest metal removal machines, has a number of useful and highly desirable attributes. Today these lathes are used primarily in small shops where smaller quantities rather than large production runs are encountered. The engine lathe has been replaced in today's production shops by a wide variety of automatic lathes such as automatic of single-point tooling for maximum metal removal, and the use of form tools for finish and accuracy, are now at the designer's fingertips with production speeds on a par with the fastest processing equipment on the scene today. Tolerances for the engine lathe depend primarily on the skill of the operator. The design engineer must be careful in using tolerances of an experimental part that has been produced on the engine lathe by a skilled operator. In redesigning an experimental part for production, economical tolerances should be used. Turret Lathes Production machining equipment must be evaluated now, more than ever before, in terms of ability to repeat accurately and rapidly. Applying this criterion for establishing the production qualification of a specific method, the turret lathe merits a high rating. In designing for low quantities such as 100 or 200 parts, it is most economical to use the turret lathe. In achieving the optimum tolerances possible on the turret lathe, the designer should strive for a minimum of operations. Automatic Screw Machines Generally, automatic screw machines fall into several categories; single-spindle automatics, multiple-spindle automatics and automatic chucking machines. Originally designed for rapid, automatic production of screws and similar threaded parts, the automatic screw machine has long since exceeded the confines of this narrow field, and today plays a vital role in the mass production of a variety of precision parts. Quantities play an important part in the economy of the parts machined on the automatic to set up on the turret lathe than on the automatic screw machine. Quantities less than 1000 parts may be more economical to set up on the turret lathe than on the automatic screw machine. The cost of the parts machined can be reduced if the minimum economical lot size is calculated and the proper machine is selected for these quantities. Automatic Tracer Lathes Since surface roughness depends greatly upon material turned, tooling, and fees and speeds employed, minimum tolerances that can be held on automatic tracer lathes are not necessarily the most economical tolerances. Is some case, tolerances of ±0.05mm are held in continuous production using but one cut. Groove width can be held to ±0.125mm on some parts. Bores and single-point finishes can be held to ±0.0125mm. On high-production runs where maximum output is desirable, a minimum tolerance of ±0.125mm is economical on both diameter and length of turn. Milling With the exceptions of turning and drilling, milling is undoubtedly the most widely used method of removing metal. Well suited and readily adapted to the economical production of any quantity of parts, the almost unlimited versatility of the milling process merits the attention and consideration of designers seriously concerned with the manufacture of their product. As in any other process, parts that have to be milled should be designed with economical tolerances that can be achieved in production milling. If the part is designed with tolerances finer than necessary, additional operations will have to be added to achieve these tolerances——and this will increase the cost of the part. Grinding is one of the most widely used methods of finishing parts to extremely close tolerances and low surface roughness. Currently, there are grinders for almost for almost every type of grinding operation. Particular design features of a part dictate to a large degree the type of grinding machine required. Where processing costs are excessive, parts redesigned to utilize a less expensive, higher output grinding method may be well worthwhile. For example, wherever possible the production economy of center less grinding should be taken advantage of by proper design consideration. Although grinding is usually considered a finishing operation, it is often employed as a complete machining process on work which can be ground down from rough condition without being turned or otherwise machined. Thus many types of forgings and other parts are finished completely with the grinding wheel at appreciable savings of time and expense. Classes of grinding machines include the following: cylindrical grinders, center less grinders, internal grinders, surface grinders, and tool and cutter grinders. The cylindrical and center less grinders are for straight cylindrical or taper work; thus splices, shafts, and similar parts are ground on cylindrical machines either of the common-center type or the center less machine. Thread grinders are used for grinding precision threads for thread gages, and threads on precision parts where the concentricity between the diameter of the shaft and the pitch diameter of the thread must be held to close tolerances. The intern