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中國地質大學長城學院 本科畢業(yè)設計外文資料翻譯 系 別： 工程技術系 專 業(yè)：機械設計制造及其自動化 姓 名： 劉博若 學 號： 05208312 2011 年12 月 30 日 外文翻譯 外文資料： Robots First, I explain the background robots, robot technology development. It should be said it is a common scientific and technological development of a comprehensive results, for the socio-economic development of a significant impact on a science and technology. It attributed the development of all countries in the Second World War to strengthen the economic input on strengthening the country's economic development. But they also demand the development of the productive forces the inevitable result of human development itself is the inevitable result then with the development of humanity, people constantly discuss the natural process, in understanding and reconstructing the natural process, people need to be able to liberate a slave. So this is the slave people to be able to replace the complex and engaged in heavy manual labor, People do not realize right up to the world's understanding and transformation of this technology as well as people in the development process of an objective need. Robots are three stages of development, in other words, we are accustomed to regarding robots are divided into three categories. is a first-generation robots, also known as teach-type robot, it is through a computer, to control over one of a mechanical degrees of freedom Through teaching and information stored procedures, working hours to read out information, and then issued a directive so the robot can repeat according to the people at that time said the results show this kind of movement again, For example, the car spot welding robots, only to put this spot welding process, after teaching, and it is always a repeat of a work It has the external environment is no perception that the force manipulation of the size of the work piece there does not exist, welding 0S It does not know, then this fact from the first generation robot, it will exist this shortcoming, it in the 20th century, the late 1970s, people started to study the second-generation robot, called Robot with the feeling that This feeling with the robot is similar in function of a certain feeling, for instance, force and touch, slipping, visual, hearing and who is analogous to that with all kinds of feelings, say in a robot grasping objects, In fact, it can be the size of feeling out, it can through visual, to be able to feel and identify its shape, size, color Grasping an egg, it adopted a acumen, aware of its power and the size of the slide. Third-generation robots, we were a robotics ideal pursued by the most advanced stage, called intelligent robots, So long as tell it what to do, not how to tell it to do, it will be able to complete the campaign, thinking and perception of this man-machine communication function and function Well, this current development or relative is in a smart part of the concept and meaning But the real significance of the integrity of this intelligent robot did not actually exist, but as we continued the development of science and technology, the concept of intelligent increasingly rich, it grows ever wider connotations. Now, I would like to briefly outline some of the industrial robot situation. So far, the industrial robot is the most mature and widely used category of a robot, now the world's total sales of 1.1 million Taiwan, which is the 1999 statistics, however, 1.1 million in Taiwan have been using the equipment is 75 million, this volume is not small. Overall, the Japanese industrial robots in this one, is the first of the robots to become the Kingdom, the United States have developed rapidly. Newly installed in several areas of Taiwan, which already exceeds Japan, China has only just begun to enter the stage of industrialization, has developed a variety of industrial robot prototype and small batch has been used in production. Spot welding robot is the auto production line, improve production efficiency and raise the quality of welding car, reduce the labor intensity of a robot. It is characterized by two pairs of robots for spot welding of steel plate, bearing a great need for the welding tongs, general in dozens of kilograms or more, then its speed in meters per second a 5-2 meter of such high-speed movement. So it is generally five to six degrees of freedom, load 30 to 120 kilograms, the great space, probably expected that the work of a spherical space, a high velocity, the concept of freedom, that is to say, Movement is relatively independent of the number of components, the equivalent of our body, waist is a rotary degree of freedom We have to be able to hold his arm, Arm can be bent, then this three degrees of freedom, Meanwhile there is a wrist posture adjustment to the use of the three autonomy, the general robot has six degrees of freedom. We will be able to space the three locations, three postures, the robot fully achieved, and of course we have less than six degrees of freedom. Have more than six degrees of freedom robot, in different occasions the need to configure. The second category of service robots, with the development of industrialization, especially in the past decade, Robot development in the areas of application are continuously expanding, and now a very important characteristic, as we all know, Robot has gradually shifted from manufacturing to non-manufacturing and service industries, we are talking about the car manufacturer belonging to the manufacturing industry, However, the services sector including cleaning, refueling, rescue, rescue, relief, etc. These belong to the non-manufacturing industries and service industries, so here is compared with the industrial robot, it is a very important difference. It is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors, ultrasonic ranging sensors, etc. It’s surrounding environment for the conduct of identification, to determine its campaign to complete some work, this is service robot’s one of the basic characteristics. For example, domestic robot is mainly embodied in the example of some of the carpets and flooring it to the regular cleaning and vacuuming. The robot it is very meaningful, it has sensors, it can furniture and people can identify, It automatically according to a law put to the ground under the road all cleaned up. This is also the home of some robot performance. The medical robots, nearly five years of relatively rapid development of new application areas. If people in the course of an operation, doctors surgery, is a fatigue, and the other manually operated accuracy is limited. Some universities in Germany, which, facing the spine, lumbar disc disease, the identification, can automatically use the robot-aided positioning, operation and surgery Like the United States have been more than 1,000 cases of human eyeball robot surgery, the robot, also including remote-controlled approach, the right of such gastrointestinal surgery, we see on the television inside. a manipulator, about the thickness fingers such a manipulator, inserted through the abdominal viscera, people on the screen operating the machines hand, it also used the method of laser lesion laser treatment, this is the case, people would not have a very big damage to the human body. In reality, this right as a human liberation is a very good robots, medical robots it is very complex, while it is fully automated to complete all the work, there are difficulties, and generally are people to participate. This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery A few years ago our country the exhibition, the United States has been successful in achieving the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery. This robot has in the area, caused a great sensation, but also, AESOP's surgical robot, In fact, it through some equipment to some of the lesions inspections, through a manipulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the robot under surgery Robot doctor to include doctors with pliers, tweezers or a knife to replace the nurses, while lighting automatically to the doctor's movements linked, the doctor hands off, lighting went off, This is very good, a doctor's assistant. Robot is mankind's right-hand man; friendly coexistence can be a reliable friend. In future, we will see and there will be a robot space inside, as a mutual aide and friend. Robots will create the jobs issue. We believe that there would not be a "robot appointment of workers being laid off" situation, because people with the development of society, In fact the people from the heavy physical and dangerous environment liberated, so that people have a better position to work, to create a better spiritual wealth and cultural wealth. 譯文資料： 機器人 首先我介紹一下機器人產生的背景，機器人技術的發(fā)展，它應該說是一個科學技術發(fā)展共同的一個綜合性的結果，同時，為社會經濟發(fā)展產生了一個重大影響的一門科學技術，它的發(fā)展歸功于在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中各國加強了經濟的投入，就加強了本國的經濟的發(fā)展。另一方面它也是生產力發(fā)展的需求的必然結果，也是人類自身發(fā)展的必然結果，那么隨著人類的發(fā)展，人們在不斷探討自然過程中，在認識和改造自然過程中，需要能夠解放人的一種奴隸。那么這種奴隸就是代替人們去能夠從事復雜和繁重的體力勞動，實現人們對不可達世界的認識和改造，這也是人們在科技發(fā)展過程中的一個客觀需要。 機器人有三個發(fā)展階段，那么也就是說，我們習慣于把機器人分成三類，一種是第一代機器人，那么也叫示教再現型機器人，它是通過一個計算機，來控制一個多自由度的一個機械，通過示教存儲程序和信息，工作時把信息讀取出來，然后發(fā)出指令，這樣的話機器人可以重復的根據人當時示教的結果，再現出這種動作，比方說汽車的點焊機器人，它只要把這個點焊的過程示教完以后，它總是重復這樣一種工作，它對于外界的環(huán)境沒有感知，這個力操作力的大小，這個工件存在不存在，焊的好與壞，它并不知道，那么實際上這種從第一代機器人，也就存在它這種缺陷，因此，在20世紀70年代后期，人們開始研究第二代機器人，叫帶感覺的機器人，這種帶感覺的機器人是類似人在某種功能的感覺，比如說力覺、觸覺、滑覺、視覺、聽覺和人進行相類比，有了各種各樣的感覺，比方說在機器人抓一個物體的時候，它實際上力的大小能感覺出來，它能夠通過視覺，能夠去感受和識別它的形狀、大小、顏色。抓一個雞蛋，它能通過一個觸覺，知道它的力的大小和滑動的情況。第三代機器人，也是我們機器人學中一個理想的所追求的最高級的階段，叫智能機器人，那么只要告訴它做什么，不用告訴它怎么去做，它就能完成運動，感知思維和人機通訊的這種功能和機能，那么這個目前的發(fā)展還是相對的只是在局部有這種智能的概念和含義，但真正完整意義的這種智能機器人實際上并沒有存在，而只是隨著我們不斷的科學技術的發(fā)展，智能的概念越來越豐富，它內涵越來越寬。 下邊我簡單介紹一下工業(yè)機器人的一些情況。到目前為止，工業(yè)機器人是最成熟，應用最廣泛的一類機器人，世界總量目前已經銷售110萬臺，這是1999年的統(tǒng)計，但這110萬臺在已經進行裝備使用的是75萬臺，這個量也是不小的。總體情況看，日本在工業(yè)機器人這一塊，是首位的，成為機器人的王國，美國發(fā)展也很迅速，目前在新安裝的臺數方面，已經超過了日本，中國剛開始進入產業(yè)化的階段，已經研制出多種工業(yè)機器人樣機，已有小批量在生產中使用。 點焊機器人主要是針對汽車生產線，提高生產效率，提高汽車焊接的質量，降低工人的勞動強度的一種機器人。它的特點是通過機器人對兩個鋼板進行點焊的時候，需要承載一個很大的焊鉗，一般在幾十公斤以上，那么它的速度要求在每秒鐘一米五到兩米這樣的高速運動，所以它一般來說有五到六個自由度，負載三十到一百二十公斤，工作的空間很大，大概有兩米，這樣一個球形的工作空間，運動速度也很高，那么自由度的概念，就是說，是相對獨立運動的部件的個數，就相當于我們人體，腰是一個回轉的自由度，我們大臂可以抬起來，小臂可以彎曲，那么這就三個自由度，同時腕部還有一個調整姿態(tài)來使用的三個自由度，所以一般的機器人有六個自由度，就能把空間的三個位置，三個姿態(tài)，機器人完全實現，當然也有小于六個自由度的，也有多于六個自由度的機器人，只是在不同的需要場合來配置。 第二類是服務機器人，隨著工業(yè)化的發(fā)展，尤其近十年以來，機器人的發(fā)展的應用領域在不斷拓寬，目前一個很重要的特征，大家都知道，機器人已經從制造業(yè)逐漸轉向了非制造業(yè)和服務行業(yè)，剛才談的汽車制造屬于是制造業(yè)，但服務行業(yè)包括清潔、加油、救護、搶險、救災這些等等，都屬于非制造行業(yè)和服務行業(yè)，那么這里邊跟工業(yè)機器人相比，它有一個很重要的不同，它主要是一個移動平臺，它能夠移動、去運動，上面有一些手臂進行操作，同時還裝有一些像力覺傳感器和視覺傳感器、超聲測距傳感器等等。它對周邊的環(huán)境進行識別，來判斷它的運動，完成某種工作，這是服務機器人的基本的一個特點。 例如，家務機器人主要體現在像一些對地毯和地板定期的它能夠進行清掃和吸塵，它這個機器人很有意思，它有傳感器，它能夠把家具和人能識別出來，它自動的按照一種規(guī)律，能根據路徑把地面全部的清掃干凈，這也是家務中一些機器人的表現。 那么醫(yī)療機器人，是近五年來發(fā)展比較迅速的一個新的應用領域。如果人手術的時候，醫(yī)生來手術，一個是疲勞，另一個人手操作的精度還是有限的。在德國一些大學里面，面向人的脊椎，如腰間盤突出這種病，進行識別以后，能夠自動地用機器人來輔助進行定位，進行操作和手術。像美國已經有一千多例機器人對人眼球進行手術，這樣的機器人，還包括通過遙控操作的辦法，實現對人的胃腸這種手術，大家在電視里邊看到，一個機械手，大概有手指這樣粗細的一個機械手，通過插入腹臟以后，人在屏幕上操作這個機器手，同時對它用激光的方法對病灶進行激光的治療，這樣的話，人就不用很大幅度地破壞人的身體，這實際對人的一種解放，是非常好一種機器人，醫(yī)療機器人它也很復雜，一方面它完全自動去完成各種工作，是有困難的，一般來說都是人來參與，這是美國開發(fā)的一個林白手術這樣一個例子，人通過在屏幕上，通過一個遙控操作手來控制另一個機械手，實現通過對人的腹腔進行手術，前幾年我們國家展覽會上，美國已經成功的實現了對人的心臟瓣膜的手術和搭橋手術，這已經在機器人領域中，引起了很大的轟動，還包括，AESOP的這種外科手術機器人，它實際上通過一些儀器能夠對人的一些病變進行檢查，通過一個機械手就能夠實現對人的某些部位進行手術，還包括遙操作機械手，以及多個醫(yī)生可以在機器人共同參與下進行手術，包括機器人給大夫醫(yī)生拿鉗子、鑷子或刀子來代替護士的工作，同時把照明能夠自動的給醫(yī)生的動作聯系起來，醫(yī)生的手到哪兒，照明就去哪兒，這樣非常好的，一個醫(yī)生的助手。 機器人是人類的得力助手，能友好相處的可靠朋友，將來我們會看到人和機器人會存在一個空間里邊，成為一個互相的助手和朋友。機器人會不會產生飯碗的問題。我們相信不會出現“機器人上崗，工人下崗”的局面，因為人們隨著社會的發(fā)展，實際上把人們從繁重的體力和危險的環(huán)境中解放出來，使人們有更好的崗位去工作，去創(chuàng)造更好的精神財富和文化財富。