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1、II. Text Analysis An essay is usually made up of three parts: a beginning where the topic is introduced; the body part where the topic is elaborated on, and a conclusion. Besides stating the topic directly, there are many other ways to introduce a theme. In this text, an anecdote or an in

2、cident is used. The author of Text A, Unit 6, Book 1 (What Animals Really Think) introduces his topic by posing a question: "Do animals all have thoughts, what we call consciousness?" Text B, Unit 3, Book 1 (How to Make Sense out of Science) begins by quoting newspaper headlines: "N

3、ew Drugs Kill Cancer Devastation by El Nino -- a Warning 6:30 p.m. October 26, 2028: Could This Be the Deadline for the Apocalypse?" Text B of this unit, Children and Money, begins with an imagined argument between a child and his parent over the control of po

4、cket money. Discover other forms of introduction as you read on. However, the more important point is that you should learn to vary your own writing by adopting various types of topic introduction. Without a conclusion, an essay lacks a sense of completeness. A conclusion may be a restatement o

5、f the main points previously mentioned, a proposed solution, a quotation from some book or person, a prediction of future developments, a suggestion for further study, etc. Text B, Unit 3, Book 1 ends by giving a simile, comparing scientific research to mountain climbing, "a process filled with disa

6、ppointments and reverses, but somehow we keep moving ahead." In this text, Howard Gardner makes a suggestion in the form of a question. III. Cultural Notes 1. Education in the West: There is no common agreement in the West concerning the best method of education. A variety of views can be found

7、 among parents, teachers and students. Indeed, it might be argued that it is this very existence of contending points of view that is characteristic of Western education. This can be seen as far back as in the work of the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates, who encouraged his students to question ev

8、erything, even their most fundamental beliefs. Yet even then there was no general agreement that this was the best way to teach. Socrates, after all, was condemned to death by his fellow citizens for corrupting the morals of the young by his way of teaching. Many later periods of Western history wer

9、e no more tolerant of encouraging students to challenge traditional beliefs: Darwins theory of evolution, for example, was for a time banned from schools in some American states on the grounds of religious belief. Much of the current debate over education surrounds the extent to which learning

10、should be teacher-based or student-based. Which of the two should decide what should be learned, how it should be learned, and when it should be learned? Comparing Western and Asian methods of learning it is generally true that Western methods are more student-centered, expecting students to discove

11、r things for themselves rather than relying on their teachers to tell them. An extreme version of the student-centered approach can be seen at Summerhill, a school in England established by the educationalist A.S. Neill. There children have complete freedom to decide what they are going to learn and

12、 which lessons they will attend. If they wish they need not attend any at all. Mainstream education in England is far more strict, demanding that children attend lessons and follow a national curriculum. This curriculum and the importance of achieving good exam results tend to reinforce a more teach

13、er-centered approach, as both teachers and students find the pressure of time, leaves less opportunity for an exploratory approach to learning. The extent to which learning is teacher-centered or student-centered also depends on differences between subjects. In recent years, for example, there

14、has been a trend in the teaching of mathematics in school classrooms in England away from having pupils work on their own or in small groups back towards a more traditional approach, with the teacher guiding the entire class Step-by-step through a lesson. This followed research that suggested that,

15、as far as maths was concerned, a more teacher-centered method was more effective. 2. Standing on the shoulders of giants: a well-known phrase, frequently employed by inventors to express modesty about their achievements. The suggestion is that while they have been able to see further than those who

16、 came before them, it is not because they themselves are intellectual giants. Rather it is because they have been able to build upon the accumulated discoveries of their great predecessors.  IV. Language Study 1. attach v.: fasten or join (one thing to another) (used in the pattern: attach s

17、th. to sth.) Examples: We can measure wind speed by attaching a wind meter to a kite and sending it up into the air. Attached to this letter you will find a copy of the agreement. 2. not in the least: not at all Examples: I am not in the least touched by this kind of beauty.

18、 Ann didnt seem in the least concerned about her family. 3. find ones way: reach a destination naturally; arrive at Examples: Shanghai is not an easy city to find your way around. Drunk as he was, Peter still found his way home. 4. phenomenon: (pl. phenomena) sth

19、. that happens or exists and that can be seen or experienced Examples: Stress-related illness is a common phenomenon in big cities. Thunder and lightening are natural phenomena. 5. initial: of or at the beginning, first (adj., used only before n.) Examples: If a car suddenly

20、 pulls out in front of you, your initial reaction may include fear and anger. Their initial burst of enthusiasm died down when they realized how much work the job involved. desirable adj worth having; to be wished for 【~ (that...)】 a desirable residence, solution 稱心的住所、 解決方法 It

21、 is most desirable that they should both come. 他們兩人都來, 這最好不過了. n. v. desire Cf. desirous渴望的; desired 被要求做的 Ex. 填空 It is most desirable that he should attend the conference. Everybody is desirous of success [to succeed]. 6. assist v. help (used in the following patterns: assist sb. wit

22、h sth. 幫助某人[做某事] assist sb. to do sth. 幫助某人[做某事] assist sb. in doing sth. 幫助某人[做某事].) Examples: The college student decided to assist the boy with his study. The professor was assisting his students to prepare their papers. We all assisted him in preparing their papers. 7. somew

23、hat adv. to some degree, a little, slightly Examples: Conditions in the village have improved somewhat since November. "Are you concerned about your exam results?" "Somewhat." 8. await v. (fml) wait for Await is a fairly common word in formal writing, but you do not usually use it i

24、n conversation. Instead you use "wait for." Examples: We must await the results of field studies yet to come. After I sent the letter asking for a job, I had nothing to do but await the answer. 9. on occasion: now and then Examples: Steve spent almost all his time doing hi

25、s research, but, on occasion, he would take his son to see a film. on one occasion 曾經, 有一個時候 on several occasions 屢次, 好幾次 on this occasion / on the occasion of … 在...的時候, 值此之際 take/seize (the) occasion to do….抓住(做...)的好時機, 乘機.. 10. neglect v. give too little attention or care to忽視, 疏忽

26、, 漏做 Examples: The manager was accused of neglecting his duties. Dont neglect to lock the door. Compare.: ignore: pay no attention to sb./sth, on purpose, or as if sth. has not happened, 忽視, 不理睬; 抹煞(建議) Example: I greeted her, but she just ignored me and walked on.

27、 I tried to tell her but she ignored me. 11. relevant (to) : directly connected with the subject (opposite irrelevant) Examples: The debate is closely relevant to their daily lives. I shall go to borrow all the relevant books from the school library for my term pape

28、r 12. exception: sb./sth, that a comment or statement does not apply to Examples: Normally, parents arent allowed to sit in on the classes, but in your case we can make an exception. All the students in this class, with one or two exceptions, support the educational reforms.

29、 Without exception all the students wanted to leave school and start work. When you are mentioning an exception, you often use the expression "with the exception of. Example: We all went to see the film, with the exception of Otto, who complained of feeling unwell. 13. on ones own: 1)

30、 without anyones help 獨立地, 主動地 Examples: You neednt give me any help. I am able to manage on my own. Your child can do the work on her own. 2) alone 獨自地, Id rather not go to dance on my own. I do wish youd come with me. 14. in due course: at the proper

31、time; eventually及時地, 在適當時 Examples: Your book will be published in due course. Be patient. Youll get your promotion in due course. 15. principal adj. : (rather frei) main, chief n. 負責人, 首長, 校長 adj. 主要的, 首要的 Examples: Their principal concern / interest is to earn enou

32、gh money to send their children to school. n. The principal of a school is the person in charge of it. Example: Complaints from the students began arriving at the principals office. Cf.: principle n. 法則, 原則, 原理 They agree to the plan in principle. 16. m

33、ake up for: repay with sth. good, compensate for Examples: I lose much time last term, but Im certainly making up for lost time now. Her husband bought her a present to make up for quarreling with her the day before. 17. in retrospect: on evaluating the past; upon reflection回顧/回顧

34、往事/檢討過去 Examples: The young man knew in retrospect that he should have married his first love Emily. In retrospect, I wish that I had chosen biology as my major. 18. extreme: adj. very great Example: with extreme caution, extreme sports, . n. the furthest possible lim

35、it, an extreme degree Example: I know I always say that you eat too much, but there is no need to go to the other extreme. (phrase: go to extremes: do sth. so much, state sth. so strongly, that people consider your actions unacceptable and unreasonable 19. so much so that: to such an e

36、xtent Examples: Some parents spoil their children, so much so that they never ask them to do any studying. 20. continual adj. happening again and again, repeated不停的；連續(xù)的，總是的一般指多次重復的動作，指中間有間斷，但又持續(xù)很久，好像沒有停止的意味 Examples: He hates these continual arguments. The dogs continual barking dis

37、turbed the whole neighborhood. Cf.: continuous adj. 繼續(xù)的；連續(xù)的；延伸的指中間沒有間斷 continuous rain all day 下了一整天的雨 3 days continuous flight 連續(xù)三天的飛行 Ex. Please stop your continual questions. The brain needs a continuous supply of blood. 21. apply v . 1) be relevant (to sb./sth.); have an ef

38、fect (used in the pattern apply to sb./sth.) Examples: The advice given by the professor only applies to some of the college students. 2) write a letter or fill in a form in order to ask formally for sth. (used in the pattern: apply to sb. for sth., apply to do sth.) Exampl

39、es: He applied to the company for the position of a sales manager. We went to the sports club so often that we decided that we might as well apply to join. 22. contrast v. compare (two people or things) so that differences are made clear (used in the pattern: contrast A and/with

40、B) Examples: Carrie contrasted the situation then with the present crisis. Students were asked to contrast Ernest Hemingway with Mark Twain. n. action of contrasting Examples: I was always reading when I was a kid, but my daughter, in contrast, just watches TV all day.

41、 In contrast to the hot days, the nights are bitterly cold. 23. on the one hand ... on the other hand: to introduce two contrasting circumstances Examples: On the one hand her temper was likely to cause trouble, but on the other hand we needed her expertise. On t

42、he one hand, we have good reason to feel pleased with our progress. On the other hand, we mustnt get complacent. 24. assuming (that): = if You use assuming that when you are considering a possible situation or event, so that you can think about the consequences. Examples: Assuming that

43、 this painting really is a Van Gogh, how much do you think its worth? 25. valid:（法律上）有效的, 有根據(jù)的, 正當?shù)? 正確的 Examples: Scientific theories must be backed up with valid evidence. The contract is valid for three months. Compare: efficient有效的；效率高的: an efficient secretary/ methods/ machine

44、 effective有效果的, 有作用的,生效的, 得力的 The medicine is an effective cure for a headache. take effective measures 采取有效措施 effective forces 實有戰(zhàn)斗兵力 26. worthwhile: adj. 值得出力的, 值得做的; 值得花時間[精力]的worth doing, worth the trouble taken Examples: It is worth while to discuss [discussing] the problem.

45、 It is a worthwhile job. Compare: worth 和worthy有價值的, 值得的, worth + n/ doing : How much is this bicycle worth? Its worth ￡50. The book isnt worth reading. of great worth 價值很高的 of little worth 價值很少的 of no worth 沒有價值的 The painting is of great worth. worthy of n/ doing (to be do

46、ne): He is worthy of our praise. This book is worthy of being read [to be read]. a worthy cause 正義的事業(yè) a worthy life 有價值的生活 a worthy man 高尚的/可敬的人 a worthy opponent 勁敵(相稱的) a worthy gentleman 可敬的先生 Ex. 填空 Her achievements are worthy of the highest praise. It is a wor

47、thwhile job. It isn’t worthwhile waiting for him. 改錯： F: The place is not worth visiting it. F: The place is worthwhile visiting. T: The place is not worth visiting. T：Visiting the place is worthwhile. 27. superior adj. 優(yōu)良的/ 優(yōu)勢的, 勝過...的(to; in); 超越... 的(to) Examples: They are superi

48、or in numbers. This machine is superior to that machine in many respects. Compare inferior: (to; in); adj. 下級的, 差的, 次的, 自卑的 His work is inferior to mine in many respects. The products are inferior to the sample. Notes to Text A: reflect on: 1. To throw or bend back (light, for example)

49、 from a surface. Example: A mirror reflects a picture of you. 2. reflect on (回憶/仔細考慮): To form or express carefully considered thoughts about（常與on, upon連用）: Example: He reflects on his countrys place in the world . Approach: 1. vt. To come near: 2. vt. work at, cope with Example: We ap

50、proached the museum. approach a problem from different angles 3. n. method: Example: a new approach to the problem 18-month-old: Example: the five-year-plan a ten-pound baby, a 1000-word report telling lesson: Having force and producing a striking effect. 有力的,生動的,有效的 Example: the m

51、ost telling passages in that novel History is the most telling witness. turn in: return, hand in (交還; 上繳) fit into To make suitable; adapt, To equip;:使適合, 安裝； Example: These shoes fit me. fit a handle on a door would do (expresses a habit or tendency in the past) Example:

52、He would get up late those days. Whenever he had time he would come over to see me. shed/throw light on: make sth clear, state clearly 使清楚，闡明 Example: The investigation ~ the cause of the accident. may well : most likely, 完全/很可能 Example: You may well say so. When you s

53、ee him you may well not recognize him. may/might as well 不妨， 還是…的好 Example: There is nothing to do here, I might as well go home. succeed in doing: be successful in doing Example: They succeeded in completing the project on time. so/as long as: if, on condition that, provided that Examp

54、le: You can use the book ~ you keep it clean. --whether it be placing a key in a key slot, drawing a hen or making up for a misdeed… (line 52-53) be-型虛擬的一種，意為“不管（不論）是…還是…”，表示讓步，其省略結構為be it…, be he… or…等，必須倒裝。如： Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unswerving support. Ex. Every

55、 day he takes a walk in the park in the evening, __（不論晴天還是下雨）. in one sense一種意義上來說 /in a sense 在某種意義上來說 Example: In a sense he is right. point to /at / out: 指某處/指向/指出 Example: Don’t point at people rudely. He pointed to the front door. He pointed out the importance of

56、 doing this. to one’s rescue: save or help sb. Example: A friend came to our rescue. I had a mobile phone to my rescue. in terms of: 按照, 從 方面說來，用 的話來說 Example: We will measure the goods ~ money. It is a bad year ~ business. The professor talked ~ scienc

57、e. assuming (that): if, on the assumption that; supposing Example: Assuming (that) the house is for sale, would you buy it? Assuming (that) the proposal is accepted when are we going to start the project? 2．反身代詞的句法作用 序號 句子成分 例 句 1 表語 I am not quite myself today. 我今天身體不大舒服。

58、2 賓語 She bought herself a new scarf. 她買了一條新圍巾。 Take good care of yourself. 好好保重。 3 主語同位語 A week later, I myself had to go to Paris. 一周后我自己也得去巴黎。 4 賓語同位語 She like the diamond itself but not the box. 她喜歡鉆石本身并不喜歡那盒子。 Notes to Text B turn out （常與to v, that連用）結果 Things turned out to

59、be exactly as he had foreseen. 事情正如他所預見的那樣。 The plan turned out (to be) a failure. 這項計劃結果歸于失敗。 would just as soon / would sooner/ would rather/寧愿 主 語 + would (had) rather, would (just) as soon, would sooner + (that) +從句主語 + 動詞過去式—表示與現(xiàn)在或將來事實相反 動詞過去完成式—表示與過去事實相反 I would rather they came to

60、morrow. I could go myself but I would sooner you went. （我自己也能去，但我寧愿你去。） I’d rather you had been present at the party. I’d rather he hadn’t told me about it. would rather [sooner]...than 寧愿, 寧可...也不 They would rather (sooner) die than surrender. I prefer to read rather than watch TV. I pr

61、efer reading to watching TV. keep track of 跟上，保持聯(lián)系 I read newspapers every day to keep track of the current events. We will keep track of each other. work out 設計出, 作出, 計算出 Work out a plan/ a problem/ the price/ a price on demand在要求時, 一經請求 The note is payable on demand A bill paya

62、ble on demand 即期應付票據(jù) 區(qū)別：rational reasonable 都含“有理性的”、“合理的”意思。 rational 強調“有理性和思考、推理能力的”, 如: Man is a rational being. 人類是有理性的動物。 reasonable 語意較弱, 指“合情合理的”、“(價格)公平合理的”, 如: Ill buy the car if the price is reasonable. 如果價錢公道, 我就把這輛車買下。 end up 以告終 end up (in) doing 以做…告終/結束 He ended up in debt. He ended up as the head of the team. He ended up in losing all his fortune.