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摘 要
隨著變型運(yùn)輸拖拉機(jī)和農(nóng)用運(yùn)輸車(chē)的發(fā)展,原來(lái)依靠農(nóng)村運(yùn)輸業(yè)發(fā)展起來(lái)的小四輪拖拉機(jī)逐步轉(zhuǎn)向田間地頭。然而,目前小四輪拖拉機(jī)田間作業(yè)能力差,又沒(méi)有很多配套的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械,農(nóng)忙季節(jié)短,致使大量小四輪拖拉機(jī)一年中作業(yè)時(shí)間短,被迫長(zhǎng)期閑置著。這影響了農(nóng)村專(zhuān)業(yè)戶的作業(yè)效益,也造成了不應(yīng)該有的資源浪費(fèi)。針對(duì)這些情況,我們?cè)谠行∷妮喭侠瓩C(jī)的基礎(chǔ)上稍微作些改動(dòng),使它的功能延伸。譬如可在原來(lái)小四輪拖拉機(jī)的基礎(chǔ)上,改變座位、方向盤(pán)、離合、油門(mén)、剎車(chē)的方位,把拖拉機(jī)變成倒開(kāi)式,在變速箱后安裝挖掘裝置、鏟運(yùn)裝置或裝載裝置而成。
本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是對(duì)機(jī)械專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)生在畢業(yè)前的一次全面訓(xùn)練,目的在于鞏固和擴(kuò)大學(xué)生在校期間所學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí),訓(xùn)練學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)分析和解決問(wèn)題的能力。是培養(yǎng)、鍛煉學(xué)生獨(dú)立工作能力和創(chuàng)新精神之最佳手段。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)要求每個(gè)學(xué)生在工作過(guò)程中,要獨(dú)立思考,刻苦鉆研,有所創(chuàng)造的分析、解決技術(shù)問(wèn)題。通過(guò)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),使學(xué)生掌握改造方案的擬定、比較、分析及進(jìn)行必要的計(jì)算。
關(guān)鍵字:齒輪 操縱機(jī)構(gòu) 軸 軸承 鎖定機(jī)構(gòu)
DESING of a CERTAIN TYPE of TRACTOR GEARBOX
With variant transport tractors and agricultural the development of carriage car, depends on rural transportation industry to develop the small four-wheel tractor to field edge of a field. However, at present, small four-wheel the tractor field work ability is poor, and not many ancillary agricultural machinery, busy season is short, resulting in a large number of small four-wheel tractor year short operation time, forced long-term idle. The influence of rural specialist work benefit, also cause should not be some waste of resources. In light of these circumstances, we in the original small four-wheel tractor based on slightly to make some changes, make it functional extension. For example, in the original small four-wheel tractor based on, change seats, steering wheel, clutch, throttle, brake position, the tractor into inverted open, in a gearbox installed after digging device, lifting device or a loading device.
The graduation design is about mechanical speciality students before graduation and a comprehensive training, purpose is to consolidate and expand the students learn the basic knowledge and professional knowledge, training students' comprehensive use of the knowledge the ability to analyze and solve problems. Is training, training students the ability to work independently and the spirit of innovation is the best means. Graduation design requirements of each student in the course of the work, we need to think independently, study assiduously, create somewhat analysis, solving technical problems. Through the graduation project, so that students master the transformation plan formulation, comparison, analysis and necessary calculation.
Key words: Gear Manipulation of body Axis Bearing Locking mechanism
目 錄
1 緒論 ............................................................................................................ ..1
1.1 變速箱概述..............................................................................................1
1.1.1 變速箱的功用.......................................................................................1
1.1.2 變速箱的類(lèi)型....................................................................................1
1.1.3 變速箱的工作原理............................................................................2
2 變速箱設(shè)計(jì)要求及初始數(shù)據(jù)........................................................................3
2.1 變速箱設(shè)計(jì)要求...................................................................................3
2.2 變速箱設(shè)計(jì)初始數(shù)據(jù)...........................................................................3
3 變速箱設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程........................................................................................... 4
3.1 變速箱的設(shè)計(jì)步驟...............................................................................4
3.2 變速箱結(jié)構(gòu)的選擇............................................................................... 4
3.3 根據(jù)總體計(jì)算確定擋位數(shù)與各檔傳動(dòng)比...........................................4
3.4 根據(jù)總體布置要求確定變速箱外形尺寸允許范圍...........................5
3.5 草擬變速箱的傳動(dòng)方案.......................................................................5
3.6 變速箱主要參數(shù)的確定.......................................................................6
3.6.1 齒輪模數(shù)的確定......................................................................6
3.6.2 齒輪壓力角的確定..................................................................6
3.6.3 齒寬的確定..............................................................................6
3.6.4 相齒合齒輪的齒數(shù)和.........................................................8
3.7 選配齒輪.....................................................................................8
3.8 變速箱主要零件的計(jì)算.............................................................................9
3.7.1 齒輪的計(jì)算....................................................................................9
3.7.2 軸的計(jì)算......................................................................................12
3.7.3 軸承的計(jì)算...................................................................................16
4 主要零件的布置要點(diǎn)及倒檔和減速器的布置方案............................... .. 18
4.1 變速箱主要零件的布置要點(diǎn).................................................................18
4.2 倒檔和減速器的布置方案.....................................................................18
4.2.1 倒檔布置方案.............................................................................18
4.2.2 減速器布置方案.........................................................................19
5 變速箱殼和操縱機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì).......................................................................19
5.1 變速箱殼的設(shè)計(jì)....................................................................................19
5.2 變速箱操縱機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)........................................................................19
5.2.1換擋機(jī)構(gòu)................................................................................. ..20
5.2.2鎖定機(jī)構(gòu)......................................................................................20
參考文獻(xiàn).............................................................................................................21
致 謝........................................................................................................... .. 22
1 緒 論
選題的目的及意義
(1) 農(nóng)業(yè)的大發(fā)展,農(nóng)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的改善與農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率的提高是農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的必要條件,農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械在這個(gè)發(fā)展過(guò)程中將具有決定性的作用。自20 世紀(jì)90 年代以來(lái),國(guó)外農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械進(jìn)入了一個(gè)新的發(fā)展時(shí)期,在廣泛應(yīng)用新技術(shù)的同時(shí),不斷涌現(xiàn)出新結(jié)構(gòu)和新產(chǎn)品。同時(shí),繼完成提高整機(jī)可靠性任務(wù)后,技術(shù)發(fā)展的重點(diǎn)在于增加產(chǎn)品的電子信息技術(shù)含量和智能化程度,努力完善產(chǎn)品的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、系列化和通用化,改善駕駛?cè)藛T的工作條件,向節(jié)能、環(huán)保方向發(fā)展。隨著微電子技術(shù)向農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的滲透,現(xiàn)代大功率農(nóng)用拖拉機(jī)日益向智能化和機(jī)電一體化方向發(fā)展。目前,我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化在調(diào)整和反哺中快速、健康地發(fā)展進(jìn)入了快速發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略機(jī)遇期。國(guó)內(nèi)一些大型企業(yè),不斷學(xué)習(xí)國(guó)外的先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和技術(shù),加大技術(shù)改造和升級(jí)換代力度,推進(jìn)了國(guó)產(chǎn)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的提高,但我國(guó)的制造水平與上述發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家存在著較大的差距。因此,了解發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家動(dòng)力機(jī)械的特點(diǎn)與優(yōu)勢(shì),尋找差距,發(fā)揮自己的長(zhǎng)處是我國(guó)拖拉機(jī)制造業(yè)的當(dāng)務(wù)之急。
(2) 隨著變型運(yùn)輸拖拉機(jī)和農(nóng)用運(yùn)輸車(chē)的發(fā)展,原來(lái)依靠農(nóng)村運(yùn)輸業(yè)發(fā)展起來(lái)的小四輪拖拉機(jī)逐步轉(zhuǎn)向田間地頭。然而,目前小四輪拖拉機(jī)田間作業(yè)能力差,又沒(méi)有很多配套的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械,農(nóng)忙季節(jié)短,致使大量小四輪拖拉機(jī)一年中作業(yè)時(shí)間短,被迫長(zhǎng)期閑置著。這影響了農(nóng)村專(zhuān)業(yè)戶的作業(yè)效益,也造成了不應(yīng)該有的資源浪費(fèi)。針對(duì)這些情況,我們?cè)谠行∷妮喭侠瓩C(jī)的基礎(chǔ)上稍微作些改動(dòng),使它的功能延伸。譬如可在原來(lái)小四輪拖拉機(jī)的基礎(chǔ)上,改變座位、方向盤(pán)、離合、油門(mén)、剎車(chē)的方位,把拖拉機(jī)變成倒開(kāi)式,在變速箱后安裝挖掘裝置、鏟運(yùn)裝置或裝載裝置而成。
(3) 本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是對(duì)機(jī)械專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)生在畢業(yè)前的一次全面訓(xùn)練,目的在于鞏固和擴(kuò)大學(xué)生在校期間所學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí),訓(xùn)練學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)分析和解決問(wèn)題的能力。是培養(yǎng)、鍛煉學(xué)生獨(dú)立工作能力和創(chuàng)新精神之最佳手段。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)要求每個(gè)學(xué)生在工作過(guò)程中,要獨(dú)立思考,刻苦鉆研,有所創(chuàng)造的分析、解決技術(shù)問(wèn)題。通過(guò)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),使學(xué)生掌握改造方案的擬定、比較、分析及進(jìn)行必要的計(jì)算。
本課題在國(guó)內(nèi)外的研究狀況及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
(4) (一)拖拉機(jī)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r
(5) 1 結(jié)構(gòu)型式的發(fā)展
(6) 1)前輪小、后輪大、前輪轉(zhuǎn)向輪式拖拉機(jī)這種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)型輪式拖拉機(jī)在歐美獲得最廣泛使用。在美國(guó)主要采用后輪驅(qū)動(dòng),大型拖拉機(jī)采用雙排驅(qū)動(dòng)輪胎,但四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)也逐漸增多, 主要帶后懸掛具作業(yè)。多數(shù)四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)型上可選裝前懸掛裝置和前動(dòng)力輸出軸, 可以前后都懸掛機(jī)具進(jìn)行復(fù)式作業(yè)。
2)平臺(tái)式四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)拖拉機(jī)和自走底盤(pán)為了在拖拉機(jī)上能安裝播種、施肥、施藥的機(jī)具,有的四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)拖拉機(jī)的駕駛室偏前布置,后部有一平臺(tái)可以安裝機(jī)具; 有的為四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)自走底盤(pán), 發(fā)動(dòng)
5