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山東大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）
摘要
隨著人工智能在計(jì)算機(jī)領(lǐng)域的滲透和發(fā)展，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)引入自適應(yīng)控制﹑模糊系統(tǒng)和神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的控制機(jī)理，不但具有自動(dòng)編程﹑前饋控制﹑模糊控制﹑學(xué)習(xí)控制﹑自適應(yīng)控制﹑工藝參數(shù)自動(dòng)生成﹑三維刀具補(bǔ)償﹑運(yùn)動(dòng)參數(shù)動(dòng)態(tài)補(bǔ)償?shù)裙δ埽胰藱C(jī)截面極為友好，并且有故障診斷專家系統(tǒng)使自診斷和故障監(jiān)控功能更趨完善。伺服系統(tǒng)智能化的主軸交流驅(qū)動(dòng)和智能化進(jìn)給伺服裝置，能自動(dòng)識(shí)別負(fù)載并自動(dòng)優(yōu)化調(diào)整參數(shù)。直線電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)以使用化。
三坐標(biāo)數(shù)控銑床的進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)是數(shù)字控制的直接對(duì)象，不論點(diǎn)位控制還是連續(xù)控制，被加工工件的最后坐標(biāo)精度和輪廓精度都受到進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)的傳動(dòng)精度﹑靈敏度和穩(wěn)定性的影響。為此，要注意以下三點(diǎn)進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)要求：
(1) 減少運(yùn)動(dòng)件的摩擦力。進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)雖有許多元件，但摩擦阻力主要來(lái)自絲杠和導(dǎo)軌,絲杠和導(dǎo)軌結(jié)構(gòu)的滾動(dòng)化是減少摩擦的重要措施之一。
(2) 提高傳動(dòng)精度和剛度。在進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)中滾珠絲杠和支承結(jié)構(gòu)是決定其傳動(dòng)精度和剛度的主要部件，因此，必須首先保證它們的加工精度。
(3) 減少運(yùn)動(dòng)慣量。進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)中每個(gè)元件的慣量對(duì)伺服機(jī)構(gòu)的啟動(dòng)和制動(dòng)特性都有直接的影響,尤其是處于高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的零件，其慣性的影響更大。
設(shè)計(jì)是在原有普通銑床的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)其進(jìn)行改造,成為三坐標(biāo)數(shù)控銑床。該機(jī)床能通過(guò)三軸聯(lián)動(dòng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)曲線直線等不同的加工路線。
所設(shè)計(jì)的三坐標(biāo)數(shù)控銑床，三個(gè)坐標(biāo)方向的移動(dòng)均由步進(jìn)電機(jī)帶動(dòng)，主軸電機(jī)采用交流電機(jī)，所有電機(jī)均由單片機(jī)進(jìn)行控制。
此設(shè)計(jì)主要對(duì)數(shù)控銑床的機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)，了解單片機(jī)的工作原理，主要有以下幾個(gè)方面：X、Y、Z工作臺(tái)的傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)，主要是滾珠絲杠的運(yùn)用；機(jī)床整體結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)，了解優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，充分考慮主要矛盾，擇優(yōu)選??；單片機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)，進(jìn)一步熟悉其應(yīng)用。
關(guān)鍵詞： 三坐標(biāo)銑床， 設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算， 控制系統(tǒng)， 編程
ABSTRACT
As the field of artificial intelligence in computer penetration and development, the introduction of Adaptive Control, CNC fuzzy systems and neural network control mechanism, not only has the automatic feedforward control programming ,Learning Control, Fuzzy Control, Adaptive Control, Parameter Automatic generated three-dimensional tool compensation,features such as motion parameters of dynamic compensation, and human-machine section is extremely friendly, and there is fault diagnosis expert system enables self-diagnosis and fault monitoring functions even better. AC spindle servo system of intelligent servo drive and intelligence into the device can automatically identify the load and automatically adjust the parameters optimized.
Linear motor drive system to use the technology.
D NC milling machine is digitally controlled feed motion of the direct object, regardless of position control or continuous control, the final coordinates of the workpiece to be machined precision and contour accuracy are subject to the movement of the drive into the accuracy of the sensitivity and stability. To this end, we should note the following three feed motion requirements:
(1) Reduce the moving parts of the friction. Although many components into a system, but mainly from the screw and guide rail friction, screw and rolling guide structure is the one of the important measures to reduce friction.
(2) To improve transmission accuracy and rigidity. In the ball screw feed system and the supporting structure is the driving accuracy and rigidity of its major components, therefore, must first ensure their accuracy.
(3) Reduce the movement of inertia. Feed system inertia of each component of the servo start-up and braking characteristics have a direct impact, especially in high-speed operation of the parts, the inertia of more.
General milling machine in the original design is based on the conduct of its transformation into coordinate CNC milling machine. The three-axis machine tool through the linkage, and curve lines, such as different processing routes.
CNC milling machine designed to coordinate the three coordinate directions of movement by the step motor to drive the spindle motor AC motor, all motor control by the microcontroller.
The design of the main body of the CNC milling machine design, understanding of microcontroller works, mainly in the following areas: X, Y, Z table of the driving mechanism, mainly the use of ball screws; machine tool structural design, understanding of strengths and weaknesses, take full account of the principal contradiction, merit selection; microcomputer control system, become more familiar with their application.
Key words: coordinate milling machine, design and calculation, control systems, programming
目 錄
第1章 緒論 1
1.1 數(shù)控銑床的分類 1
1.2 數(shù)控銑床的組成及特征 2
1.3 數(shù)控銑床的主要功能及應(yīng)用 5
第2章 設(shè)計(jì)主要參數(shù)及基本思想 6
2.1 課題要求 6
2.2 設(shè)計(jì)原則 7
2.3 總結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 7
第3章 立式數(shù)控銑床的設(shè)計(jì)和計(jì)算 9
3.1 主傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì) 9
3.2 主軸系統(tǒng)計(jì)算 14
3.3 進(jìn)給伺服系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì) 16
3.4 進(jìn)給傳動(dòng)的計(jì)算 18
第4章 微機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì) 30
4.1 微機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)組成及特點(diǎn) 30
4.2 微機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)備介紹 31
4.3 程序部分 36
結(jié)論 40
參考文獻(xiàn) 41
致謝 42