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編號(hào)：（ ）字 號(hào)
本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)
叉車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)
耿 娜 21040259
機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化04-2班
題目：
姓名： 學(xué)號(hào)：
班級(jí)：
二〇〇八年六月
中國(guó)礦業(yè)大學(xué)2008屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 第10頁(yè)
英文原文
Boom time
Ahealthy market means that underground truck and LHD markers are enjoying high order levels, with new models and technology also coming .in the LHD sector, several new models are already on the market from firms including EJC, Fermel, Rham Equipment and Schopf (WME Oct & Nov 2004), while Atlas Copco intends to launch at least one new design in 2005 –possibly an St14.
But it is the truck sector that is the most active right now with renewed emphasis on power to weight ratios right through the payload range The latest models are taking advantage of advances in diesel technology by fitting more powerful engines and allowing better speeds on steep ramp hauls .The impact of this is significant, as higher speeds mean lower cycle times and offer major gains in productivity, even allowing reductions in fleet sizes.
At the top of the payload scale competition is now particularly fierce. Sandvik Tamrock is certainly pushing the boundaries with its Toro 60, a three axle truck with a rigid chassis and a 60 tonne capacity. This Cummins-powered truck offers a good power to weight ratio and a payload advantage over Caterpillar’s AD55 and atlas Copo’s MT5010 that Sandvik Tamrock says should allow mines to trim fleet size, especially over longer ramp hauls. sandvik Tamrock expects the Toro 60 to take back some of the market claimed by Cat’s successful AD55,with its 55 tonne payload. However Atlas Copco is fighting back against both Caterpillar and Sandvik tamrock with yet another upgrade to its MT5010 truck, providing a power increase from 488-597kw/650-800hp. The new Cummins Qsk19 diesel boosts the MT5010’s power to weight ratio from 5.27-6.5kw/tonne, allowing it to reclaim ground over the AD55 and Toro60, despite their larger payload. Atlse Copco also says that driveline problems which afflicted earlier truck designs have long since been eliminated. The company points out that MT5010 is a successful design with units operating I Australia recording speeds of 14kph on 1:10 ramps, despite having 23,000 hours on the clock.
Evaluating which of these three trucks offers the highest productivity could only be achieved by detailed study(and perhaps require testing), possibly with a different result depending on the nature of the specific mining application. The revised MT5010 has a higher power to weight ratio than either the AD55 or the Toro 60 but these trucks have bigger payloads of 55 and 60 tonnes respectively. The machine that best suits a given mining operation may be due to a number of basic factors such as haul distance and ramp gradient as well as ventilation infrastructure, ambient temperature and even material type. Overall though the customer will be the winner, with the latest large Atlas Copco, Caterpillar and Sandvik Tamrock trucks all offering much better productivity and reliability than was ever available to the 50+tonne class before.
The same dort of power to weight ratio gains can be seen further down the truck payload range. Atlas Copco, Caterpillar, Dux, EJC, MTI and Zanam legmet have all fitted more powerful diesels to trucks with payloads in the 12-30tonne range,with similar benefits to those seen at the top of the capacity scale. For example, one Canadian mine replaced its earlier generation 16 and 17 tonners with newer 20 tonners,which offer short travel times on ramp, despite their increased payload and this has resulted in a substantial productivity gain overall. That the new generation of engines produce more power from similar outer dimensions is important, as they give a better payload/litre of fuel burned. However the cleaner emissions have added benefits, with cost advantages to mine ventilation requirements.
In general, the new small-mid sized trucks themselves are externally similar to previous models, but are fitted with stronger drivetrains and axles to cope with the additional power (WME Oct2004&WME Nov 2004). Small detail changes like extended oil life or filters with replaceable elements make identifiable benefits to service costs. While the basic designs of these updated trucks remains similar, the better drivelines and new generation diesels mean that the machines require less maintenance are more reliable and are considerably cheaper to run.
Self-drive
Automation is still on the agenda with regard to LHDs and trucks, with the many benefits being shown at those mines that have taken the plunge and opted for this technology. These is still progress to be made with regard to orders but Caterpillar and Sandvilk Tamrock are both pushing hard to sign up customers for their LHD(and truck)automation systems, MINEGEM and Automine respectively. At the moment only Codelco is using the full Automine automation system at the Pipa Norte and Diablo Regimiento zones of its EITeniente copper mine in Chile. But DeBeers and Sandvik TAmrock are developing a system for the Finsch mine in South Africa. And while Caterpillar has yet to notch up a commercial sale for MINEGEM, the technology is being used for production at the northparkes and Olympic Dam mines in Australia.
There are a lot of similarities in the way MINEGEM and Automine work, with laser equipment mounted onboard the LHDs. These scan the tunnels ahead of the machines as they tram, picking up changes in the tunnel profile and allowing the machine to recognize its position in milliseconds. The lasers update tunnel maps continuously to, resulting in large volumes of date shuttling back and forth constantly. Cat’s MINEGEM system operates on a wireless LAN infrastructure with an 11 Mbps capacity. Sandvik TAmrock’s Automine system requires similar broadband communicational capabilities. Both MINEGEM and Automine are controlled by conventional and readily available computing hardware, while a good deal of the components is standard off-the-shelf items selected for their ability to cope with the tough mining cycle.
With these technologies, one operator can supervise the running of up to three LHDs that run more or less autonomously, with the only manual input being for the bucket loading part of their operating cycle. Caterpilliar’s MINEGEM is a package built up of several layers and this allows customers to select the separate components they require. The tactical layer of MINEGEM provides automatic steering for an LHD and prevents it from colliding with the walls of the tunnel or against other vehicles. The operator fills the bucket and selects forward or reverse, with the system providing automated tramming and bucket dumping. The strategic layer is more complex as this integrates the operation of up to three LHDs, oversees their operation and has higher level planning capabilities. It is the strategic layer that is in chare of traffic control functions, so that multiple cycles can be ‘scripted’for blending ores from different drawpoints for instance, with the overall benefit of increasing production efficiency.
Safety is improved as the operators can be situated away from where the machines are running (they don’t even have to be in the mine at all and in theory, could be sitting in an office on the other side of the world). Moreover, the machines require less maintenance and have lower running costs as gearchanges are made at optimum times, engines are not over-revved, there is less wheel-spin and the risk from collisions with tunnel walls of other machines is all but eliminated.
However, the complete Automine and MINEGEM technologies are not inexpensive and suit applications in purpose-built mine areas (or even mines).The automated equipment runs in parts of the mine that are separated from other operations and with personnel access carefully controlled. There are however comparatively few large(and/or new)mines with the sort of block caving or sublevel caving applications that best suit this sophisticated full automation technology and can justify the investment. As a result, Caterpilliar and Sandvik Tamrock (separately) identified a need for less sophisticated systems that offer many of the same operating benefits, while being substantially less costly. By opting for just the tactical layer of MINEGEM (called Co-Pilot), a mining firm can introduce an effective and comparatively low-cost technology for single LHD automation. And CO-Pilot comes with a manual over-ride, allowing it to be used as a conventional remote control if/when required. In this respect, Sandvik Tamrock has a broadly similar product in the shape of its Automate system, which is also designed for single LHD automate and has equivalent control specifications.
With Automation or Co-Pilot, mines can introduce single LHD automation into applications where conventional remote control systems are used at present. The advantage of this is that single machines can benefit from the automated tramming, without the expense of the complete machine automation package(or the inherent changes to infrastructure and mine layout). Both Caterpilliar and Sandvik Tamrock point out that this technology has huge potential with firms using conventional remote control and will be of particular benefit at mines with high incidences LHD collision damage. And, as anyone who has ever operated a radio-controlled car can attest, it can be difficult to judge distances between a moving machine and its surroundings from a distance. The single automation equipment will take away this risk of collisions and make substantial reductions in machine downtime and repairs, as well as boosting productivity. A study commissioned by Caterpillar from Australian body STEM shows that replacing conventional remote controls with simpler single LHD systems would provide payback times of three years(and even less in some instances), while providing productivity gains of up to 37%.
For the moment, mining firms seem reluctant to invest in full LHD automation due to the expense and complexity of the technology. But with the production and cost benefits offered by Cat’s MINEGEM Co-Pilot and Sandvik Tamrock’s Automate system for single LHD automation in existing mines, that situation could well change soon.
Russian firm MOaZ builds two underground trucks, the 7405-9586 for narrow operating conditions and the more conventional 7529, both of which have 22 tonne payloads. The 7405-9586 weighs 19.5 tonnes unladen, has a canopy as standard, is powered by a JMZ-238KM2 diesel rated at 140kw and measures 2.9m wide for use in narrow access areas. As this model has 2WD it can cope with 9°maximum slopes and best suits flat hauls or tunneling applications, offering a maximum speed of 40 kph. The 7529, weighs 24 tonnes unladen, features 4WD and has a more powerful JMZ-238BN2 engine delivering 190 kw, allowing use on steeper ramps. This machine also has a top speed of 40 kph and is equipped with an enclosed cab as standard. Both the 7405-9586 and 7529 trucks can be fitted with Deutz engines if required.
German firm Paus built two tractors for Kali & Salz that tow pallets on trailers using a gooseneck connection. The vehicles are powered by 176 kw Deutz BF6M1013 engines. These offer payloads of up to 30 tonnes and are used to carry equipment, spare parts and materials underground, though product haulage is still by truck. Paus also has a number of loaders now operating at mines in Russia, with a number of engineering coming in a well from Australia. These are from engineering firms carrying out feasibility studies and are not expected become equipment orders immediately, but the firm is confident that these will translate into actual deals. The company adds that it is now receiving interest in the novel undercutting type machines, of which it built 15 units for operations in Belarus. In addition, Paus is building a number of ditch cleaning machines for Norilsk Nickel in Russia. These are based around a small mine locomotive, with an excavator boom that allows the machine t clear the dewatering ditches running alongside the tracks.
中文譯文
風(fēng)靡時(shí)期
良好的市場(chǎng)意味著地下卡車(chē)和LHD制造者正在享有一流的水平，同時(shí)新模式和技術(shù)不斷涌向市場(chǎng)。在LHD行業(yè)，來(lái)自EJC，F(xiàn)ERMEL，RHAM EQUIPMENT和SCHOPF公司的新模式已出現(xiàn)在市場(chǎng)上，與此同時(shí)，ATLAS COPCO公司預(yù)計(jì)最遲在2005年開(kāi)始從事一種新型設(shè)計(jì)-ST14。
但是，在卡車(chē)行業(yè)，現(xiàn)在最活躍的事情是重新重視功重比和有效載荷的變化。最新模式通過(guò)安裝更大功率的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和允許在陡的斜坡行程中有較好的運(yùn)行速度，充分利用了柴油機(jī)在技術(shù)上的發(fā)展。這種作用是顯著的，速度愈高意味著循環(huán)周期愈短，獲得的生產(chǎn)效率愈高，甚至允許減小規(guī)模。
在有效載荷極限方面的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，現(xiàn)在是特別的激烈。SANDVIK TAMROCK正推出TORO60、三軸帶有固定底座和容量60T的卡車(chē)，這種功率的卡車(chē)，可以提供比CATERPILLAR公司AD55和ATLAS公司的MT5010更好的功重比，以至于SANDVIL TAMROCK公司說(shuō)這種設(shè)備允許礦井改變它的規(guī)模，特別是長(zhǎng)的斜坡行程的地方。SANDVIK TAMROCK 期望TORO60可以?shī)Z回由有效載荷是55T的CAT公司的有成效的AD55占領(lǐng)的市場(chǎng)，然而，ATLAS COPCO公司用另一種改進(jìn)型的可提供功率488-597KW/650-800HP變化范圍的MT5010卡車(chē)同CATERPILLAR 和SANDVIK TAMROCK兩家公司作斗爭(zhēng)。新型QSK19柴油機(jī)使MT5010的功重比從5.27KW/T增加到6.5KW/T，這使它重新獲得由AD55和TORO60占領(lǐng)的市場(chǎng)，ATLAS COPCO公司說(shuō)盡管AD55和TORO60有很大的有效載荷，但困擾卡車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)者的路線問(wèn)題，很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才被消除。根據(jù)在澳大利亞的 速度14KPH 1：10斜坡上的單元操作，公司指出，MT5010是一項(xiàng)非常成功的設(shè)計(jì)，盡管耗時(shí)23000H。
對(duì)這三種卡車(chē)，哪種能提供更高的生產(chǎn)率的評(píng)估，只有通過(guò)細(xì)節(jié)的研究才能實(shí)現(xiàn)，不同的結(jié)果依賴于特定礦井應(yīng)用的性質(zhì)。雖然AD55有55T的有效載荷和TORO60有60T的有效載荷，但與AD55和TORO60相比，改進(jìn)型MT5010有更高的功重比。某種機(jī)器最適用于某種給定的礦井操作可能是因?yàn)橐恍┗疽蛩?，比如：行程距離、坡度、通風(fēng)設(shè)施、周?chē)h(huán)境的溫度，甚至材料類(lèi)型。不過(guò)總體上說(shuō)，顧客是贏家，與以前的50T級(jí)可獲得的生產(chǎn)率和可靠度相比，最新大型的ATLAS 、COPCO CATERPILLAR 和 SANDVIK TAMROCK公司生產(chǎn)的卡車(chē)全都可以提供更好的生產(chǎn)率和可靠度。
卡車(chē)有效載荷變化不久，同種功重比的獲得即可看到。ATLAS COPCOC、ATERPILLAR、 DUX、EJC、MTI和ZANAM LEGMET 公司安裝更大功率的柴油機(jī)在卡車(chē)上，這允許有效載荷在12-30T范圍內(nèi)變化，類(lèi)似成效在容量范圍上也能看到。例如，一加拿大礦井，用新型20T取代了它早期的16T-17T，它在斜坡上費(fèi)時(shí)較短，盡管只增加了有效載荷，但大體上仍提高了生產(chǎn)率。與同表面尺寸的發(fā)電機(jī)相比，新一代發(fā)電機(jī)提供更大的功率是重要的，因?yàn)槿剂先紵龝r(shí)，它們能給更多的能量。不管怎樣，排放物愈清潔，利潤(rùn)愈高，通風(fēng)設(shè)施成本愈低。
一般來(lái)說(shuō)，新中小型卡車(chē)表面上類(lèi)似于以往的模式，只是安裝了更堅(jiān)固的駕駛裝置和便于應(yīng)付額外功率的軸。一些小細(xì)節(jié)的改變，如增加汽油的壽命或取代過(guò)濾器，可以識(shí)別對(duì)服務(wù)成本的優(yōu)勢(shì)。這些更新過(guò)的卡車(chē)的基本設(shè)計(jì)仍保持類(lèi)似性，好的路線和新一代柴油機(jī)意味著機(jī)器需要較少的維修，擁有更高的可信賴度和相當(dāng)?shù)偷倪\(yùn)行成本。
自動(dòng)駕駛
對(duì)于LHD和卡車(chē)來(lái)說(shuō)，自動(dòng)化一直是重要事情，對(duì)于這項(xiàng)技術(shù)已有許多優(yōu)勢(shì)呈現(xiàn)在那些礦業(yè)面前等待他們做出決定和選擇。定單一直在增加，盡管如此，CATERPILLAR和SANDVIK TAMROCK兩家公司一直對(duì)為了他們各自的自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)、MINEGEM和自動(dòng)采礦的簽約顧客施壓。此時(shí)此刻，僅CODELCO公司正在應(yīng)用全自動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，在CHILE的EITENIENTE礦的PIPA NORTE 和DIABLE REGIMENTO區(qū)域。但是DEBEERS 和SANDVIK TAMROCK 公司正在為了在南非的FINSCH礦井應(yīng)用而研發(fā)一種新的系統(tǒng)。此時(shí)，CATERPILLAR公司已獲得MINEGEM的商業(yè)化買(mǎi)賣(mài)權(quán)，此技術(shù)正在應(yīng)用于澳大利亞的NORTHPARKES和OLYMPIC DAM礦井中。
MINEGEM和AUTOMATE之間有許多類(lèi)似的地方，在LHD上都安裝有激光裝置。當(dāng)卡車(chē)運(yùn)行時(shí)，這些激光裝置可以掃描機(jī)器前面的隧道，接收隧道側(cè)面輪廓的變化，然后允許在幾秒內(nèi)對(duì)它的位置做出辨別。激光裝置根據(jù)連續(xù)前進(jìn)后退所得大量的數(shù)據(jù)更新隧道地圖。CATERPILLAR公司的MINEGEM系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行于容量是11MPS的無(wú)線LAN基本設(shè)施上。SANDVIK TAMROCK公司的自動(dòng)采礦系統(tǒng)需要廣泛的溝通能力。MINEGEM和自動(dòng)采礦由系統(tǒng)和可快速獲得的計(jì)算機(jī)硬件控制，同時(shí)有許多組成部分是普通的已有的項(xiàng)目，這些項(xiàng)目選擇它們應(yīng)付棘手循環(huán)問(wèn)題的能力。
在這些技術(shù)支持下，一位操作者可以管理三臺(tái)正在運(yùn)行的LHD，這些LHD或多或少的自主地運(yùn)行，因?yàn)樗鼈冞\(yùn)行周期中裝載是手動(dòng)的，CATERPILLAR公司的MINEGEM是一個(gè)有幾層的軟件包，這允許顧客選擇他們的需要部件。戰(zhàn)術(shù)層為L(zhǎng)HD提供自動(dòng)駕駛，防止它與隧道墻壁碰撞或車(chē)輛相碰。操作者裝載，然后選擇前進(jìn)或后退，系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)形式和卸載。戰(zhàn)略層比較復(fù)雜，因?yàn)榧偃缌瞬僮餮b置，縱觀全過(guò)程，有較高水平的計(jì)劃能力。戰(zhàn)略層掌握交通控制函數(shù)，因此復(fù)雜的循環(huán)也能一清二楚。例如，從不同的選擇點(diǎn)摻和礦砂，大體上有效的增加生產(chǎn)率。
操作者離開(kāi)機(jī)器運(yùn)行的地方時(shí)，安全性提高了，他們不必一直待在礦里面，理論上他們可以坐在地球的另一側(cè)的辦公室里。更甚者，當(dāng)傳動(dòng)裝置運(yùn)行在最佳時(shí)期時(shí)，機(jī)器僅需很少的維護(hù)和較低的運(yùn)行成本，發(fā)電機(jī)不必快速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，傳動(dòng)輪也比較少，與隧道墻壁或其他的機(jī)器相碰的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)完全被消除。
然而，完全的自動(dòng)化和MINEGEM技術(shù)不是不昂貴的，它們適合應(yīng)用于建有專(zhuān)門(mén)設(shè)施的煤礦區(qū)域或礦井中。自動(dòng)設(shè)備運(yùn)行在礦井中與其它操作分開(kāi)的部分，職員通道被小心的控制著。盡管如此，有一些相對(duì)較大的或新的露天煤礦非常適用應(yīng)用先進(jìn)的全自動(dòng)技術(shù)，且證明投資是正確的。結(jié)果，CATERPILLAR和 SANDVIK TAMROCK兩家公司分別認(rèn)為需要少的先進(jìn)的系統(tǒng)，這些系統(tǒng)可以獲得同樣的操作效益，同時(shí)花費(fèi)相當(dāng)?shù)偷倪\(yùn)行成本。通過(guò)合理選擇MINEGEM的戰(zhàn)略層，一家礦業(yè)公司可以對(duì)單個(gè)的LHD自動(dòng)化引進(jìn)有效益的相對(duì)低成本的技術(shù)。CO-POILT手工短程運(yùn)行，這允許它，當(dāng)需要的時(shí)候，作為傳統(tǒng)的久遠(yuǎn)的控制被應(yīng)用。就這個(gè)而言，SANDVIK TAMROCK公司有一個(gè)在自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)形狀方面非常類(lèi)似的產(chǎn)品，它也是為單個(gè)的LHD自動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的，且有相同的控制規(guī)范。
擁有了自動(dòng)化或戰(zhàn)略層，礦井可以引進(jìn)單個(gè)的LHD自動(dòng)化加以應(yīng)用，在那兒傳統(tǒng)的久遠(yuǎn)的控制系統(tǒng)被應(yīng)用。這樣的優(yōu)勢(shì)是單個(gè)的機(jī)器可以從自動(dòng)軌道上取得利益，而不必花費(fèi)完全姿態(tài)的費(fèi)用或基本設(shè)施和礦井布局的固有成本。CATERPILLAR 和SANDVIK TAMROCK公司指出，此項(xiàng)技術(shù)對(duì)于應(yīng)用傳統(tǒng)控制的公司來(lái)說(shuō)具有巨大的潛力，對(duì)于高發(fā)生LHD碰撞損壞的礦井來(lái)說(shuō)有特別的效果。曾經(jīng)操縱過(guò)無(wú)線電控制的汽車(chē)的任何一個(gè)人都能證明，判斷一個(gè)動(dòng)的機(jī)器和它一定距離的環(huán)境的距離是困難的。單個(gè)的自動(dòng)控制設(shè)備能避免這種相碰危險(xiǎn)，并且大大縮短機(jī)器停車(chē)時(shí)間和維護(hù)，因此提高生產(chǎn)率。委托于CATERPILLAR公司的來(lái)源于澳大利亞的STEM研究顯示，用簡(jiǎn)單的LHD系統(tǒng)取代傳統(tǒng)的控制的回收期為三年，在一定的情況下甚至?xí)?，同時(shí)是生產(chǎn)率增加到37%。
目前，礦業(yè)公司看起來(lái)不情愿投資全LHD自動(dòng)化，由于此技術(shù)的費(fèi)用高和復(fù)雜性。在礦中，為單個(gè)LHD自動(dòng)化的CATERPILLAR公司的MINEGEM CO-POLIT和SANDVIK TAMROCK公司的自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)所提供的產(chǎn)品和價(jià)格效果的情勢(shì)不久將會(huì)變好。
俄羅斯公司MOAZ建立了兩個(gè)地下卡車(chē)站，適用于窄操作環(huán)境的7405-9586和更常規(guī)的7529，它們的有效載荷均為22t?？蛰d重量19.5t，有一個(gè)罩蓬作為平衡裝置的7405-9586，由比率是140kw的JMZ-238KM2發(fā)電機(jī)提供動(dòng)力，它能測(cè)量2.9m的寬度，應(yīng)用于窄的交叉區(qū)域。這種類(lèi)型的有兩個(gè)WD，因此它能應(yīng)付最大坡度是9°的斜坡，最適應(yīng)于平原或隧道環(huán)境，它的最大速度是40kph。空載重量是24t的7529，有4個(gè)WD，它由功率是190kw的JMZ-238BN2馬達(dá)提供更大的功率，允許在斜坡上運(yùn)行，這種機(jī)器的最大速度是40kph，并且附上一個(gè)蓋子作為平衡裝置。如果需要，7405-9586和7529這兩種型號(hào)都由Deutz設(shè)計(jì)供應(yīng)。
德國(guó)公司Paus建立兩個(gè)拖車(chē)站為Kali和Salz。那有牽引平臺(tái)作為牽引裝置，這種車(chē)輛是176kw的Deauz BF6M1013馬達(dá)提供動(dòng)力，這種類(lèi)型提供的有效載荷是30t。通過(guò)貨運(yùn)被用來(lái)搬運(yùn)設(shè)備，外加的零件和地下材料。在俄羅斯的礦井中有許多這種設(shè)備正在應(yīng)用，這些設(shè)備來(lái)自澳大利亞的井中。來(lái)自于工程公司的這些正在實(shí)施特征研究，并不希望立即變成工程定單，但是公司確定：這些將變成實(shí)際應(yīng)用。公司公告：他們目前正對(duì)新穎的分離式的機(jī)器感興趣，在Belarus，它建立了15個(gè)操作單元。此外，在俄羅斯，Paus為了Norilsk Nickel 設(shè)立了一系列清除機(jī)器的溝壑。這些被設(shè)在一個(gè)小型的礦井機(jī)車(chē)的四周，此種機(jī)車(chē)帶有一個(gè)挖掘機(jī)，這個(gè)挖掘機(jī)允許機(jī)器清理環(huán)繞在卡車(chē)站周?chē)牡叵滤疁稀?