懸杯式蔬菜移栽機的設(shè)計含開題及12張CAD圖,懸杯式,蔬菜,移栽,設(shè)計,開題,12,十二,cad G.V. Prasanna Kumar a, *, H. Rahe a Department of Agricultural Engineering, North Arunachal Pradesh, India b Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, article info Article history: Received 1 May 2011 Received in revised form 2011 IAgrE. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. production of 129 million metric tons and yield of 16.2 metric tons ha C01 in the year 2008e2009 (Government of India, 2009). About 175 types of vegetables are grown in India including 82 fieldvegetables and 41root (tuber and bulb) crops (Randhawa, 1998;Subramanian,Varadarajan, fax: 91 360 2258533/2257872. Available at biosystems engineering 110 (2011) 189e197 E-mail address: (G.V.P. Kumar). 1. Introduction India is the second largest producer of vegetables with the vegetables like cucurbits (Cucurbita spp.), beans (Phaseolus spp.), okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and leafy vegetables are sown directly in the field. Vegetables like tomato (Solanum evaluated for transplanting tomato at 45 C2 45 cm spacing in the field at a forward speed of 0.9 km h C01 . Field capacity of the transplanter was found to be 0.026 ha h C01 .Itresulted in the saving of 68% labour and 80% time over the conventional method of manual transplanting. The planting rate of the transplanter was found to be 32 pot seedlings min C01 with 4% missed planting and 5% tilted planting. The soil covering efficiency of the developed vegetable transplanter was about 81% and the quality of transplanting was satisfactory. 17 July 2011 Accepted 1 August 2011 Published online 30 August 2011 1537-5110/$ e see front matter 2011 IAgrE. doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2011.08.001 man b Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, Itanagar, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India A 9.75 kW walk-behind type hand tractor powered 2-row fully automatic vegetable transplanter for individual paper pot seedlings was developed by considering the power availability, paper pot dimensions and space availability in the hand tractor after the complete removal of rotavator tillage assembly. It consisted of two sets of feeding conveyor, metering conveyor, seedling drop tube, furrow opener, soil covering device, an automatic feeding mechanism, a depth adjustment wheel and hitching arrangement. Horizontal slat-type chain conveyor was used as feeding conveyor and horizontal pusher type chain conveyor was used as metering conveyor. The automatic feeding mechanism, with a timing shaft, cam and clutch, was used to coordinate the working of feeding and metering conveyors. The vegetable transplanter carried 108 seedlings on two feeding conveyors in upright orientation, fed them to the metering conveyors and planted them in upright orientation in furrows. The performance of the vegetable transplanter was vegetable transplanter for paper pot seedlings Development of a walk-behind type hand tractor powered Research Paper journal homepage: www.elsevi Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2. Paper pot seedlings for mechanical transplanting Paper pots seedlings were grown in aluminium trays in a double layer polyethylene-covered unheated greenhouse. The ready-to-plant paper pot seedling of tomato 21 days after seeding and following 4 days of hardening is shown in Fig. 1. Eachseedlingwasgrowninadoublelayeredcubicalpaperpot of 50 cm 3 volume filled with vermicompost, soil and sand in the proportion of 1:1 :1 by volume. The volume of pot and the proportion of ingredientsin thesoil-basedvermicompost- amendedmix weredetermined by conducting experiments in two different seasons (Kumar Sakaue, 1992; Shaw, biosystems engineering 110 (2011) 189e197190 often results in non-uniform plant distribution (Kumar Manes, Dixit, Sharda, Singh, Parish, 2005). Tractor-mounted 2-row and 3-row semi-automatic vege- tabletransplantershave beendevelopedin Indiafor bare-root seedlings and plugs (DARE, 2006, pp. 109e128; Manes et al., 2010). Pocket-type metering devices have been provided in the transplanters for bare-root seedlings. The field capacity and labour requirement have been reported to be 0.082e0.092 ha h C01 and 44.4 man-h ha C01 respectively at a forward speed of 0.8e1.0 km h C01 . Rotary cup-type metering devices have been provided in the transplanters for plugs. They had a field capacity of 0.14 ha h C01 and labour require- ment of 28.6 man-hha C01 when operated at a forwardspeedof 1.4 km h C01 . The quality of transplanting was reported to be satisfactory for both the machines. Farmers in India allocate a relatively low proportion of their land for vegetables (Birthal, Joshi, Kumar Ueno, Matsumura, Suggs et al., 1987; Tsuga, 2000; Yonetani, Matsumoto, Manes et al., 2010). The selected range of forward speed of the hand tractor could be obtained when operated in 1st low gear at 50e90% throttle. The engine performance curves indicated the brake horse- power of the engine at 50% throttle (1200 rpm) as 4.5 kW. About 20% of engine output power is available at the wheel axle of the hand tractor when it is fitted and operating its rotavator (Bhole Satpathy Manes et al., 2010). Fully automatic transplanters have a planting rate of above 60 seedlings min C01 (Suggs et al., 1987; Shaw, 1997; Tsuga, 2000). bare-root seedlings (MTB). 300 biosystems engineering 110 (2011) 189e197 195 Particulars Field capacity, ha h C01 0.026 Labour requirement (including refilling), man-h ha C01 102.46 Missed planting, % 4.01 Tilted planting, % 5.14 Partially soil covered seedlings, % 7.39 Excessive soil covered seedlings, % 11.90 Cost of operation (including refilling), ha C01 29,954, 27,769, 26,996 use of 100, 200, Cost of paper pots and mix, transplantingusingAVTandmanualmethodoftransplanting of paper pot seedlings (MTP) and bare-root seedlings (MTB) is shown in Table 3. 7.1. Field capacity and labour requirement At an average forward speed of 0.9 km h C01 , the percent wheel of slip of hand tractor varied from 2.50 to 3.73%. The average fuel consumption was 1.42 l h C01 . The mean (C6standard devi- ation) depth of placement of pot seedlings was 6.3 (C61.5) cm. ThefieldcapacityoftheAVTwasfoundtobe0.026hah C01 with a field efficiency of 31.88%. Park et al. (2005) reported the field capacity of 0.045 ha h C01 for the self-propelled walk-behind type fully automatic vegetable transplanter for Chinese cabbage. The labour requirement for transplanting using the AVT was found to be 103 man-h ha C01 . This included the labour requirement of 25 man-h ha C01 for refilling of missed plant- ings and correct placement of tilted plantings. The conven- tional manual transplanting required 229 and 320 man- hha C01 for paper pot and bare-root seedlings, respectively (Table 3). Thus, mechanical transplanting by AVT resulted in the saving of 55% labour and 72% time over the manual transplanting of paper pot seedlings, and 68% labour and 80% time over manual transplanting of bare-root seedlings, respectively. Saving of labour and time in the range of 70e93% and 75e78%, respectively have been reported for the tractor operated 2-row semi-automatic vegetable trans- planters in India (Chaudhury et al., 2002; Manes et al., 2010; Table 3eComparison of field performance of AVT with manual ha C01 20,000 Parket al.(2005)reportedmissedplantingof 2.2e3.0%for self- propelled walk-behind type fully automatic vegetable trans- planter that used plug seedlings. Missed planting rates of 2.9e9.3%, 3e4% and 2.9e3.5% have been reported by Choudhury et al. (2002), Manes et al. (2010), and Satpathy and Garg (2008), respectively for semi-automatic vegetable trans- planters that used bare-root seedlings. In the semi-automatic vegetable transplanters, missed plantings occurred when the labourerfailedtofeedthemeteringunitwiththeseedlingdue to higher speed of operation. In the present study, missed plantings occurred due to damage to pots during the conveying process by the metering conveyor. Missed plant- ings due to failure of the pick-up system of a fully automatic vegetable transplanter to remove seedlings from the tray accounted for 3.5% (Kim, Park, & Kwak, 2001). Missed planting of 4% has been reported for chain of paper pot seedlings in a fully automatic vegetable transplanter (Tsuga, 2000). Choudhury et al. (2002) reported tilted planting of 4. 0e13.4% for the semi-automatic vegetable transplanter and it was attributed to soil condition in the field. In the present study, pot seedlings got tilted after falling in upright orientation in the furrow due to unevenness of the furrow soil and partial covering of the soil around the seedling pots. The soil covering efficiency of the vegetable transplanter was found to be about 81%. About 12% of the pot seedlings were covered with excessive amount of soil and about 7% of the pot seedlings were partially covered with soil (Table 3). The plant distribution and soil cover around the seedlings were almost uniform in the field transplanted manually with method of transplanting of paper pot seedlings (MTP) and AVT MTP MTB 0.0087 0.0066 228.62 319.83 ee e 6.0 e 28.0 and 26,584 for annual and 400 h 24,294 5997 20,000 0.00 use in developing countries: a review. International Journal of Vegetable Science, 14(3), 232e255. biosystems engineering 110 (2011) 189e197196 The initial cost of the walk-behind type hand tractor was taken as 120 000 (US$ 2700). Its typical annual use would be 800 h on small and medium farms (NABARD, 2007). Assuming a ten year life, and depreciation and interest at 10% p.a., the cost of operation of hand tractor alone is 120 (US$ 2.7) per hour for 800 h of annual use. The initial total cost AVT was taken as 60 000 (US$ 1350). Its useful life was assumed to be 10 years. The cost of preparation of paper pot along with potting mix of 405 (US$ 9) per 1000 pots was added as addi- tional cost. Cost of mechanical transplanting using AVT was found to be 4.4e5.0 times higher than that of conventional manual transplanting of bare-root seedlings (Table 3). The cost of paper pots and potting mix was the major component of the cost of operation using paper pot seedlings. It accounted for 67e75% of the total cost of mechanical transplanting and 82% of the total cost of manual transplanting. Singh (2008) repor- ted 23.9% saving in cost for tractor operated 2-row semi- automatic vegetable transplanter and Park et al. (2005) reported 29% saving in cost for walk-behind type fully auto- matic vegetable transplanter over conventional method of transplanting vegetables. Parish (2005) stated that automatic vegetable transplanters are expensive and require a very high level of plant quality and uniformity. The higher cost of mechanical transplanting in the present study could be attributed to the high cost of preparation of paper pot seed- lings and low field efficiency (31.88%) of the AVT. The low values of field capacity and field efficiency of the AVT could be attributed to a loss of 68% of the total operating time. Time loss in placing the pot seedlings on feeding conveyors accounted for 50% of the total operating time. About 18% of total operating time was lost during depth adjustment, operation of clutches and turning at the head- land.This is a substantial loss of timeand it has to be reduced to improve the field coverage. Efforts are being made to develop a mechanical system for the quick transfer of pot seedlings (as a rectangular array) from the tray to the feeding conveyor using a multi-celled tray with replaceable base. Efforts are also being made to reduce the time involved in turning at the headland. 8. Conclusions This is the first attemptto develop a fully automatic vegetable transplanter for individual paper pot seedlings using walk- behind type hand tractor as the source of power. Use of AVT has been found to save 68% labour and 80% time involved in transplanting of vegetables besides increasing the annual use pot seedlings. The plant distribution was also observed to be almost uniform in the field transplanted manually with bare- rootseedlings.However,about6%oftheseedlingswerefound to be tilted and about 28% of the seedlings were found to be excessively covered with soil after manual transplanting of bare-root seedlings. 7.3. Cost of operation of the hand tractor in small farms. Cost of operation has been found to be 4.4e5.0 times higher than that of conventional Kumar, G. V. P., & Raheman, H. (2010). Volume of vermicompost based potting mix for vegetable transplants determined using fuzzy biomass growth index. International Journal of Vegetable Science, 16(4), 335e350. Manes, G. S., Dixit, A. K., Sharda, A., Singh, S., & Singh, K. (2010). Development and evaluation of tractor operated vegetable transplanter. 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