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外文資料翻譯譯文 機械設(shè)計和制造過程 機械設(shè)計和制造過程的機械設(shè)計是一種運用科學(xué)技術(shù),設(shè)計新的或改進(jìn)的產(chǎn)品為宗旨滿足人類的需要。這是一個廣闊的研究領(lǐng)域的工程技術(shù),不僅關(guān)系到自身產(chǎn)品的原始概念角度大小、形狀和施工細(xì)節(jié),而且考慮了各種因素參與的生產(chǎn)、銷售和使用的產(chǎn)品。 人履行的各種職能機械設(shè)計通常稱為設(shè)計師,或設(shè)計工程師。機械設(shè)計基本上是一個創(chuàng)造性的活動。然而,除了是創(chuàng)新、設(shè)計工程師還必須有一個扎實的機械制圖領(lǐng)域、運動學(xué)、動力學(xué)、材料工程、材料強度和生產(chǎn)工藝。 綜上所述,機械設(shè)計的目的是生產(chǎn)一種產(chǎn)品,為需要的人。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科學(xué)知識本身并不一定利益的人,只要他們引入一個設(shè)計的產(chǎn)品將會得到好處。我們要認(rèn)清,因此,一個人必須確定之前需要一個特定的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計。 機械設(shè)計應(yīng)該被認(rèn)為是一個機遇,利用創(chuàng)新人才來想象一個設(shè)計的一種產(chǎn)品,分析系統(tǒng),然后做出正確判斷如何生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品。很重要的一點就是要了解基本的工程,而不是僅僅記住的事實和方程。沒有事實或方程就可以被用來提供所有的正確決策的需要產(chǎn)生一個好的設(shè)計。 另一方面,必須做任何計算以最大的保健和精度。例如,如果一個小數(shù)點是不合理的,否則不得接受設(shè)計功能。 好的設(shè)計需要嘗試新的想法和心甘情愿地采取一定數(shù)額的風(fēng)險,如果明知不工作的新理念存在的方法可以恢復(fù)。因此一個設(shè)計師必須要有耐心,因為沒有保證成功的時間和精力耗盡。創(chuàng)造一個全新的設(shè)計通常要求,許多老和信譽卓著,被推開方法。這并不容易,因為很多人熟悉的人抱著新的理念、技巧和態(tài)度。設(shè)計工程師應(yīng)不斷尋找途徑來提高現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品,必須決定什么老,證明應(yīng)使用什么概念和新觀點應(yīng)該嘗試股份有限公司。 新設(shè)計一般都有“臭蟲”或一些無法預(yù)料的問題,必須制定出優(yōu)越的特點在新設(shè)計可以享受。因此有一個機會,為建立一個優(yōu)質(zhì)的產(chǎn)品,但只有更高的風(fēng)險。我們必須強調(diào),如果一個設(shè)計不保證激進(jìn)的新方法,這種方法不應(yīng)該應(yīng)用僅僅是為了改變。 在起步階段的設(shè)計、創(chuàng)新,要允許蓬勃發(fā)展沒有大量的約束。盡管許多不切實際的想法可能出現(xiàn),它通常是容易消除他們在早期設(shè)計階段,細(xì)節(jié)之前要求公司制造。通過這種方式,創(chuàng)新思想不壓抑。通常,超過一設(shè)計開發(fā),到的地方會比較相互爭斗。這是完全可能的設(shè)計思想最終接受將使用中存在的設(shè)計的一個拒絕不給盡可能多的整體的承諾。 心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撛噲D健康的人們,他們的機器操作。它本質(zhì)上是一位設(shè)計工程師的職責(zé)努力適應(yīng)機器的。這不是一個容易的任務(wù),因為確實沒有一般人的尺寸和特定操作程序的最佳狀態(tài)。 另外重要的一點,我們應(yīng)該認(rèn)識到這一點是一個設(shè)計工程師必須能夠?qū)e人交流思想,如果他們想被合并。溝通設(shè)計給別人是決賽,在設(shè)計過程中至關(guān)重要的一步。毫無疑問,許多偉大的設(shè)計、發(fā)明、以及創(chuàng)造性的作品已經(jīng)丟到了人類無所不包,只不過是因為不能也不愿解釋他們的成就給別人。介紹一個推銷工作。工程師,設(shè)計一種新的解的行政、管理、監(jiān)督人員、正試圖出售或證明給他們看,這個方案是一個更好的。除非這可以做成功,時間和精力花在獲得解決大部分已經(jīng)被浪費了. 基本上,只有3家的通信手段提供給我們的。這些都是書面、口頭、圖形化的形式。因此,成功的工程師將合格技術(shù)和最多才多藝的并且在所有的三個形式的溝通。一個技術(shù)能力缺乏能力的人,他們中的任何一個形式是嚴(yán)重殘疾。如果能在所有的三個形態(tài)缺乏,沒有人會知道主管那個人! 主管工程師不應(yīng)該害怕沒有成功的可能在一個表現(xiàn)。事實上,偶爾失敗應(yīng)該會因為失敗或批評似乎伴隨每一個真正具有創(chuàng)造性的想法。有許多讓你從中得到教訓(xùn)是失敗的,并得到了最大的收獲是那些愿意冒險失敗。在最后的分析中,真正的失敗在于決定不要讓演示。有效溝通,必須回答以下問題:(1)是否真的能夠設(shè)計一個人類需要什么?(2)將它與現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品競爭對手公司嗎?(3)是經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)多少?(4)可以容易保持下去嗎?(5)將它出售和賺錢嗎? 只有時間能提供真正的答案在前的問題,但是產(chǎn)品應(yīng)在設(shè)計、制造和銷售初始肯定只有答案。設(shè)計工程師也必須傳達(dá)最終設(shè)計到制造通過使用細(xì)節(jié)和圖紙。 通常,一個問題將是發(fā)生在制造周期[3]?？赡苄枰淖兂叽缗c寬容的一部分,這樣更容易產(chǎn)生了。這個失敗的工程變更的范疇,必須經(jīng)設(shè)計工程師,使得產(chǎn)品功能并不會受到不良影響。在其他情況下,不足之處,設(shè)計可裝配和測試過程中出現(xiàn)之前發(fā)貨。這些現(xiàn)實只是證實這一事實是一個活生生的設(shè)計過程?？偸怯幸粋€更好的方法來做到這一點,并不斷向設(shè)計人應(yīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)更好的方法。 設(shè)計始于一個需要的,真實的,還是想象中的。可能需要改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備在耐久性、高效、重量、速度、成本。新設(shè)備可能需要做一個函數(shù)由男人以前做過,如計算、裝配、或維修。全部或者部分和客觀的定義后,下一步的設(shè)計觀念和他們的安排,將機制執(zhí)行所需的功能。 為此,徒手畫草圖是很有價值的,不僅是記錄某個人的思想和作為一種輔助討論與他人溝通,尤其是自己的意志,激勵創(chuàng)新的想法。 設(shè)計始于一個需要的,真實的,還是想象中的。可能需要改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備在耐久性、高效、重量、速度、成本。新設(shè)備可能需要做一個函數(shù)由男人以前做過,如計算、裝配、或維修。全部或者部分和客觀的定義后,下一步的設(shè)計觀念和他們的安排,將機制執(zhí)行所需的功能。 為此,徒手畫草圖是很有價值的,不僅是記錄某個人的思想和作為一種輔助討論與他人溝通,尤其是自己的意志,激勵創(chuàng)新的想法。 通用形狀和少數(shù)幾個部件的尺寸變得明顯,分析就可以開始中解脫出來。這種分析可以作為它的目標(biāo)“滿意”或“卓越的性能,以及安全性和耐久性與最小重量,以及具有競爭力的東方。最佳比例和尺寸將尋找每個極加載部分,結(jié)合強度之間的一個平衡點的若干部件。材料及其治療將被選中。這些重要的目標(biāo),就可以達(dá)到只有通過分析力學(xué)原則的基礎(chǔ)上,諸如穩(wěn)定的反應(yīng)力和摩擦的優(yōu)化利用,動力學(xué)慣性、加速度、能源、材料彈性和強度的應(yīng)力和撓度。 最后,基于功能和可靠性設(shè)計將完成,一個樣機可以被建立。如果它的測試是滿意的,如果這個裝置產(chǎn)生的數(shù)量、初始設(shè)計將接受一定的修改,使它生產(chǎn)的數(shù)量以較低的成本。在接下來的幾年的生產(chǎn)和服務(wù),設(shè)計可能要進(jìn)行構(gòu)思的變化或新思想的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步分析測試和經(jīng)驗表明變更。銷售的吸引力,客戶滿意度 和制造成本所有相關(guān)的設(shè)計,而且在設(shè)計能力密切地參與到工程的成功的合資企業(yè)。 外文原文 Mechanical design and Manufacturing processes Mechanical Design and Manufacturing Processes Mechanical design is the application of science and technology to devise new or improved products for the purpose of satisfying human needs. It is a vast field of engineering technology which not only concerns itself with the original conception of the product in terms of its size, shape and construction details, but also considers the various factors involved in the manufacture, marketing and use of the product. People who perform the various functions of mechanical design are typically called designers, or design engineers. Mechanical design is basically a creative activity. However, in addition to being innovative, a design engineer must also have a solid background in the areas of mechanical drawing, kinematics, dynamics, materials engineering, strength of materials and manufacturing processes. As stated previously, the purpose of mechanical design is to produce a product which will serve a need for man. Inventions, discoveries and scientific knowledge by themselves do not necessarily benefit people; only if they are incorporated into a designed product will a benefit be derived. It should be recognized, therefore, that a human need must be identified before a particular product is designed. Mechanical design should be considered to be an opportunity to use innovative talents to envision a design of a product, to analyze the system and then make sound judgments on how the product is to be manufactured. It is important to understand the fundamentals of engineering rather than memorize mere facts and equations. There are no facts or equations which alone can be used to provide all the correct decisions required to produce a good design. On the other hand, any calculations made must be done with the utmost care and precision. For example, if a decimal point is misplaced, an otherwise acceptable design may not function. Good designs require trying new ideas and being willing to take a certain amount of risk, knowing that if the new idea does not work the existing method can be reinstated. Thus a designer must have patience, since there is no assurance of success for the time and effort expended. Creating a completely new design generally requires that many old and well-established methods be thrust aside. This is not easy since many people cling to familiar ideas, techniques and attitudes. A design engineer should constantly search for ways to improve an existing product and must decide what old, proven concepts should be used and what new, untried ideas should be incorporated. New designs generally have "bugs" or unforeseen problems which must be worked out before the superior characteristics of the new designs can be enjoyed. Thus there is a chance for a superior product, but only at higher risk. It should be emphasized that, if a design does not warrant radical new methods, such methods should not be applied merely for the sake of change. During the beginning stages of design, creativity should be allowed to flourish without a great number of constraints. Even though many impractical ideas may arise, it is usually easy to eliminate them in the early stages of design before firm details are required by manufacturing. In this way, innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed, up to the point where they can be compared against each other. It is entirely possible that the design which is ultimately accepted will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise. Psychologists frequently talk about trying to fit people to the machines they operate. It is essentially the responsibility of the design engineer to strive to fit machines to people. This is not an easy task, since there is really no average person for which certain operating dimensions and procedures are optimum. Another important point which should be recognized is that a design engineer must be able to communicate ideas to other people if they are to be incorporated. Communicating the design to others is the final, vital step in the design process. Undoubtedly many great designs, inventions, and creative works have been lost to mankind simply because the originators were unable or unwilling to explain their accomplishments to others. Presentation is a selling job. The engineer, when presenting a new solution to administrative, management, or supervisory persons, is attempting to sell or to prove to them that this solution is a better one. Unless this can be done successfully, the time and effort spent on obtaining the solution have been largely wasted. Basically, there are only three means of communication available to us. These are the written, the oral, and the graphical forms. Therefore the successful engineer will be technically competent and versatile in all three forms of communication. A technically competent person who lacks ability in any one of these forms is severely handicapped. If ability in all three forms is lacking, no one will ever know how competent that person is! The competent engineer should not be afraid of the possibility of not succeeding in a presentation. In fact, occasional failure should be expected because failure or criticism seems to accompany every really creative idea. There is a great deal to be learned from a failure, and the greatest gains are obtained by those willing to risk defeat. In the final analysis, the real failure would lie in deciding not to make the presentation at all. To communicate effectively, the following questions must be answered: (1) Does the design really serve a human need? (2) Will it be competitive with existing products of rival companies? (3) Is it economical to produce? (4) Can it be readily maintained? (5) Will it sell and make a profit? Only time will provide the true answers to the preceding questions, but the product should be designed, manufactured and marketed only with initial affirmative answers. The design engineer also must communicate the finalized design to manufacturing through the use of detail and assembly drawings. Quite often, a problem will occur during the manufacturing cycle [3]. It may be that a change is required in the dimensioning or tolerance of a part so that it can be more readily produced. This fails in the category of engineering changes which must be approved by the design engineer so that the product function will not be adversely affected. In other cases, a deficiency in the design may appear during assembly or testing just prior to shipping. These realities simply bear out the fact that design is a living process. There is always a better way to do it and the designer should constantly strive towards finding that better way. Designing starts with a need, real or imagined. Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiently, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly defined, the next step in design is the conception of mechanisms and their arrangements that will perform the needed functions. For this, freehand sketching is of great value, not only as a record of one's thoughts and as an aid in discussion with others, but particularly for communication with one's own mind, as a stimulant for creative ideas. When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive east. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strength of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection. Finally, a design based upon function and reliability will be completed, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, and if the device is to be produced in quantity, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analysis based upon tests and experience indicate alteration. Sales appeal, customer satisfaction And manufacture cost are all related to design, and ability in design is intimately involved in the success of an engineering venture.