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1、 Period Ⅱ Learning notes for Word power & Grammar and usage 【 Learning goals】 1.Learning new words: discourage; consider 2.Learning new sentence patterns: speaking of; rather than 3.Learning grammar: To infinitive; Bare infinitive; Verb-ing form as a noun 【 Language focus】

2、 詞匯 -1. discourage vt. 使? 氣 ，使 ? 失做 ?的信心；打消（做 ? 的念 ）， 阻 【教材原句】 Mum discourages me from chatting on line. (P11) 【例句研 】 翻 句子 (1)His reply to my request discouraged me. _____________________________________________ (2)Her parents tried to discourage her from becoming a singer. _____

3、___________________________ 【自主 】 性 化 adj. discouraged ___________________________ 不要泄氣。 discouraging ___________________________ 考 果令人灰心。 n. discouragement 1) /U/ 泄氣，灰心 2) /U/ 阻止，阻 ， 阻 3) /C/ 使人泄氣的 事物，挫折 ______________________________________________________ 盡管遇到 么多挫折， 她仍不

4、氣 。 反 ： encourage 鼓勵 _______________________________ 鼓勵某人做某事 詞匯 -2. consider v. 考 ;；將 ? ， ，以 【教材原句】 So, I ’consideringm making a change. (P11) 【例句研 】 翻 句子 We considered his suggestion and accepted it. _______________________________ He is considering studying abroad. _________

5、______________________ I consider him to be my best friend. _______________________________ He considers himself intelligent. _______________________________ 【自主 1】 性 化 n. consideration ______________________ 考 ? adj. considerate _______________________ considerable ______________

6、________ prep. considering ___________________________________ 【自主 2】翻 句子 據(jù) 他已 超 70 ，但從他的年 來看，他仍然很硬朗。 I hear he is more than 70, but he is still very strong__________________________. His age__________________, he is still very strong. _____________________________________, he

7、is still very strong. (consideration) Everything _________________ , I don ’ t think their needs are easy to meet at present. 第 1 頁 _________________the best student in class, our monitor is to be sent to attend the competition. 句型 -1. 【教材原句】 Speaking of friends, I ’ve

8、 met some nice people here in London ?(P9) 【句法分析 】 speaking of ? prep. ________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 到學校，你考得怎么 ？ 【 想 】 As for ?/ Talking of ?/ When it comes to ? 句型 -2. 【教材原句】 I decided to write rather than e-mail you about

9、 my new friend s because ?(P9) 【句法分析 】rather than 表示客 事 ， 意 “是?? 而不是 ?? ；與其 ?? 不如 ??”。 它 接的并列成分可以是名 、 代 、形容 、介 (短 )、 名 、 分句、不定式、 等。 【即 鞏固】 (1)He is an explorer rather than a sailor. You rather than I _____________ going to go camping. (2)We will have the meeting in the classro

10、om_______________________. 我 是在教室里開會，不是在大 里。 (3)She enjoys_______________________________. 她喜 唱歌，而不喜 跳舞。 (4)We should help him rather than_______________________________. 是我 幫助他而不是他 幫助我 。 (5)I decided to write rather than _________________________________. 我決定寫信而不打 。 【 想 】

11、 would rather...than... = would ? rather than 寧?愿 ?? 而不愿 ?? _________________________________________________________ 她寧愿死也不愿失去 孩子 。 ______________________________, he would give up. 與其在 差的條件下工作，他寧 愿放棄。 Grammar and usage( 一 ): To infinitive; Bare infinitive ( 不定式 ) 基本形式與結(jié)構(gòu) :

12、 ＼式 一般式 完成式 行式 完成 行式 主 動 to build to have built to be building to have been building 被 動 to be built to have been built 不定式的基本用法： 不定式能起名 、形容 和副 的作用， 可在句中作主 、表 、 、 足 、定 和狀 用。 1）不定式作 主語 【例如】 To find the building took him a lot of time. To do that implies taking respons

13、ibility. ◆當主 ， 短 ，常用 it 作形式主 ，而將不定式放到 的后面。 第 2 頁 【例如】 It is important for modern young people to master at least two foreign languages. It 作形式主語，不定式放在謂語動詞之后常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)中： ① It is ＋形容詞 （easy, important, difficult, foolish, convenient, unnecessary, right, wrong... ） ＋

14、 （ for/of sb. ）＋不定式 【例如】 It is important for us young people to learn English and master it. It is wrong of you to make fun of those in trouble. ② It is + 名詞 (a pleasure, a pity, a pleasant thing, one’s duty, an honor, a shame, a crime, a waste of time/money, no easy job... ）＋不定式

15、 【例如】 It is a waste of time to read that kind of trash. It ’as pleasure for someone to smoke cigarettes, but an unbearable suffering to others. ③ It takes （sb.） some time （ hours, months, a lot of time, patience... ）＋不定式 【例如】 It takes me three hours to learn English each day. It to

16、ok them half the night to get home in the snow. 2）不定式作表語 常 表 示 將 來 的 動 作 ， 主 語 常 常 是 表 示 意 向 、 打 算 、 計 劃 的 詞 ， 如 wish, idea, task, purpose, duty, job 等。 【例如】 Her duty is to take good care of the baby. Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection ______ to the na

17、tion. A) has left B) is to leave C) leaves D) is to be left 3) 不定式作賓語 ◆ 不 定 式 常 在 下 列 動 詞 后 面 作 賓 語 ： decide/determine, attempt, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/ beg, help, afford, happen, wait 等。 【例如】 We agreed

18、 to meet here but so far she hasn ’t turned up yet. Tom happened to be talking when the teacher came in. There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _______ trouble. A ） making B） to make C） to have made D ） having made ◆ “ wh＋不定式 ” 不 定 式 前 加 一 個

19、疑 問 代 詞 (what, which, who, whom, whose) 或 疑 問 副 詞 （ where, when, how, why ），或連詞 whether 構(gòu)成特殊的不定式短語，其作用相當于一個 從句，這樣的不定式短語常在某些動詞后面作賓語。 常見的可以接這種不定式短語的 動詞有： know, see, decide, tell, ask, consider, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, hear, imagine, learn, inquire, observe, remember, thin

20、k, wonder, understand 等。 第 3 頁 【例如】 I couldn ’tdecide which book to choose. I can tell you where to get this book. “ wh＋不定式 ” 構(gòu)除了作 外， 可以在句中作主 或者表 。 ◆ 常跟形式 的 有些及物 （如： consider, feel, make, find, belie ve, know, regard ?）需要后接 “ + 賓補 ”意思才完整。作 的 不定式常用 it 替代，

21、而不定式移到 足 后。 【例如】 We think it important to obey the law. I know it impossible to finish so much homework in a day. They found it hard to get along with him. 4) 不定式作主 或 足 。 ： He persuaded me to buy a second-hand car. 似的有： tell sb to do sth ask sb to do sth require sb to d

22、o sth wish sb to do sth would like sb to do sth expect sb to do sth want sb to do sth allow sb to do sth advise sb to do sth order sb to do sth get sb to do sth force sb to do sth enable sb to do sth appeal to sb to do sth encourage sb to do sth (★ 不可用 hope sb to do sth；不可用 demand

23、sb to do ) 主 ：常用于下列 構(gòu)： sb be said/ believed/ known/ reported/ considered/ found ? + 不定式 【例如】 Loulan is generally considered to have been gradually covered over by sand from AD 200 to AD 500. 【典型例 】 Charles Babbage is generally considered ________ the first computer. A. to invent

24、 B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 5) 不定式作定 不定式作定 ， 與被修 之 在 上有 關系或主 關系。 些 不定式可 能是及物的， 也可能是不及物的， 要特 注意不要漏掉不定式短 末的介 。 很多名 后可接不定式作定 ，如 : ability, ambition, anxiety, attempt, campaign, chance, courage, decision, determination, effort, force, intention, met

25、hod, movement, need, opportunity, pressure, reason, right( 力 ), wish, anything, anyone, everything, everyone, nothing, no one, something 等。 【例如】 Could you find someone________? A. for me to play tennis with B. for me to play tennis C. play tennis with D. playing tennis 【例如】The pre

26、ssure ________ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain. 第 4 頁 A) to compete B) to be competed C) competing D) having competed 6) 不定式作狀 ◆ 常作目的狀 ， 可以使用 in order (not) to do 或 so as (not) to do?！纠纭?The boy worked so hard

27、 in order to make up for the lost time. ________ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a masters degree. A) To become B) Become C) One becomes D) On becoming ◆ 果狀 可以使用 enough to, too ?to ?, so?as to, such? as to 等 構(gòu)。 【例如】 He is brave enough to go out alone at nig

28、ht. The box is too heavy to carry. She was in such a hurry as not to notice me. 她如此匆忙，以致沒有注意到我。 She hurried home only to find her father dead. （不料、竟然） They waited for an hour, only to be told to come next time. ◆ 作方式狀 ，前面由 as if / as though 引 ： 【例如】 He opened his mouth as if to

29、speak. 他 開嘴，好像要 。 She stood up as if to leave. 她站了起來，好像要離開。 7) 不定式 (短 )作獨立成分 【例如】 To begin with ， I do not like its colour. 首先，我不喜 它的 色。 To tell the truth ，the film was a great disappointment to me. To make things even worse ， we lost our map. 常 的用作插入 的不定式短 有： to be brief 言之

30、 to be exact 確切地 to be frank 坦率地 to be sure 肯定地 to begin with 首先 to conclude 最后 8) 不定式的省略。 (to 不可省 ) ◆不定式在感官 see, hear, feel, watch, notice, look at, listen to, overhear, observe 和使 役 have, make, let 后作 足 , 不定式省略 to 。 【例如】 I watched him disappear in the distance. 但 種句

31、子如果 被 構(gòu)，有 to 【例如】 They were made to work day and night. Someone was heard to come up the stairs. ◆介 but ,except, besides 后接不定式作 ，介 前有行 do , 不定式要省 去 to。反之 , 不能省略。 【例如】 We did nothing but/except wait then. I ’ ve no choice but to stay here. 【Feedback】 1. The teacher t

32、old them ________ so much noise. A. don ’ t make B. not make C. would not make D. not to make 2. If you think that treating a woman well means always _______ her permission for things, think again. 第 5 頁 A. gets B. got C. to get D. getting 3. As the twentieth century came

33、 to a close, the raw materials for a great national literature were at hand, waiting ________. A. to use B. to be used C. to have used D. to be using 4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ______. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 5. L

34、ucy ’ s new job paid twice as much as she had made ______ in the restaurant. A. working B. work C. to work D. worked 6. The patient was warned _______ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 7. I can ’ t stand ______with Jane in the same

35、office. She just refuses _______ talking while she works. A. working ? stopping B. to work ? stopping C. working ? to stop D. to work ? to stop 8. They would not allow him ________ across the enemy line. A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk goin

36、g 9. _____for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits. A. Blame B. Blamed C. To blame D. To be blamed 10. They knew her very well. They had seen her _______ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow 11. The sitting- room needs _______, but

37、 it ’ ll have to wait until Saturday. A. be cleaning B. to be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned 12. Though he had often made his little sister _____, today he was made _____by his little sister. A. cry ； to cry B. crying ； crying C. cry ； cry D. to cry ； cry 13. --You should have thanked

38、her before you left -- I meant ______, but when I was leaving I couldn ’ t find her anywhere. A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing to 14. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ______ the film stars had left. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told 15. Paul doesn ’ t have to

39、be made _______. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 16. There ’oremanys kinds of tape- recorders on sale that I can ’ t make up my mind _____ to buy. A. what B. which C. how D. where 17. AIDS is said the biggest health challenge to both men and women in t

40、hat area over the past few years. A. that it is B. to be C. that is has been D. to have been 18. --Have you decided when ________? --Yes, early tomorrow morning. 第 6 頁 A. to leave B. to be leaving C. will you leave D. are you leaving 19. Mr. Green stood up in defens

41、e of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one ________. A ． blamed B ． blaming C． to blame D． to be blamed 20. He doesn ’ t know ______ to stay or not. A. whether B. if C. either D. if he will 21. She pretended _______ me when I passed by. A. not to see B. not seeing

42、C. to not see D. having not seen 22. --The light in the office is still on. --Oh, I forgot _______. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 23. –Did the book give the information you needed? –Yes. But _____ it, I had to read the entire book. A. t

43、o find B. find C. to finding D. finding 24. Little Jim should love _______ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking 25. I would love ______ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. goi

44、ng D. having gone 26. Sandy could do nothing but _____ to his teacher that he was wrong. A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit 27. Go on ________ the other exercise after you have finished this one. A. to do B. doing C. with D. to be doing 28. She reached the top of the hill a

45、nd stopped _______ on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest 29. Tom kept quiet about the accident ________ lose his job. A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to 30. I ’ ve worked with children before, so I know what

46、 _______ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects 31. He was busy writing a story, only ______ once in a while to smoke a cigarette. A. to stop B. stopping C. to have stopped D. having stopped 32. Charles Babbage is generally considered ________ the first com

47、puter. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 33. He hurried to the booking office only_________ that all the tickets had been sold out. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told 34. Rather than _______ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _______ a bicycle. A

48、. ride ； ride B. riding ； ride C. ride ； to ride D. to ride ； riding 35. It ’ s freezing outsideYou. _______ put on your overcoat. A. had better to B. had better C. would better D. would better to 第 7 頁 36. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comf

49、ortable to _______. A. sit B. sit on C. be sit D. be sat on 37. I ’ m hungry. Get me something _________. A. eat B. to eat C. eating D. to be eaten 38. --- I usually go there by train. --- Why not _______ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try

50、 going 39. — The last one _______ pays the meal. — Agreed! A. arrived B. arrives C. to arrive D. arriving 40. The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported ______ the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race. A. breaking B. having broken C. to have broken

51、 D. break 41. They won ’ t let their teacher _______ in that way. A. to be treated B. being treated C. treated D. be treated 42. John, you must get your room ________ after breakfast. A. to be cleaned B. to clean C. cleaning D. cleaned 43. The problem _______ at tomorr

52、ow ’ s meeting is a very difficult one. A. being discussed B. discussed C. to be discussed D. to discuss 44. He reached the station _____ , only _____ that the train had just left. A. tired ； learned B. tiring ； learning C. to tire ； to learn D. tired ；to learn 45. this cake, youl

53、l need 2 eggs, 175 g sugar and 175 g flour. A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making 46. I ’ m sorry I forgot ______ your dictionary. Let ’ s borrow one from Li Ming. A. to take B. taking C. to bring D. bringing 47. She couldn ’ t decide which restaurant _______. A.

54、to have lunch B. to eat C. to eat at D. eating at 48. The problem about peace process in Korea is said __________ many times. A. to have been talked B. to have discussed C. having been discussed D. to have been talked about 49. Everybody believed the man ______ away the diamond ring

55、. A. be taken B. taking C. to take D. to have taken 50. At weekends I prefer _______ rather than ______ TV. A. read; watch B. to read; watch C. reading; to watch D. to read; to watch Grammar and usage( 二 ): Verb-ing form as a noun （動名詞） 一、時態(tài)與語態(tài) 主動語態(tài) 被動

56、語態(tài) 一般式 (not) doing (not) being done 第 8 頁 完成式 (not) having done (not) having been done 二、邏輯主語（復合結(jié)構(gòu)中） 名詞所有格： Mike ’sfailing the exam disappointed his mother. 物主代詞： Your coming to the party made us all very happy. Do you mind my / me smoking in the office? Th

57、e newly-found evidence led to the thief s / the’ thief being caught. 三、句法作用 （一） Verb-ing （短語）作主語： 1、 Verb-ing （短語）作主語，區(qū)分主動、被動。如： Once you become a salesman, flying about will be part of your life. Being exposed to the radiations even a short while can be very dangerous and harmful.

58、 2、 -ing 分詞（短語）作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 Teaching is my job. 3、在下面兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中， Verb-ing （短語）也作主語： 通常為了避免句子主語過于冗長，用 it 作形式主語。特別要注意如下結(jié)構(gòu)： It is useless (no use, no good) doing... It is a waste of time doing... It is worthwhile doing... It ’ s no usecrying over the spilt milk. It ’ s no goodputt

59、ing away the old books, which are of little value. It ’ s nicetalking with you. 和你談話很高興。 （比較： It ’ s niceto talk with you. ） （二） Verb-ing （短語）作賓語： 1、作動詞的賓語： 我剛做完家庭作業(yè)。 I finished doing my homework just now. Mr Green 建議向當?shù)卣埱髱椭?Mr. Green suggested turning to the local government

60、for help. 接動名詞作賓語的常見動詞有： admit 承認 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 consider 考慮 delay 耽誤 deny 否認 enjoy 喜歡 escape 逃脫 finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 錯過 postpone 推遲 practice 訓練 prevent 阻止 risk 冒險 suggest 建 議 understand 理解 stand 忍受 forgive 寬恕 keep 繼續(xù) dislike 討厭 tolerate 容忍 rec

61、ommend 建議 練一練： 1) The patient must be separated to avoid _______ others. A. infecting ( 感染 ) B. being infected C. to infect D. having infected 第 9 頁 2) We should often practise _______ English with each other. A. to speak B. spoke C. speak D. speaking 含有介 的短 后接 V

62、erb-ing （短 ）作 。常 的 短 有： think of give up aim at put off insist on be good at keep on succeed in feel like set about 等 以下短 中 to 作介 ： be used to devote oneself to stick to respond to look forward to see to get down to contribute to in addition to lead to pay attention to due to

63、refer to thanks to 等 一 ： 1) Although punctual （準 ） himself, the professor was quite used ______ late for his lecture. A. to have students B. for students being C. for students to be D. to students being 2) We are both looking forward to _______ next week. A. going on vacation B

64、. go on vacation C. go on a vacation D. going on a vacation 3) His parents insist on _______ to college. A. he should go B. he go C. his going D. him to go 4) He devoted his life to _______ the atomic （原子） theory. A. study B. be studied C. studying D. have studied 2、下列 可以接 名 或不定式

65、表示不同意 。如： ① forget / remember / regret doing （忘?了 / 得 / 后悔做 ?? ） forget / remember / regret to do （忘 ?/ 得 / 憾要做 ?? ） *我忘了已將你的信寄出去了。 I forgot posting your letter. *我忘了 你寄信。 I forgot to post your letter. *Have you forgotten ______ $1000 from me last month? Will you please rem

66、ember ______ it tomorrow? A. borrowing; to bring B. to borrow; bring C. borrowed; bringing D. borrowing; bringing ② mean doing? （意味著 ?? ） mean to do... （打算做 ?? ） *Being early may mean wasting a little time. *你真的想走 ？ Do you really mean to leave? ③ try doing ?（ 著做 ?? ） try to do （?努力做 ?? ） *既然沒人開 ，干嘛不 著敲一下后 呢？ 第 10 頁 Since nobody answered the door, why not try knocking at the backdoor? ④ stop doing ?（停止做 ?? ） stop to do ?（停下來去做另一件事）*我 他戒煙