ML280螺旋鉆采煤機推進機構的設計【說明書+CAD】,說明書+CAD,ML280螺旋鉆采煤機推進機構的設計【說明書+CAD】,ml280,螺旋,采煤,推進,推動,機構,設計,說明書,仿單,cad 英文原文 High Productivity —A Question of Shearer Loader Cutting Sequences K. Nienhaus A. K. Bayer amp H. Haut Aachen University of Technology GER 1 Abstract Recently the focus in underground long wall coal mining has been on increasing the installed motor power of shearer loaders and armored face conveyors AFC more sophisticated support control systems and longer face length in order to reduce costs and achieve higher productivity. These efforts shave resulted in higher output and previously unseen face advance rates. The trend towards “bigger and better” equipment and layout schemes however rapidly nearing the limitations of technical and economical feasibility. To realize further productivity increases organizational changes of long wall mining procedures looks like the only reasonable answer. The benefits of opted- loader cutting sequences leading to better performance are discussed in this paper. 2 Introductions Traditionally in underground long wall mining operations shearer loaders produce coal using either one of the following cutting sequences: unidirectional bi-directional cycles. Besides these pre-dominant methods alternative mining cycles have also been developed and successfully applied in underground hard coal mines all over the world. The half-web cutting cycle as e.g. utilized in RAG Coal International’s Twenty mile Mine in Colorado USA and the “Optic-Cycle” of Malta’s South African short wall operation must be mentioned in this context. Other mines have also tested similar but modified cutting cycles resulting in improved output e.g. improvements in terms of productivity increases of up to40 are thought possible。 Whereas the mentioned mines are applying the alternative cutting methods according to their specific conditions –e.g. seam height or equipment used –this paper looks systematically at the differ-end methods from a generalized point of view. A detailed description of the mining cycle for each cutting technique including the illustration of productive and non-productive cycle times will be followed by a brief presentation of the performed production capacity calculation and a summary of the technical restrictions of each system. Stander dosed equipment classes for different seam heights are defined after the most suitable and most productive mining equipment for each class are se-laced. Besides the technical parameters of the shearer loader and the AFC the length of the long-wall face and the specific cutting energy of the coal are the main variables for each height class in the model. As a result of the capacity calculations the different shearer cutting methods can be graphically compared in a standard sideway showing the productivity of each method. Due to the general char-actor of the model potential optimizations resulting from changes in the cutting cycle and the benefits in terms of higher productivity of the mining operation can bed arrived. 3 State-of-the-art of shearer loader cutting sequences The question “Why are different cutting sequences applied in long wall mining” has to be an-swerved before discussing the significant characteristics interims of operational procedures. The major constraints and reasons for or against special cutting method are the seam height and hard-ness of the coal the geotechnical parameters of the coal seam and the geological setting of the mine influencing the caving properties as well as the subsidence and especially the length of the long wall face. For each mining environment the application of either sequence results in different production rates and consequently advances rates of the face. The coal flow onto the AFC is another point that varies like the loads on the shearer loader especially the ranging arms and the stresses and the wear on the picks. A thorough analysis is necessary to choose the best-suited mining cycle therefore general solutions do not guarantee optimal efficiency and productivity. A categorization of shearer loader cutting sequences is realized by four major parameters. Firstly one can separate between mining methods which mine coal in two directions – meaning from the head to the tailgate and on the return run as well – or in one direction only. Secondly the way the mining sequence deals with the situation at the face ends to advance face line after extract-ink the equivalent of a cutting web is a characteristic parameter for each separate method. The necessary travel distance while supping varies between the sequences as does the time needed to per-form this task too. Another aspect defining the sequences is the proportion of the web cutting coal per run. Whereas traditionally the full web was used the introduction of modern AFC and roof sup-port automation control systems allows for efficient operations using half web. The forth parameter identifying state of the art shearer loader cutting sequences is the opening created per run. Other than the partial or half-opening method like those used in Malta’s “Optic-Cycle” the cutting height is equal to the complete seam height including partings and soft hanging or footwall material. Bi-directional cutting sequence The bi-directional cutting sequence depicted in Figure 1a is characterized by trouping opera-tons at the face ends in a complete cycle which is accomplished during both the forward and return trip. The whole long wall face advances each complete cycle at the equivalent of two web distances by the completion of each cycle. The leading drum of the shearer cuts the upper part of the seam while the rear drum cuts the bottom coal and cleans the floor coal. The main disadvantages of this cutting method are thought to be the unproductive time resulting from the face end activities and the complex operation. Therefore the trend in recent years was to increase face length to reduce the relative impact of summing in flavor of longer production time. Unit-directional cutting sequence In contrast to the bi-directional method the shearer loader cuts the coal inane single direction when in unit-directional mode. On the return trip the floor coal is loaded and the floor itself cleaned. The shearer haulage speeds on the return trips are restricted only by the operators’ movement through the long wall face or the haulage motors in a fully automated operation. The sum ping procedure starts in near the head gate as shown in Figure 1b. The low mach in reutilization because of cutting just one web per cycle is the main disadvantage of the unit-directional cutting sequence. Besides the coal flow can be quite irregular depending on the position of the shearer in the cycle. Half web cutting sequence The main benefit of half web cutting sequences is the reduction of unproductive times in the mining cycle which results in high machine utilization. This is achieved by cutting only a half web in mid face with bi-directional gate sequences as shown in Figure 2a. The full web is mined at the face ends with lower speeds allowing faster shearer operation in both directions in mid seam. Beside the realization of higher haulage speeds the coal flow on the AFC is more balanced for shearer loader trips in both directions. Half-/partial-opening cutting sequence The advantage of the half- or more precisely partial- opening cutting sequences the fact that the face is extracted in two passes. Figure 2b shows that the upper and middle part of the seam is cut during the pass towards the tailgate. Whereas the last part of this trip for the equivalent of a ma-chine length the leading drum is raised tout the roof to allow the roof support to be advanced. On the return trip the bottom coal is mined with the advantage of a free face and a smaller proportion of the leading drum cutting coal consequently leading to less restrictions of the haulage speed duet the specific cutting energy of the material. The shearer sumps in mid seam near the head gate to the full web without invoking unproductive cycle time. Like for the trip the tailgate the leading drum has to be lowered a machine length ahead of the main gate. 4 Production capacity calculations A theoretical comparison of the productivity between different mining methods in general or in this case between different shearer loader cutting cycles is always based on numerous assumptions and technical and geological restrictions. As a result this production capacity calculation does not claim to offer exact results although it does indicate productivity trends and certain parameters for each analyzed method. The model works with so-called height classes varying the seam thicknesses between 2m and 5m in steps of 50cm. Equipment is assigned to each class having been selected by looking at the best-suited technical properties available on the market Apart from the defined equipment it is assumed that the seam is flat and no undulations or geological faults occur. In the model the ventilation and the roof support system represent no restrictions to the production. Since the aim of this models to show ways to further increases in long wall productivity the calculation is based on a fully automated system with no manual operators required at the face. The haulage speed of the shearer is therefore only restricted by the AFC capacity the cutting motors and the haulage motors respectively. The variable parameters in this comparison of the four cutting sequences are besides seam thick-ness the specific cutting energy of the coal to be cut and the length of the long wall face. The former varying between 0.2 and 0.4kWh/m the latter between100m and 400m in 50m intervals. The 100m short walls were deliberately selected since they are coming more into focus for various reasons. Geotechnical aspects liking. the caving ability of the hanging wall and faults restrict long-wall panels in many places to maximum face lengths of 150m or less like in South Africa and Great Britain. For this reason a detailed analysis of the potential of such long walls is deemed appropriate. 5 Conclusions In recent years much effort has been put into the optimization of long wall operations to increase productivity and efficiency. In many cases the emphasis of these improvements was mainly focused on the equipment e.g. increased motor power or larger dimensions of AFC’s. The organizational aspect has sometimes been neglected or did not rank as high on the agenda as other topics. In this paper it has been demonstrated that the selected mining method has a significant impact on the achievable productivity. In a theoretical model four cutting sequences have been compared to each other while varying seam thickness face length and coal properties in terms of specific cutting energy. For each seam or height class a defined set of equipment was used with consistent restraints. Though each mine is unique some general conclusions can be drawn analyzing the capacity model. Under the restrictions of the model the half web cutting sequence offers the highest output of all analyzed methods fold-lowed by the half-opening mode. Depending on the face length the bi-directional cutting method has advantages compared to the unit-directional sequence in terms of higher productivity 中文譯文 高效生產 — 一個關于采煤機截割的次序的問題 1、摘要 目前,地面下長壁采煤法致力于增加安裝在采煤機和甲板輸送機的電機功率 以及更先進的支架控制系統(tǒng)和增加工作面長度以達到減少費用和取得較高的生產效率的目的。這種努力已經造成較高的開支和先前未見過的設備費用增長速度?，F(xiàn)在趨向于 “更大和更好” 的儀器和裝備，然而這種趨勢在技術上和費用上的可行性已經達到極限。為了要實現(xiàn)進一步促進生產力的增加，合理、有機地規(guī)范長臂采煤法的工序應該是解決提高生產效率問題的唯一的合理答案。在本文中論述了通過合理安排采煤機的截割次序以實現(xiàn)提高采煤工作效率。2、簡介 傳統(tǒng)上，在地面下長壁采煤法操作方面，采煤機挖掘過程中，使用以下截割次序之一:反方向的或雙方向的循環(huán)。除了這兩種主要的方法，交替循環(huán)采煤也已經應用在地下的硬煤層開采中，它被成功地推廣在全世界的挖掘過程中。就半邊切斷循環(huán)舉例來說，在科羅拉多美國在二十里煤礦利用，而且Malts的南非短巷道操作的開采也在這被應用。 其他類似的采掘已經通過驗證改進截割次序能提高開采產量舉例來說，它大約能夠在產量上增加%40的。 然而提到應用在采煤上根據(jù)特殊情況而改變切割的方法–用煤層高度和設備的使用來舉例說明論文系統(tǒng)地論述通過從不同的角度采取不同的方法。詳細描述了采礦的每種切割方法 包括能生產的和不能生產的循環(huán)以下將會給出一個簡短的關于采煤機生產能力的計算和每個系統(tǒng)在技術上的受到的約束的概要說明。根據(jù)煤層的厚度采用不同標準的設備和合適的裝置 。此外采煤機和甲板輸送機，工作面的長度和特定采煤機截割方式等技術參數(shù)在本模型中根據(jù)不同的煤層厚度而改變。 根據(jù)采煤的產量，不同采煤機截割的方法可以通過一個標準化方法繪制產量圖來反映不同截割方法的優(yōu)劣。 根據(jù)模型的特征最優(yōu)的結果 通過改變截割方式而得到的不同的采煤產量就能獲得。 3 采煤截割次序的技術說明 “為什么長壁采煤法應用的不同切割次序”這個問題是必須回答的在以討論操作工序的主要規(guī)則之前，切割方法主要受到煤層的厚度和煤層硬度等因素的限制，就像煤層的物理參數(shù)和礦的地質學條件影響煤的崩落能力一樣，同樣也會影響長壁采煤法工作面的煤層塌方。對于不同的地質條件，不同的截割次序都會得到不同的生產效率和不同質量的工作面。 煤送入甲板輸送機之上正如采煤機截割，是采煤中的另外一個問題尤其是在截齒上受到的屈服應力和疲勞應力。 一個對于選擇最適合的截割次序的全面分析是必要的-適合采礦替換因為，一般性的解答是不能保證最佳的效率和產量。 對于一個采煤機截割次序的分類是通過四個主要的參數(shù)來規(guī)定的.第一，能在采礦方法之間分開向礦井的兩個方向即從頭到尾。第二，根據(jù)截割次序，在到達工作面尾部 預先在選取一個等價的線切斷網(wǎng)是區(qū)分截割方法的一個獨立的參數(shù)。必須有一定的距離空間以改變截割次序 因為做這些需要一定的時間。定義截割次序的另外一個方面是網(wǎng)狀 斷煤 的軌跡。 然而傳統(tǒng)地完整的使用 現(xiàn)代的甲板輸送機和液壓支架系統(tǒng)允許使用有效率的一半方法操作。區(qū)分截割工藝的以前那些參數(shù)就可以把不同的截割方式區(qū)分。除了部份或半開口像被用在Malta的循環(huán)截割中的那些一樣的方法切斷高度分別包括柔軟懸吊裝置和采煤機的高度，它和煤層厚度相等。 雙方向的截割次序 在圖1中被描述的雙方向的截割次序 是表示工作面二點之間的特點，在一個完全的截割操作周期中 是在兩者的向前和返回期間是完成的。整個長壁采煤法 每個周期的完成等價于在網(wǎng)狀截割軌跡的一個巡回。滾筒的前端面截割 煤層的頂部而滾筒的后端面截割煤層的下部，同時起到清除、落煤的作用。這個切割的方法主要的缺點主要表現(xiàn)在截割時間和操作比較復雜。 因此，趨勢近幾年來要增加工作面的長度以減少挖掘過程中的沖擊載荷和延長截齒的壽命。 單方向的截割次序 與雙方向的方法相反在單向模型里截割采煤機截割是朝一個方向進行的。在回返行程中，地板煤是被采煤機底板它本身清理。截割運動在往返時被在工作面限制了操作運動推進的速度。截割操作在工作面的開頭部位如圖1 b所示。因為切割動作只能是一個方向循環(huán)而使截割的工作效率低，它是單向截割次序的主要缺點。此外煤流可能是相當不規(guī)則，它依賴于采煤機在截割周期中的位置。 半滾筒截割次序 滾筒截割的主要優(yōu)點是它減少采煤機在截割過程中的無效截割時間造成高機器利用。如圖 2 所顯示的半滾筒截割次序處于工作面中間位置時，它與雙方向截割次序具有一致性。完整的滾筒在截割結束時藉由更快速地允許的較低速度在煤層的中間部位向兩個方向操作。除了實現(xiàn)較高的牽引速度，在甲板輸送機被的采煤機雙向循環(huán)的煤流而平衡。 半開口切割次序 這種方法的優(yōu)點更突出，它實際上是在二個方法中的提高和改進。如圖2 b所示煤層的上端面和中間部分在向它的后端面時被截割。在回程底部的煤與自由的面和工作面的較小比例的來切斷煤層來一起截割；結果其牽引速度由于受到材料的切割能特性而限制。滾筒截割在煤層的中間部位不會產生無效的截割時間。類似的回程后門工作面必須在進入主工作面之前減小機身長度。 4 生產力計算 不同的采礦方法之間的生產力在理論上的做一個大體的比較 因為在這情況通過在不同的之間采煤機的截割周期總是存在很多假定和技術上的以及地質學的限制為基礎。因而，不能提供精確的結果但是它為每個截割方法的分析確實提供了生產力的高低趨勢和某些參數(shù)。 該模型實用于煤層厚度在2 m 和 5 m 之間以50cm為一個等級的被稱之為厚煤層的煤礦類型根據(jù)不同的等級選擇不同的設備，可以在市場上選擇最適合該等級開采的設備。除了規(guī)范儀器之外，它假設煤層是平坦的且沒有波動和地質上的缺陷。在模型中，通風和頂層支持系統(tǒng)不對生產超出限制。 既然這一個模型的目標要實現(xiàn)進一步的增加生產力，該計算是基于在沒有人工的操作干預的情況下一個完全自動化的系統(tǒng)操作的工作面。制約牽引速度的唯一因素是甲板輸送機切割電動機和牽引電動機相互獨立。 通過比較四種截割次序的可變參數(shù) (除了煤層厚度) 煤截割的能耗和長壁 采煤法的工作面的長度被降低。前者在0.2 到0.4 3 / kWh m ，后者在100 m 和 400 m 之間每間隔50 m，因為它們受到多方面的因素影響。 在地理方面, 像舉例來 說墻壁崩落能力和缺陷,它限制煤層最大工作面長度達到150 m, 像在南非和英國。 因為這一個原因,如此一項詳細長壁采煤發(fā)的潛在可行性分析被認識合理 的。 煤層厚度 采煤機 截割電機 滾筒直徑 SL清理區(qū) 甲板輸送機 (寬、輸送區(qū)、電動機 ) 2.0m SL 300 2×480kW 1500mm 0.40 2 m 1332mm 0.67 2 m 3× 800kW 2.5m SL 300 2×480kW 1600mm 0.60 2 m 1332mm 0.67 2 m 3× 800kW 3.0m SL 300/ SL 500 2×480kW 2×750kW 1600mm 0.75 2 m 1332mm 0.67 2 m 3× 800kW 3.5m SL 300 2×750kW 2000mm 0.75 2 m 1332mm 0.67 2 m 3× 1000kW 4.0m SL 300 2×750kW 23mm 1.00 2 m 1532mm 0.87 2 m 3× 1000kW 4.5m SL 300 2×750kW 200mm 1.00 2 m 1532mm 0.87 2 m 3× 1000kW 5.0m SL 300 2×750kW 2700mm 1.00 2 m 1532mm 0.87 2 m 3× 1000kW 5 總結 近幾年來，很多工作都是致力于長壁采煤法的最優(yōu)化以增加到生產力和效率的目的。在許多情況，他們過于強調把重心集中在設備,舉例來說 增加甲板輸送 機的電動機功率和增大其尺寸。而某些積極的方面有時被在不同程度上被忽略， 它們沒有被提升到一個比較重要的日程。 在論文中，通過選擇不同的截割次序 的采礦方法在生產力上所取得的成功產生深遠影響。 當煤層厚度、工作面長度、煤層的性質以及相關的截割能耗改變時 ,四中截割 模式在一個理論上可以進行相互比較。對于每種煤層和其厚度等級的限制而選擇 響應的設備。雖然每種截割方式不同,但通過分析該模型可以得到一般性的結論。 根據(jù)模型的約束條件，半滾筒截割的產量最高；在相同的工作面長度的情況下, 雙方向的截割方法比單方向的截割方法生產率高。.