東風(fēng)小霸王隨車起重車的設(shè)計(jì)【東風(fēng)小霸EQ1032T51DJ3型底盤】,東風(fēng)小霸EQ1032T51DJ3型底盤,東風(fēng)小霸王隨車起重車的設(shè)計(jì)【東風(fēng)小霸EQ1032T51DJ3型底盤】,東風(fēng),小霸王,起重,設(shè)計(jì),eq1032t51dj3,底盤 附錄A Present Existing Problems and Strategies about Special Purpose Vehicle in China In today's world, with the rapid development of economy, the highway mileage of the rapid increase. Steam.The car to specialization, and the fast pace, the trend of the development of the ChongXingHua direction is more and more obvious, contributed to AD.Use the car demand increases year by year. A. has become a transportation and various special purpose of main.B. in the automobile industry, the pivotal status. A special car is to point to put a special feature.With equipment, have the special function, used to undertake special transportation tasks or special operations of steam.Car LlJ, special vehicle and the research, production and application in achieving specialization not only transport and homework.Aspects of a functional by society, attention and welcome, and enhance the transport in efficiency, reduce the transportation into.The application of this, expanding car field play an extremely important role. 1. the development of specialized automobile in brief Our country special automobile production is the 1960 s in the military vehicle, fire The foundation of the vehicle by the developed gradually. In the 70 s, some special automobile manufacturers According to the different national economic sectors need, formed his own product features, and gradually become A certain categories of backbone enterprise specialized in automotive production. Such as manufacturing semi-trailers hanyang special cars Factory, production powder of special car factory, wuhan tanker refrigerating automobile production of zhenjiang refrigeration steam Depot, etc. ". In the 80 s, along with the development of national economy, a special car got bigger.In the car industry development, formed in the special automobile industry factory independent, and become the economic construction Snow to transport and work equipment. 1993 ~ 1996 years, due to the national macroeconomic The influence of the control policy, a special car market development have been stagnant. 1998 years After weeks of expanding domestic demand, home increase input in the construction of a copy and so on a series of positive financial administration For a special car, at the same time as the automobile industry of the development of a key, expanded in special steam The car needs, by 2000, China's national economy operation to make major turning point, economy into a Rapid growth, a special car market went out of whack. The market size, volume increases for Elsevier date: 2008-10 a plus 14 Rise. In 2000, the production of various kinds of special automobile (including dump truck, half hanged tractor, etc.) and. Ol A [2 |, accounting for about 25% of commercial vehicles. By 2006 up to 562000 vehicles. Accounting for years Goods of the car around 40%. This shows that the Chinese commercial vehicles with the speed of the following in constantly Fast, following the trend is more and more obvious. Figure l for 1998-2006 China's special vehicle The production status. Fig．1 Special Purpose Vehicle Production of China from 1998 tO 2006 Our country a special car after 40 DuoNian development, it has 1 million cars in The production ability, constantly optimize the structure of the company, have a lot of enterprises to participate in international competition Industry, in product variety, class, process equipment, independent research and development capacity and a big lift High, about 60% of the special automobile production enterprise has complete product research and development system. Some less Some products have reached the international advanced level. Watch for 2003 ~ 2006 l special steam in our country Import and export situation, we can see that car. In 2003, a special car imported J 285 cars, exports 841 cars, exports account for 65% of the amount into r d, to 2006, to reduce the amount into L1 625 cars, out 1:3 quantity but increased to 4479 vehicles, exports is 7.2 times of imports. Therefore, our country A special car has basically realize from the transformation of import to export. 2. our country the existing problems in the development of a special car In global terms, our country a special car present a van to turn, ChongXingHua, intelligent, high grade Change, the development trend of the multi-polarization... And with the new industry, the incessant, and development, in the AD Door transport and special the homework is more and more obvious superiority, special vehicle market is in fast Speed growth period. But, our country special automobile industry overall and to Europe, the U.S., Japan and other countries and The advanced level of area compared, also has the very big disparity is still relatively low level of competition, the main body serious Now the following respects. 1) production enterprise had spread too much In recent years, the rapid growth of economy and the rapid construction of expressway, prompting many enterprise Invest in van, tank car to car, dump and special semi-trailer which mainly low, medium The value added products specialized automobile production in, they or expand series, or to increase production. to Make the above all kinds of products are several hundred enterprise production. But the domestic market of use has more High technology content and high value-added products, special car only comes from domestic enterprise and a few Foreign enterprise. At present our country most special automobile production enterprise symptoms is: ChangDian volume is dispersed, Small, development ability is weak. Table 2 for 2006 years in China production enterprise (special vehicle production The main car factory) divided by production situation, we can find that, production in the l 000 vehicle The QiYeShu modified enterprise of under 76.6% of the total, enterprise, ChanChang number production quantity Less. The problem is: which has process equipment level behind and low production efficiency; Repeat born Production is serious, serious comprehensive production capacity surplus; Product quality is uneven, marketing means of a single, Enterprise profit ability is poor, participate in international market competition ability are relatively weak. 2) product structure is not reasonable Trucks, buses specialty extent will promote transportation efficiency and the quality of the homework now High. The 20 th century, ∞ s in many developed countries from truck chassis. Based on IIii adapted to Auto possession of special accounts for about 50% of the trucks quantities, now has been increased to 80% in the four J. Our country a special car start later, after DuoNian development, although before and already has a life Production scale, become an important part of the automobile industry in our country, but a special car quantities of load Van quantities is still less than 40%. The developed countries of parts of specialized automobile products to ChongXingHua, Special function of strong, high technical content the direction of development, and the market demand, the variety has a match More than 6 000, the product structure is reasonable, and heavy, medium, the proportion of 3:4:3 close to light. I Countries at present a special car varieties although has reached 000, but 5 heavy, medium, light ratio for 2:5:3. Because of the road conditions and special automobile chassis production in our country, the limit of a car Straight to medium to give priority to. The proportion of heavy car obviously low, the product structure is not reasonable, and skills Art and quality level also intermingled. 3) technology including the higher product development ability of autonomous A special car is a kind of high technology products, it will machinery, electronics, hydraulic, chemical, environmental protection On fields of advanced technology in a modular integration special automobile chassis, so as to realize Certain specific functions ", so the car production characteristics is high technical requirements and many varieties, Small batch, market demand change quickly. Foreign exclusive products used car basically brought The advanced technology, related domain product development innovation quickly to the largest extent satisfy user The special needs. And our country special automobile in output is already has a large scale, but the majority Is labor-intensive low technical content of products, such as semi-trailer, dump. Some technical The content is higher specialized automobile products production, but not very few enterprise by introducing Technology and own development reached higher level. Due to insufficient investment in technology, lack of funds Giants. Lack of innovation, independent development ability is weak, result in some high technology content of products and shut Key parts still needs to import, such as hydraulic parts, pumps, valves, control of instruments and other M J, so restricted The high level of the development and production of special cars. At the same time, domestic some strong car manufacturers In product technology and capital investment, there is also a lay particular stress on the car, of cars, buses and special light Car (special automobile chassis) phenomenon. 附錄B 我國(guó)專用汽車現(xiàn)狀問題與對(duì)策 當(dāng)今世界，隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展，高速公路里程的迅速增加。汽車向?qū)I(yè)化、高速化、重型化方向發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)越來越明顯，促使對(duì)專用汽車的需求逐年增加。專用車已成為運(yùn)輸及各種特殊用途的主力車種，在汽車工業(yè)中占有舉足輕重的地位。專用汽車是指裝霞有專用設(shè)備、具備專用功能、用于承擔(dān)專門運(yùn)輸任務(wù)或?qū)ｍ?xiàng)作業(yè)的汽車，專用汽車的研制、生產(chǎn)和應(yīng)用不僅在實(shí)現(xiàn)專業(yè)化運(yùn)輸和作業(yè)方面受到社會(huì)的，一泛重視和歡迎，而且在提高運(yùn)輸效率、降低運(yùn)輸成本、擴(kuò)大汽車的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域等方面都發(fā)揮著極重要的作用。 1）我國(guó)專用汽車的發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)況 我國(guó)專用汽車的生產(chǎn)是20世紀(jì)60年代初在軍用改裝車、消防改裝車的基礎(chǔ)卜逐步發(fā)展起來的。70年代，一些專用汽車生產(chǎn)廠家根據(jù)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)各部門的不同需要，形成了自己的產(chǎn)品特色，逐步成為某一門類專業(yè)汽車生產(chǎn)的骨干企業(yè)。如生產(chǎn)半掛車的漢陽特種汽車制造廠、生產(chǎn)粉罐車的武漢專用汽車廠、生產(chǎn)冷藏汽車的鎮(zhèn)江冷藏汽車廠等。80年代，隨著國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，專用汽車得到了較大的發(fā)展，在汽車行業(yè)中形成廠獨(dú)立的專用汽車行業(yè)，并成為經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)中的雪要運(yùn)輸與作業(yè)裝備。1993～1996年間，由于受到國(guó)家宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)控政策的影響，專用汽車市場(chǎng)發(fā)展一直處于停滯狀態(tài)。1998年以后，周家實(shí)行了擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需，加大摹本建設(shè)投入等一系列積極的財(cái)政政策，同時(shí)將專用汽車作為汽車行業(yè)發(fā)展的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)，擴(kuò)大了對(duì)專用汽車的需求，到2000年，我國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行出現(xiàn)重大轉(zhuǎn)折，經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)入較高速增長(zhǎng)期，專用汽車市場(chǎng)走出低谷。市場(chǎng)容量增大，產(chǎn)銷量持續(xù)上升。2000年我國(guó)生產(chǎn)各種專用車(含自卸車、半掛牽引車等)18.01萬輛，占載貨汽車的25％左右。到2006年已達(dá)到56．2萬輛．占載貨汽車的40％左右。這表明我國(guó)載貨汽車專用化的速度在不斷加快，專用化趨勢(shì)越來越明顯。圖l為1998—2006年我國(guó)專用汽車的生產(chǎn)狀況。 我國(guó)專用汽車經(jīng)過40多年的發(fā)展，目前已經(jīng)具備100萬輛的年生產(chǎn)能力，企業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)不斷優(yōu)化，出現(xiàn)了一些能夠參與國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的企業(yè)，在產(chǎn)品品種、檔次、工藝裝備、自主研發(fā)能力等方面有了很大提高，60％左右的專用汽車生產(chǎn)企業(yè)擁有完備的產(chǎn)品研發(fā)體系。有少部分產(chǎn)品已達(dá)到國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平。表l為2003～2006年我國(guó)專用汽車進(jìn)出口情況，可以看出。2003年我國(guó)專用汽車進(jìn)口1285輛，出口841輛，出口量占進(jìn)口量的65％，到2006年，進(jìn)口量減少到625輛，出口量卻增加到4479輛，出口量是進(jìn)口量的7．2倍。由此可見，我國(guó)專用汽車已經(jīng)基本實(shí)現(xiàn)從進(jìn)口向出口的轉(zhuǎn)變。 圖1 1 998—2006年我國(guó)專用汽車的生產(chǎn)狀況 2）產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)不合理 貨車、客車專用化程度的提高會(huì)促進(jìn)運(yùn)輸效率與作業(yè)質(zhì)量的提高。20世紀(jì)80年代，在許多發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家．從貨車底盤基礎(chǔ)上改裝而來的專用汽車保有量約占載貨車保有量的50％，如今已增至80％。我國(guó)專用汽車起步較晚，經(jīng)過多年的發(fā)展，雖然且前已具有一定的生產(chǎn)規(guī)模，成為汽車工業(yè)的重要組成部分，但我國(guó)專用汽車保有量占載貨車保有量仍低于40％。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家載貨類專用汽車產(chǎn)品向重型化、專用功能強(qiáng)、技術(shù)含量高的方向發(fā)展，與市場(chǎng)需求較為匹配，品種已超過6 000個(gè)，產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)比較合理，重、中、輕的比例接近3：4：3。我國(guó)目前專用汽車品種雖然已達(dá)到5 000個(gè)，但重、中、輕的比例為2：5：3。由于受公路條件和專用車底盤生產(chǎn)的限制，我國(guó)的專用車一直以中型為主。重型專用車的比例明顯偏低，產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)還不合理，技術(shù)與質(zhì)量水平也良莠不齊。 3）科技含最高的產(chǎn)品缺乏自主開發(fā)能力 專用汽車是一種高技術(shù)產(chǎn)品，它將機(jī)械、電子、液壓、化工、環(huán)保等各領(lǐng)域的先進(jìn)技術(shù)模塊化地集成在一個(gè)專用車底盤上，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)一定的特定功能，所以專用車的生產(chǎn)特點(diǎn)是技術(shù)要求高、品種多、批量小、市場(chǎng)需求變化快。國(guó)外專用車產(chǎn)品基本上都采用了汽車領(lǐng)域的相關(guān)先進(jìn)技術(shù)，產(chǎn)品開發(fā)創(chuàng)新很快，能夠最大限度地滿足用戶對(duì)專用車的需求。而我國(guó)專用車在產(chǎn)量上雖已具備相當(dāng)規(guī)模，但多數(shù)是勞動(dòng)密集型的中低技術(shù)含量的產(chǎn)品，如半掛車、自卸車。一些技術(shù)含量較高的專用汽車產(chǎn)品卻不能生產(chǎn)，只有極少部分企業(yè)通過引進(jìn)技術(shù)和自主開發(fā)達(dá)到了較高水平。由于在技術(shù)上投入不足，資金缺乏．缺少創(chuàng)新，自主開發(fā)能力弱，導(dǎo)致一些技術(shù)含量較高的產(chǎn)品及關(guān)鍵零部件仍需進(jìn)口，如液壓件、泵類、閥類、控制儀表等，因此制約了高水平專用汽車的開發(fā)生產(chǎn)。同時(shí)，國(guó)內(nèi)一些有實(shí)力的汽車廠家在產(chǎn)品技術(shù)和資金投入上也存在著偏重基型車、轎車、客車而輕專用車(專用車底盤)的現(xiàn)象。