捷達轎車變速器的設計【捷達轎車1.6L手動車型】,捷達轎車1.6L手動車型,捷達轎車變速器的設計【捷達轎車1.6L手動車型】,捷達,轎車,變速器,設計,手動,車型 附 錄A Transmission oil temperature control For people who buy the car, reliability and fuel efficiency is the second oftwoimportant price considerations. No doubt, for the new owner is concerned, the most terrifying thing on the way to remove car. In addition, owner and expect the car can try to durable. Meanwhile, due to current global fuel prices have risen to make owners pay more attention。thefuelefficiency, and hope to try to reduce carbon emissions. Auto power transmission system includes an internal combustion engine, transmission and more than a gear than wheels. Engine torque and speed will be needed for the railway traction power and car in the transmission of conversion. In addition, the transmission can also control wheel rotation direction. Manual and automatic transmission speed generally fall into two. Automatic transmission can automatically control friction unit, selection of gear ratios and shift. Automatic transmission will adopt hydraulic oil to achieve lubrication and frozen effect, hydraulic oil is a very special liquid, can be in any severe conditions operation. Automatic transmission oil (the main function of ATF) from the motivation for: transferred engine torque converter power transmission device; Absorb the torque converter produces thermal and moved to the front of a frozen device; car As clutch friction of the coolest refrigerants, it can absorb and by clutch or take out meshing the heat energy produced; Through a complex hydraulic control system, the liquid pressure transmission to the system USES valve, servo machines, pump, clutch always pump, hydraulic pipe and pipe to control; As a planetary gears, bearings, servo machines, clutch and target group-exact marketing of lubricant and coolant. Automatic transmission oil in operating temperature (about 90 ° C / ° F) viscosity 195 is general very low. But if the oil temperature is too low (for example is 0 ° C / 30 ° F below), its viscosity will greatly increased, lead to a very high drag torque (dragtorque). As a result, gear meshing, it can cause is commonly synchronous devices of this couldn't cope with high torque force. If gear can't mesh or shift, car will not start. For this reason, "cold start" program will respond to the oil temperature and activated, to ensure that at least one gear can succeed mesh. Warm car driving car started after process when, unless required by obvious acceleration or dragged heavy objects (such as trailer), otherwise the hydraulic oil temperature will only slowly rising, but it also means drag torque will slowly rising. If the car is chronically high drag torque environment, synchronous devices will overload and damaged. In gearbox to add some loss, will shift some moved to higher speed valve and improve the quality of the gearbox lubricant, these all can accelerate the process of car warm up. Thus, engine, gearbox and catalyst can be quickly reach best operation temperature. The faster transmission is the optimum operating temperature, can be used to save fuel consumption and faster start the gear shift program. Gear shifting part through hydraulic or electronic is starting valve to control, these shifting unit start-up will significantly by the influence of the temperature of automatic transmission oil, reason is with the temperature and the viscosity will rise significantly, so the temperature can influence the degree of pressure and time characteristics. Once the automatic transmission oil gets hot, its temperature variation of amplitude will increase, so the shift when the set standard oil, must consider the problems about the oil temperature. Under high temperature operation, no doubt, automatic transmission oil very vulnerable to the influence of the temperature of cryogenic, but compared to the reaction of the reaction temperature, the much more. The process of automatic transmission will produce a lot of friction, and these will generate a lot of friction heat. Liquid will constantly stir in torque converter and pump in the mouth and current meters of hydraulic circuits. Whenever variable speed shift, clutch components will produce more than box of oil can take the heat. The transmission, the greater the load of the heat generated by then, box of oil will become more heat. General traditional transmission oil temperature can allow maximum temperature for 80 to 100 ° C or 175 ° F, and to 212 special transmission oil temperature can be as high as 110 ℃ to 130 ° F or 230 to 265. However, nowadays advanced automobile transmission oil temperature could be as high as 120 to 150 ℃ or 250 to 300 ° F, and for heavy trucks for example is 18 rounds of freight trains, if it in hot weather, the oil temperature under driving even to 170 ° C 160 ° F or 320 to 340. Such a high oil temperature can cause box of oil and variable speed component damage. Transmission oil working life, in the high temperature environment, the working life of the transmission oil can be reduced. Once the temperature above normal operation level (90 ° C / 195 ° F above), lubricants oxidation speed will increase, so the effective life be shortened. Based on the law 娒 designated, when the temperature above normal operation temperature 。12 ° C / 20 ° F, box of oil expected working life will be halved. Work surface wear, in addition to the outside, the influence of high temperature will also work on the surface of the transmission activities components threat. Reason is that when the temperature more and more high, was taken from the friction area, so the thermal and less chance of gear stuck will soar. When the temperature rose more than 175 ° C / 350 ° F, the steel and iron the hardness will decline. If we consider gear and clutch working surface temperature is usually higher than the oil temperature, we may expect gear with oil temperature the hardness of fallen, even if the oil temperature below 175 ° C / 350 ° F. Rubber seal and pipeline, rubber seal and coolant pipeline extremely sensitive to high oil temperature. When the rubber seal in high temperature would harden and become fragile, cause its working life and reliability drastically. When cars can't install a wired coolant pipes, we must adopt the PA12 plastic (amide 12 or nylon 12) made of coolant pipeline, this pipeline will torque device circulation output port and coolant connection. In high temperature (° C / 350 than 175 ° F) environment, plastic frozen pipe may buckling that box of oil to high and make coolant failure. ECU overheat, the electronic control unit (ECU) job is to monitor and control the operation of automatic transmission system. In some cases, ECU will be placed in the gearbox enclosure to try to use gearbox existing space, this means control unit will be automatic transmission oil with direct contact maintained for a long time. This configuration advantages including can send a link ECU, sensors and starter of wiring try to shorten; Reduce the number of plug and connectors; Reduce the noise and make between circuit shift position detection more accurate. If the transmission environment and coolant temperature is exorbitant, automobile's power and control electronics will not to operate properly so that its life shorten and appear damaged. Therefore, the transmission system of overheating situation to detect and proper even predict produced measures to reduce heat and/or improve overheating. For some extreme cases, the system must more accurately measuring temperature and the sensitive electronic components close to prevent control electronics were destroyed. Conclusion, in order to overcome the supervisory automatic transmission challenge, the temperature of LM71 national semiconductor's special optimized for high temperature application, launched LM71A1. LM71A1 is a qualified SPI interface digital temperature sensor, its wide working temperature range (40 ° C ° C or to + 175 ° F 40 to 350), make the temperature monitoring can at the same time in cold start and overheating. This device is to provide, and ensure LuoPian form with faster to warm temperature response thus car process has better control. However, it is the biggest characteristic is available in high temperature (130 ° C or to 150 ° F) 165 to 300 ° and high resolution (LSB) 0.03125 under C/to extremely high accuracy, in order to under the environment of high temperature in extremely accurately sensor temperature. In order to maintain the box of oil in normal operation scope, and properly control valve and shift time and prevent part of degradation and damage, fast accurate temperature detection and indispensable. So, can obtain higher fuel efficiency and enhance the system reliability. LM71A1 can help designers design antiserums to transmission electronic control unit of high-performance thermal management system. 變速器油溫的控制 對于購買汽車的人來說，可靠性及燃油效益是僅次于價格的兩項重要考量因素。毫無疑問，對于新車主而言，最可怕的事情莫過于汽車在途中熄火。此外，車主也期望汽車能盡量經久耐用。與此同時，由于目前全球燃油價格不斷上升，以使車主更加關注燃油效率，并希望能盡量減低二氧化碳的排放量。汽車的動力傳動系統包括有一個內燃機、一個多齒輪比變速器及車輪。發(fā)動機轉矩及速度會因汽車所需的牽引動力而在變速器中進行轉換。此外，汽車的變速器還可控制車輪的轉動方向。變速器一般分為手動及自動變速兩種。自動變速可自動控制磨擦單元、齒輪比的選擇及換檔。 自動變速會采用液壓油來達到潤滑及冷凍的效果，液壓油是一種非常特別的液體，可在任何惡劣的環(huán)境下運行。自動變速箱油(ATF)的主要功能為： 把動力從發(fā)動機變矩器傳送到動力傳動裝置; 吸收由變矩器產生的熱力并轉移到汽車前端的冷凍裝置; 作為離合器磨擦的冷凍劑，它可吸收及散發(fā)由離合器或帶嚙合所產生的熱能; 通過一個復雜的液壓控制系統把液體壓力傳送開去，該系統采用汽門、伺服機、泵、離合器總泵、液壓管路及管道來進行控制; 作為行星齒輪、軸承、伺服機、離合器和軸襯的潤滑劑及冷凍劑。 自動變速箱油于工作溫度下(約90°C/195°F)的黏度一般都非常低?？墒羌偃缬蜏靥蜁r(例如是0°C/30°F以下)，其粘度便會大幅增加，導致產生非常高的曳力矩。結果，齒輪便難以嚙合，原因是當中的同步器件一般都不能應付這般高的轉矩力。假如齒輪不能嚙合或換檔，汽車便不能開動。基于這個原因，“冷起動”程序會因應油溫而被激活，以確保至少有一個齒輪能夠成功嚙合。 暖車過程 當汽車開始行駛后，除非需要明顯加速或拖拉笨重的物體(例如是拖車)，否則液壓油溫只會慢慢地上升，而這也意味著曳力矩也會緩慢地上升。假如汽車長期處于高曳力矩的環(huán)境，同步器件便會超載并且受損。 在齒輪箱加入一些損耗、將換檔點移到較高的轉速汽門及提高齒輪箱潤滑油的質量，這些均可加快暖車的過程。由此，發(fā)動機、齒輪箱及催化劑便可更快地達到最佳的運作溫度。變速器越快達到最優(yōu)的工作溫度，便可越快啟動用于節(jié)省耗油量的齒輪換檔程序。齒輪的換檔組成部份是經由液壓或電子起動汽門來控制，這些換檔單元的起動會顯著地受到溫度的影響，原因是自動變速箱油的粘度會隨著溫度而顯著地上升，因此溫度可以影響施加壓力的程度及時間特性。一旦自動變速箱油變熱，其溫度變化的幅度便會增大，因此當設定標準的換檔油壓時，必須考慮有關油溫的問題。在高溫下運行 ，毫無疑問，自動變速箱油很容易受到溫度的影響，但相比對低溫的反應，其對高溫的反應要大得多。自動變速的過程會產生很多的磨擦，而這些磨擦會產生很多熱力。液體會不斷在變矩器中攪動并且被泵過測流口和液壓電路。每當變速換檔時，離合器組件會產生出超乎箱油所能帶走的熱力。變速器的負載越大，所產生的熱力便越大，而箱油也會變得更熱。一般的傳統變速箱油溫所能允許的最高溫度為80到100°C或175到212°F，而特制的變速箱油溫則可高達110到130℃或230到265°F。然而，現如今先進的汽車的變速箱油溫可能高達120到150℃或250到300°F，而對于重型貨車例如是18輪的貨運列車來說，假如在炎熱天氣下行駛，其油溫甚至可高達160到170°C或320到340°F。如此高的油溫會導致箱油及變速組件受損。變速箱油的工作壽命 ，在高溫的環(huán)境下，變速箱油的工作壽命會被縮短。一旦溫度超出正常運作的水平(90°C/195°F以上)，潤滑油的氧化速度便會增加，導致其有效壽命被縮短?；趭弥付?，當溫度超出正常運作溫度，箱油的預期工作壽命便會減半。工作表面的磨損 ，除上述的影響外，高溫還會對變速器活動組件的工作表面構成威脅。原因是當溫度越來越高時，從磨擦區(qū)被帶走的熱力便越少，因此齒輪被卡住的機會便會大增。當溫度上升超過175°C/350°F時，鋼鐵的硬度便會下降。假如我們考慮到齒輪和離合器工作表面的溫度通常都高于油溫時，我們便可預期齒輪的硬度會隨著油溫度而下降，即使油溫低于175°C/350°F。橡膠密封件及流通管道 ，橡膠密封件及冷凍劑流通管道對高油溫極其敏感。當橡膠密封件遇上高溫時便會變硬和變得脆弱，導致其工作壽命和可靠性大幅度降低。當汽車不能安裝金屬制的冷凍劑管道時，便需采用由PA12塑料(酰胺12或尼龍12)制成的冷凍劑流通管道，該管道將轉矩器流通輸出端口與冷凍劑連接。在高溫(超出175°C/350°F)的環(huán)境下，塑膠制的冷凍管道可能會屈曲，以致箱油向上流并使冷凍劑失效。ECU過熱 ，電子控制單元(ECU)的工作是監(jiān)視和控制自動變速系統的運作。在某些情況下，ECU會被放置于齒輪箱罩內以盡量利用齒輪箱的現有空間，這表示控制單元會與自動變速箱油長期保持直接接觸。這種配置的優(yōu)點包括可把連接ECU、傳感器及起動器的接線盡量縮短;減少插頭和連接器的數量;降低線路間的噪聲及使換檔的位置檢測更加準確。假如變速器環(huán)境及冷凍劑的溫度過高，汽車的動力和控制電子元件便不能正常地運作，以致其壽命縮短并出現損壞。因此，變速器系統必須對過熱情況進行偵測甚至預測，并通過適當措施減少所產生的熱力及/或改善過熱的情況。對于一些極端的情況，系統必須更精確地測量溫度并把敏感的電子元件關閉以防止控制電子被完全破壞。結論 ，為了克服監(jiān)察自動變速器溫度的各項挑戰(zhàn)，美國國家半導體特別對LM71進行優(yōu)化，推出針對高溫應用的LM71A1。LM71A1是一個具備有SPI接口的數字溫度傳感器，其寬闊的工作溫度范圍(-40°C到+175°C或-40到350°F)，使溫度的監(jiān)察能同時于冷起動及過熱情況下進行。該器件現以裸片形式提供，并保證擁有更快的溫度響應，從而對暖車過程有更佳的控制。然而，它的最大特點是可在高溫(130到150°C或165到300°F)及高分辨率(0.03125°C/LSB)下達到極高的精確度，以確保能于極高溫的環(huán)境下精確地感測溫度。為了把箱油維持在正常的運作范圍內，以及正確地控制汽門和換檔時間及防止機件過快退化和損壞，精確的溫度檢測便不可或缺。如此，便可獲得較高的燃油效益和提高系統的可靠性。LM71A1可幫助設計人員設計出針對變速器電子控制單元的高性能熱管理系統。 附 錄B 符號說明 汽車總質量 kg 重力加速度 N/kg 道路最大阻力系數 驅動輪的滾動半徑 mm 發(fā)動機最大扭矩 N·m 主減速比 汽車傳動系的傳動效率 一檔傳動比 汽車滿載載荷 N 路面附著系數 第一軸與中間軸的中心距 mm 中間軸與倒檔軸的中心距 mm 第二軸與中間軸的中心距 mm 中心距系數 直齒輪模數 斜齒輪法向模數 齒輪壓力角 ° 斜齒輪螺旋角 ° 齒輪寬度 mm 齒輪齒數 齒輪變位系數 齒輪彎曲應力 MPa 齒輪接觸應力 MPa 齒輪所受圓周力 N 軸向力 N 徑向力 N 計算載荷 N·m 應力集中系數 摩擦力影響系數 齒輪材料的彈性模量 MPa 重合度影響系數 主動齒輪節(jié)圓半徑 mm 從動齒輪節(jié)圓半徑 mm 主動齒輪節(jié)圓處的曲率半徑 mm 從動齒輪節(jié)圓處的曲率半徑 mm 扭轉切應力 MPa 軸的抗扭截面系數 軸的材料的剪切彈性模量 MPa 軸截面的極慣性矩 垂直面內的撓度 mm 水平面內的撓度 mm