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文獻綜述：
撥叉C的加工工藝及其夾具設(shè)計
1 前言
夾具設(shè)計作為高等工科院校教學的基本訓練科目，在畢業(yè)設(shè)計中占極其重要的位置。夾具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計在加深我們對課程基本理論的理解和加強對解決工程實際問題能力的培養(yǎng)方面發(fā)揮著極其重要的作用。因此，選擇撥叉的夾具設(shè)計能很好的綜合考查我們大學四年來所學知識。本次所選設(shè)計內(nèi)容主要包括：撥叉C工藝路線的確定，夾具方案的優(yōu)選，各種圖紙的繪制，設(shè)計說明書的編寫等。本次綜述的目的就是分析研究夾具在國內(nèi)外的研究現(xiàn)狀及撥叉類夾具的發(fā)展趨勢。
夾具是工藝裝備的主要組合部分，在機械制造中占有重要地位，夾具對保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，提高生產(chǎn)率，減輕勞動強度，縮短產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)周期等都具有重要意義。隨著先進制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展和市場競爭的加劇，傳統(tǒng)的夾具設(shè)計方式已成為企業(yè)中產(chǎn)品快速上市的瓶頸，企業(yè)迫切需要提高夾具設(shè)計的效率。
目前，大批量生產(chǎn)正逐漸成為現(xiàn)代機械制造業(yè)新的生產(chǎn)模式。在這種模式中，要求加工機床和夾具裝備具有更好的柔性，以縮短生產(chǎn)準備時間、降低生產(chǎn)成本，所以，按手動夾緊的方法已不能滿足生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的要求，而氣動、液壓夾緊等夾具正是適應(yīng)這一生產(chǎn)模式的工裝設(shè)備。它對縮短工藝裝備的設(shè)計、制造周期起到至關(guān)重要的作用。國外為了適應(yīng)這種生產(chǎn)模式,也把柔性制造系統(tǒng)作為開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品的有效手段，并將其作為機械制造業(yè)的主要發(fā)展。
2 正文
今日五金網(wǎng)站一篇關(guān)于機床夾具發(fā)展趨勢的文章上指出，夾具技術(shù)正朝著高精、高效、模塊、組合、通用、經(jīng)濟方向發(fā)展，夾具的通用性直接影響其經(jīng)濟性。采用模塊、組合式的夾具系統(tǒng)，一次性投資比較大，只有夾具系統(tǒng)的可重組性、可重構(gòu)性及可擴展性功能強，應(yīng)用范圍廣，通用性好，夾具利用率高，收回投資快，才能體現(xiàn)出經(jīng)濟性好。同時也指出，為了提高機床的生產(chǎn)效率，雙面、四面和多件裝夾的夾具產(chǎn)品越來越多。為了減少工件的安裝時間，各種自動定心夾緊、精密平口鉗、杠桿夾緊、凸輪夾緊、氣動和液壓夾緊等，快速夾緊功能部件不斷地推陳出新。新型的電控永磁夾具，加緊和松開工件只用1～2秒，夾具結(jié)構(gòu)簡化，為機床進行多工位、多面和多件加工創(chuàng)造了條件。
河北工業(yè)大學學報2002年05期夾具設(shè)計技術(shù)發(fā)展綜述一文中提到， 隨著科學技術(shù)的發(fā)展，和社會市場需要，夾具的設(shè)計在逐步的超向柔性制造系統(tǒng)方向發(fā)展。迄今為止,夾具仍是機電產(chǎn)品制造中必不可缺的四大工具之一,刀具本身已高度標準化,用戶只需要按品種、規(guī)格選用采購。而模具和夾具則和產(chǎn)品息息相關(guān),產(chǎn)品一有變化就需重新制作,通常是屬于專用性質(zhì)的工具,模具已發(fā)展成為獨立的行業(yè);夾具在國內(nèi)外也正在逐漸形成一個依附于機床業(yè)或獨立的小行業(yè)。 組合夾具不僅具有標準化、模塊化、組合化等當代先進設(shè)計思想,又符合節(jié)約資源的原則,更適合綠色制造的環(huán)境保護原理。所以是今后夾具技術(shù)的一個重要發(fā)展方向單位。
同時在夾具設(shè)計過程中，對于被加工零件的定位、夾緊等主要問題,設(shè)計人員一般都會考慮的比較周全，但是，夾具設(shè)計還經(jīng)常會遇到一些小問題，這些小問題如果處理不好，也會給夾具的使用造成許多不便，甚至會影響到工件的加工精度。
隨著機械工業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展，對產(chǎn)品的品種和生產(chǎn)率提出了愈來愈高的要求，使多品種，中小批生產(chǎn)作為機械生產(chǎn)的主流，為了適應(yīng)機械生產(chǎn)的這種發(fā)展趨勢，必然對機床夾具提出更高的要求。綜合以上參考資料它主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：
2.1 加強機床夾具的三化工作
為了加速新產(chǎn)品的投產(chǎn)，簡化設(shè)計工作，加速工藝裝備的準備工作，以獲得良好的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟效果，必須重視機床夾具的標準化，系列化和通用化工作。
2.2 大力研制推廣實用新型機床夾具
在單件，小批生產(chǎn)或新產(chǎn)品試制中，應(yīng)推廣使用組合夾具和半組合夾具。
在多品種，中小批生產(chǎn)中，應(yīng)大力推廣使用可調(diào)夾具，尤其是成組夾具。
2.3 提高夾具的機械化，自動化水平
近十幾年來，高效，自動化夾具得到了迅速的發(fā)展。主要原因是由于數(shù)控機床，組合機床及其它高效自動化機床的出現(xiàn)，要求夾具能適應(yīng)機床的要求，才能更好的發(fā)揮機床的作用。
3 總結(jié)
利用更好的夾具，可以提高勞動生產(chǎn)率，提高加工精度，減少廢品，可以擴大機床的工藝范圍，改善操作的勞動條件。因此，夾具是機械制造中的一項重要的工藝裝備。一個好的夾具是加工出合格產(chǎn)品的首要條件，為了讓夾具有更好的發(fā)展，夾具行業(yè)應(yīng)加強產(chǎn)、學、研協(xié)作的力度，加快用高新技術(shù)改造和提升夾具技術(shù)水平的步伐，創(chuàng)建夾具專業(yè)技術(shù)網(wǎng)站，充分利用現(xiàn)代信息和網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)，與時俱進地創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展夾具技術(shù)。主動與國外夾具廠商聯(lián)系，爭取合資與合作，引進技術(shù)，這是改造和發(fā)展我國夾具行業(yè)較為行之有效的途徑。
參 考 文 獻
[1]?李旦等．機床專用夾具圖冊[M]，哈爾濱：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學出版社，2005
[2]機床夾具發(fā)展趨勢，今日五金網(wǎng)
http://china.hardwaretoday.com/china/exhibition_info.do?ID=17067
[3]?張龍勛．機械制造工藝學課程設(shè)計指導書[M].，北京:機械工業(yè)出版社，1993?
[4]?李德紅等．夾具設(shè)計技術(shù)發(fā)展綜述[J]，河北工業(yè)大學學報2002年05期
[5]朱耀祥．夾具發(fā)展綜述[J]，《機電產(chǎn)品市場》2002年05期
[6]?王啟平．機床夾具設(shè)計[M]，哈爾濱：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學出版社，1988.
[7]?林文煥，陳本通．機床夾具設(shè)計[M]，北京：國防工業(yè)出版社，1987.
[8]?邱宣懷．機械設(shè)計第四版[M]，北京：高等教育出版社，1997
[9]?柯明揚．機械制造工藝學[M]，北京：北京航天航空大學出版社，1995
第一章 汽車變速箱加工工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計
1.1零件的分析
1.1.1零件的作用
1.1.2零件的工藝分析
1.2變速箱箱體加工的主要問題和工藝過程設(shè)計所應(yīng)采取的相應(yīng)措施
1.2.1孔和平面的加工順序
1.2.2孔系加工方案選擇
1.3變速箱箱體加工定位基準的選擇
1.3.1粗基準的選擇
1.3.2精基準的選擇
1.4變速箱箱體加工主要工序安排
1.5機械加工余量、工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸的確定
1.6確定切削用量及基本工時（機動時間）
1.7時間定額計算及生產(chǎn)安排
第二章 專用夾具設(shè)計
2.1加工工藝孔夾具設(shè)計
2.1.1定位基準的選擇
2.1.2切削力的計算與夾緊力分析
2.1.3夾緊元件及動力裝置確定
2.1.4鉆套、襯套、鉆模板及夾具體設(shè)計
2.1.5夾具精度分析
2.1.6夾具設(shè)計及操作的簡要說明
2.2粗銑前后端面夾具設(shè)計
2.2.1定位基準的選擇
2.2.2定位元件的設(shè)計
2.2.3定位誤差分析
2.2.4銑削力與夾緊力計算
2.2.5定向鍵與對刀裝置設(shè)計
2.2.6夾緊裝置及夾具體設(shè)計
2.2.7夾具設(shè)計及操作的簡要說明
參考文獻
致 謝
攀枝花學院畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）
附件1：
外語文獻翻譯
摘自: 《制造工程與技術(shù)（機加工）》（英文版）
《Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining》
機械工業(yè)出版社 2004年3月第1版
美 s. 卡爾帕基安(Serope kalpakjian)
s.r 施密德(Steven R.Schmid) 著
原文：
20.9 MACHINABILITY
The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors:
1、 Surface finish and integrity of the machined part;
2、 Tool life obtained;
3、 Force and power requirements;
4、 Chip control.
Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone.
Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below.
20.9.1 Machinability Of Steels
Because steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels.
Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized steels.
Phosphorus in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing increased hardness. Harder steels result in better chip formation and surface finish. Note that soft steels can be difficult to machine, with built-up edge formation and poor surface finish. The second effect is that increased hardness causes the formation of short chips instead of continuous stringy ones, thereby improving machinability.
Leaded Steels. A high percentage of lead in steels solidifies at the tip of manganese sulfide inclusions. In non-resulfurized grades of steel, lead takes the form of dispersed fine particles. Lead is insoluble in iron, copper, and aluminum and their alloys. Because of its low shear strength, therefore, lead acts as a solid lubricant (Section 32.11) and is smeared over the tool-chip interface during cutting. This behavior has been verified by the presence of high concentrations of lead on the tool-side face of chips when machining leaded steels.
When the temperature is sufficiently high-for instance, at high cutting speeds and feeds (Section 20.6)—the lead melts directly in front of the tool, acting as a liquid lubricant. In addition to this effect, lead lowers the shear stress in the primary shear zone, reducing cutting forces and power consumption. Lead can be used in every grade of steel, such as 10xx, 11xx, 12xx, 41xx, etc. Leaded steels are identified by the letter L between the second and third numerals (for example, 10L45). (Note that in stainless steels, similar use of the letter L means “l(fā)ow carbon,” a condition that improves their corrosion resistance.)
However, because lead is a well-known toxin and a pollutant, there are serious environmental concerns about its use in steels (estimated at 4500 tons of lead consumption every year in the production of steels). Consequently, there is a continuing trend toward eliminating the use of lead in steels (lead-free steels). Bismuth and tin are now being investigated as possible substitutes for lead in steels.
Calcium-Deoxidized Steels. An important development is calcium-deoxidized steels, in which oxide flakes of calcium silicates (CaSo) are formed. These flakes, in turn, reduce the strength of the secondary shear zone, decreasing tool-chip interface and wear. Temperature is correspondingly reduced. Consequently, these steels produce less crater wear, especially at high cutting speeds.
Stainless Steels. Austenitic (300 series) steels are generally difficult to machine. Chatter can be s problem, necessitating machine tools with high stiffness. However, ferritic stainless steels (also 300 series) have good machinability. Martensitic (400 series) steels are abrasive, tend to form a built-up edge, and require tool materials with high hot hardness and crater-wear resistance. Precipitation-hardening stainless steels are strong and abrasive, requiring hard and abrasion-resistant tool materials.
The Effects of Other Elements in Steels on Machinability. The presence of aluminum and silicon in steels is always harmful because these elements combine with oxygen to form aluminum oxide and silicates, which are hard and abrasive. These compounds increase tool wear and reduce machinability. It is essential to produce and use clean steels.
Carbon and manganese have various effects on the machinability of steels, depending on their composition. Plain low-carbon steels (less than 0.15% C) can produce poor surface finish by forming a built-up edge. Cast steels are more abrasive, although their machinability is similar to that of wrought steels. Tool and die steels are very difficult to machine and usually require annealing prior to machining. Machinability of most steels is improved by cold working, which hardens the material and reduces the tendency for built-up edge formation.
Other alloying elements, such as nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium, which improve the properties of steels, generally reduce machinability. The effect of boron is negligible. Gaseous elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen can have particularly detrimental effects on the properties of steel. Oxygen has been shown to have a strong effect on the aspect ratio of the manganese sulfide inclusions; the higher the oxygen content, the lower the aspect ratio and the higher the machinability.
In selecting various elements to improve machinability, we should consider the possible detrimental effects of these elements on the properties and strength of the machined part in service. At elevated temperatures, for example, lead causes embrittlement of steels (liquid-metal embrittlement, hot shortness; see Section 1.4.3), although at room temperature it has no effect on mechanical properties.
Sulfur can severely reduce the hot workability of steels, because of the formation of iron sulfide, unless sufficient manganese is present to prevent such formation. At room temperature, the mechanical properties of resulfurized steels depend on the orientation of the deformed manganese sulfide inclusions (anisotropy). Rephosphorized steels are significantly less ductile, and are produced solely to improve machinability.
20.9.2 Machinability of Various Other Metals
Aluminum is generally very easy to machine, although the softer grades tend to form a built-up edge, resulting in poor surface finish. High cutting speeds, high rake angles, and high relief angles are recommended. Wrought aluminum alloys with high silicon content and cast aluminum alloys may be abrasive; they require harder tool materials. Dimensional tolerance control may be a problem in machining aluminum, since it has a high thermal coefficient of expansion and a relatively low elastic modulus.
Beryllium is similar to cast irons. Because it is more abrasive and toxic, though, it requires machining in a controlled environment.
Cast gray irons are generally machinable but are. Free carbides in castings reduce their machinability and cause tool chipping or fracture, necessitating tools with high toughness. Nodular and malleable irons are machinable with hard tool materials.
Cobalt-based alloys are abrasive and highly work-hardening. They require sharp, abrasion-resistant tool materials and low feeds and speeds.
Wrought copper can be difficult to machine because of built-up edge formation, although cast copper alloys are easy to machine. Brasses are easy to machine, especially with the addition pf lead (leaded free-machining brass). Bronzes are more difficult to machine than brass.
Magnesium is very easy to machine, with good surface finish and prolonged tool life. However care should be exercised because of its high rate of oxidation and the danger of fire (the element is pyrophoric).
Molybdenum is ductile and work-hardening, so it can produce poor surface finish. Sharp tools are necessary.
Nickel-based alloys are work-hardening, abrasive, and strong at high temperatures. Their machinability is similar to that of stainless steels.
Tantalum is very work-hardening, ductile, and soft. It produces a poor surface finish; tool wear is high.
Titanium and its alloys have poor thermal conductivity (indeed, the lowest of all metals), causing significant temperature rise and built-up edge; they can be difficult to machine.
Tungsten is brittle, strong, and very abrasive, so its machinability is low, although it greatly improves at elevated temperatures.
Zirconium has good machinability. It requires a coolant-type cutting fluid, however, because of the explosion and fire.
20.9.3 Machinability of Various Materials
Graphite is abrasive; it requires hard, abrasion-resistant, sharp tools.
Thermoplastics generally have low thermal conductivity, low elastic modulus, and low softening temperature. Consequently, machining them requires tools with positive rake angles (to reduce cutting forces), large relief angles, small depths of cut and feed, relatively high speeds, and
proper support of the workpiece. Tools should be sharp.
External cooling of the cutting zone may be necessary to keep the chips from becoming “gummy” and sticking to the tools. Cooling can usually be achieved with a jet of air, vapor mist, or water-soluble oils. Residual stresses may develop during machining. To relieve these stresses, machined parts can be annealed for a period of time at temperatures ranging from to (to), and then cooled slowly and uniformly to room temperature.
Thermosetting plastics are brittle and sensitive to thermal gradients during cutting. Their machinability is generally similar to that of thermoplastics.
Because of the fibers present, reinforced plastics are very abrasive and are difficult to machine. Fiber tearing, pulling, and edge delamination are significant problems; they can lead to severe reduction in the load-carrying capacity of the component. Furthermore, machining of these materials requires careful removal of machining debris to avoid contact with and inhaling of the fibers.
The machinability of ceramics has improved steadily with the development of nanoceramics (Section 8.2.5) and with the selection of appropriate processing parameters, such as ductile-regime cutting (Section 22.4.2).
Metal-matrix and ceramic-matrix composites can be difficult to machine, depending on the properties of the individual components, i.e., reinforcing or whiskers, as well as the matrix material.
20.9.4 Thermally Assisted Machining
Metals and alloys that are difficult to machine at room temperature can be machined more easily at elevated temperatures. In thermally assisted machining (hot machining), the source of heat—a torch, induction coil, high-energy beam (such as laser or electron beam), or plasma arc—is forces, (b) increased tool life, (c) use of inexpensive cutting-tool materials, (d) higher material-removal rates, and (e) reduced tendency for vibration and chatter.
It may be difficult to heat and maintain a uniform temperature distribution within the workpiece. Also, the original microstructure of the workpiece may be adversely affected by elevated temperatures. Most applications of hot machining are in the turning of high-strength metals and alloys, although experiments are in progress to machine ceramics such as silicon nitride.
SUMMARY
Machinability is usually defined in terms of surface finish, tool life, force and power requirements, and chip control. Machinability of materials depends not only on their intrinsic properties and microstructure, but also on proper selection and control of process variables.
譯文：
20.9 可機加工性
一種材料的可機加工性通常以四種因素的方式定義：
1、 分的表面光潔性和表面完整性。
2、刀具的壽命。
3、切削力和功率的需求。
4、切屑控制。
以這種方式，好的可機加工性指的是好的表面光潔性和完整性，長的刀具壽命，低的切削力和功率需求。關(guān)于切屑控制，細長的卷曲切屑，如果沒有被切割成小片，以在切屑區(qū)變的混亂，纏在一起的方式能夠嚴重的介入剪切工序。
因為剪切工序的復(fù)雜屬性，所以很難建立定量地釋義材料的可機加工性的關(guān)系。在制造廠里，刀具壽命和表面粗糙度通常被認為是可機加工性中最重要的因素。盡管已不再大量的被使用，近乎準確的機加工率在以下的例子中能夠被看到。
20.9.1 鋼的可機加工性
因為鋼是最重要的工程材料之一（正如第5章所示），所以他們的可機加工性已經(jīng)被廣泛地研究過。通過宗教鉛和硫磺，鋼的可機加工性已經(jīng)大大地提高了。從而得到了所謂的易切削鋼。
二次硫化鋼和二次磷化鋼 硫在鋼中形成硫化錳夾雜物（第二相粒子），這些夾雜物在第一剪切區(qū)引起應(yīng)力。其結(jié)果是使切屑容易斷開而變小，從而改善了可加工性。這些夾雜物的大小、形狀、分布和集中程度顯著的影響可加工性?；瘜W元素如碲和硒，其化學性質(zhì)與硫類似，在二次硫化鋼中起夾雜物改性作用。
鋼中的磷有兩個主要的影響。它加強鐵素體，增加硬度。越硬的鋼，形成更好的切屑形成和表面光潔性。需要注意的是軟鋼不適合用于有積屑瘤形成和很差的表面光潔性的機器。第二個影響是增加的硬度引起短切屑而不是不斷的細長的切屑的形成，因此提高可加工性。
含鉛的鋼 鋼中高含量的鉛在硫化錳夾雜物尖端析出。在非二次硫化鋼中，鉛呈細小而分散的顆粒。鉛在鐵、銅、鋁和它們的合金中是不能溶解的。因為它的低抗剪強度。因此，鉛充當固體潤滑劑并且在切削時，被涂在刀具和切屑的接口處。這一特性已經(jīng)被在機加工鉛鋼時，在切屑的刀具面表面有高濃度的鉛的存在所證實。
當溫度足夠高時—例如，在高的切削速度和進刀速度下—鉛在刀具前直接熔化，并且充當液體潤滑劑。除了這個作用，鉛降低第一剪切區(qū)中的剪應(yīng)力，減小切削力和功率消耗。鉛能用于各種鋼號，例如10XX，11XX，12XX，41XX等等。鉛鋼被第二和第三數(shù)碼中的字母L所識別（例如，10L45）。（需要注意的是在不銹鋼中，字母L的相同用法指的是低碳，提高它們的耐蝕性的條件）。
然而，因為鉛是有名的毒素和污染物，因此在鋼的使用中存在著嚴重的環(huán)境隱患（在鋼產(chǎn)品中每年大約有4500噸的鉛消耗）。結(jié)果，對于估算鋼中含鉛量的使用存在一個持續(xù)的趨勢。鉍和錫現(xiàn)正作為鋼中的鉛最可能的替代物而被人們所研究。
脫氧鈣鋼 一個重要的發(fā)展是脫氧鈣鋼，在脫氧鈣鋼中矽酸鈣鹽中的氧化物片的形成。這些片狀，依次減小第二剪切區(qū)中的力量，降低刀具和切屑接口處的摩擦和磨損。溫度也相應(yīng)地降低。結(jié)果，這些鋼產(chǎn)生更小的月牙洼磨損，特別是在高切削速度時更是如此。
不銹鋼 奧氏體鋼通常很難機加工。振動能成為一個問題，需要有高硬度的機床。然而，鐵素體不銹鋼有很好的可機加工性。馬氏體鋼易磨蝕，易于形成積屑瘤，并且要求刀具材料有高的熱硬度和耐月牙洼磨損性。經(jīng)沉淀硬化的不銹鋼強度高、磨蝕性強，因此要求刀具材料硬而耐磨。
鋼中其它元素在可機加工性方面的影響 鋼中鋁和矽的存在總是有害的，因為這些元素結(jié)合氧會生成氧化鋁和矽酸鹽，而氧化鋁和矽酸鹽硬且具有磨蝕性。這些化合物增加刀具磨損，降低可機加工性。因此生產(chǎn)和使用凈化鋼非常必要。
根據(jù)它們的構(gòu)成，碳和錳鋼在鋼的可機加工性方面有不同的影響。低碳素鋼（少于0.15%的碳）通過形成一個積屑瘤能生成很差的表面光潔性。盡管鑄鋼的可機加工性和鍛鋼的大致相同，但鑄鋼具有更大的磨蝕性。刀具和模具鋼很難用于機加工，他們通常再煅燒后再機加工。大多數(shù)鋼的可機加工性在冷加工后都有所提高，冷加工能使材料變硬并且減少積屑瘤的形成。
其它合金元素，例如鎳、鉻、鉗和釩，能提高鋼的特性，減小可機加工性。硼的影響可以忽視。氣態(tài)元素比如氫和氮在鋼的特性方面能有特別的有害影響。氧已經(jīng)被證明了在硫化錳夾雜物的縱橫比方面有很強的影響。越高的含氧量，就產(chǎn)生越低的縱橫比和越高的可機加工性。
選擇各種元素以改善可加工性，我們應(yīng)該考慮到這些元素對已加工零件在使用中的性能和強度的不利影響。例如，當溫度升高時，鋁會使鋼變脆（液體—金屬脆化，熱脆化，見1.4.3節(jié)），盡管其在室溫下對力學性能沒有影響。
因為硫化鐵的構(gòu)成，硫能嚴重的減少鋼的熱加工性，除非有足夠的錳來防止這種結(jié)構(gòu)的形成。在室溫下，二次磷化鋼的機械性能依賴于變形的硫化錳夾雜物的定位（各向異性）。二次磷化鋼具有更小的延展性，被單獨生成來提高機加工性。
20.9.2 其它不同金屬的機加工性
盡管越軟的品種易于生成積屑瘤，但鋁通常很容易被機加工，導致了很差的表面光潔性。高的切削速度，高的前角和高的后角都被推薦了。有高含量的矽的鍛鋁合金鑄鋁合金也許具有磨蝕性，它們要求更硬的刀具材料。尺寸公差控制也許在機加工鋁時會成為一個問題，因為它有膨脹的高導熱系數(shù)和相對低的彈性模數(shù)。
鈹和鑄鐵相同。因為它更具磨蝕性和毒性，盡管它要求在可控人工環(huán)境下進行機加工。
灰鑄鐵普遍地可加工，但也有磨蝕性。鑄造無中的游離碳化物降低它們的可機加工性，引起刀具切屑或裂口。它需要具有強韌性的工具。具有堅硬的刀具材料的球墨鑄鐵和韌性鐵是可加工的。
鈷基合金有磨蝕性且高度加工硬化的。它們要求尖的且具有耐蝕性的刀具材料并且有低的走刀和速度。
盡管鑄銅合金很容易機加工，但因為鍛銅的積屑瘤形成因而鍛銅很難機加工。黃銅很容易機加工，特別是有添加的鉛更容易。青銅比黃銅更難機加工。
鎂很容易機加工，鎂既有很好的表面光潔性和長久的刀具壽命。然而，因為高的氧化速度和火種的危險（這種元素易燃），因此我們應(yīng)該特別小心使用它。
鉗易拉長且加工硬化，因此它生成很差的表面光潔性。尖的刀具是很必要的。
鎳基合金加工硬化，具有磨蝕性，且在高溫下非常堅硬。它的可機加工性和不銹鋼相同。
鉭非常的加工硬化，具有可延性且柔軟。它生成很差的表面光潔性且刀具磨損非常大。
鈦和它的合金導熱性(的確，是所有金屬中最低的)，因此引起明顯的溫度升高和積屑瘤。它們是難機加工的。
鎢易脆，堅硬，且具有磨蝕性，因此盡管它的性能在高溫下能大大提高，但它的機加工性仍很低。
鋯有很好的機加工性。然而，因為有爆炸和火種的危險性，它要求有一個冷卻性質(zhì)好的切削液。
20.9.3 各種材料的機加工性
石墨具有磨蝕性。它要求硬的、尖的，具有耐蝕性的刀具。
塑性塑料通常有低的導熱性，低的彈性模數(shù)和低的軟化溫度。因此，機加工熱塑性塑料要求有正前角的刀具（以此降低切削力），還要求有大的后角，小的切削和走刀深的，相對高的速度和工件的正確支承。刀具應(yīng)該很尖。
切削區(qū)的外部冷卻也許很必要，以此來防止切屑變的有黏性且粘在刀具上。有了空氣流，汽霧或水溶性油，通常就能實現(xiàn)冷卻。在機加工時，殘余應(yīng)力也許能生成并發(fā)展。為了解除這些力，已機加工的部分要在（）的溫度范圍內(nèi)冷卻一段時間，然而慢慢地無變化地冷卻到室溫。
熱固性塑料易脆，并且在切削時對熱梯度很敏感。它的機加工性和熱塑性塑料的相同。
因為纖維的存在，加強塑料具有磨蝕性，且很難機加工。纖維的撕裂、拉出和邊界分層是非常嚴重的問題。它們能導致構(gòu)成要素的承載能力大大下降。而且，這些材料的機加工要求對加工殘片仔細切除，以此來避免接觸和吸進纖維。
隨著納米陶瓷（見8.2.5節(jié)）的發(fā)展和適當?shù)膮?shù)處理的選擇，例如塑性切削（見22.4.2節(jié)），陶瓷器的可機加工性已大大地提高了。
金屬基復(fù)合材料和陶瓷基復(fù)合材料很能機加工，它們依賴于單獨的成分的特性，比如說增強纖維或金屬須和基體材料。
20.9.4 熱輔助加工
在室溫下很難機加工的金屬和合金在高溫下能更容易地機加工。在熱輔助加工時（高溫切削），熱源—一個火把，感應(yīng)線圈，高能束流（例如雷射或電子束），或等離子弧—被集中在切削刀具前的一塊區(qū)域內(nèi)。好處是：（a）低的切削力。（b）增加的刀具壽命。（c）便宜的切削刀具材料的使用。（d）更高的材料切除率。（e）減少振動。
也許很難在工件內(nèi)加熱和保持一個不變的溫度分布。而且，工件的最初微觀結(jié)構(gòu)也許被高溫影響，且這種影響是相當有害的。盡管實驗在進行中，以此來機加工陶瓷器如氮化矽，但高溫切削仍大多數(shù)應(yīng)用在高強度金屬和高溫度合金的車削中。
小結(jié)
通常，零件的可機加工性能是根據(jù)以下因素來定義的：表面粗糙度，刀具的壽命，切削力和功率的需求以及切屑的控制。材料的可機加工性能不僅取決于起內(nèi)在特性和微觀結(jié)構(gòu)，而且也依賴于工藝參數(shù)的適當選擇與控制。
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