基于PLC控制的小型鉆床機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)【三軸鉆床】,三軸鉆床,基于PLC控制的小型鉆床機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)【三軸鉆床】,基于,plc,控制,節(jié)制,小型,鉆床,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì) 臺(tái)式鉆床的改造和設(shè)計(jì) 目前，我國(guó)中、小型企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)效率都需要有一個(gè)新的提高．但是加工手段卻遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足需要．許多中小型企業(yè)都結(jié)合自己的實(shí)際對(duì)設(shè)備的技術(shù)狀態(tài)進(jìn)行改進(jìn)，通過(guò)強(qiáng)化自身．以求自我發(fā)展.普通鉆床為單軸機(jī)床，但安裝上多軸箱就會(huì)成為多軸的鉆床，改造成多軸鉆床后，能大大地縮短加工時(shí)間，提高生產(chǎn)效率。 多軸加工應(yīng)用：據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，一般在車間中普通機(jī)床的平均切削時(shí)間很少超過(guò)全部工作時(shí)間的15%。其余時(shí)間是看圖、裝卸工件、調(diào)換刀具、操作機(jī)床、測(cè)量　以及清除鐵屑等等。使用數(shù)控機(jī)床雖然能提高85%，但購(gòu)置費(fèi)用大。某些情況下，即使生產(chǎn)率高，但加工相同的零件，其成本不一定比普通機(jī)床低。故必須更多地縮短加工時(shí)間。不同的加工方法有不同的特點(diǎn)，就鉆削加工而言，多軸加工是一種通過(guò)少量投資來(lái)提高生產(chǎn)率的有效措施。 多軸加工優(yōu)勢(shì)：雖然不可調(diào)式多軸頭在自動(dòng)線中早有應(yīng)用，但只局限于大批量生產(chǎn)。即使采用可調(diào)式多軸頭擴(kuò)大了使用范圍，仍然遠(yuǎn)不能滿足批量小、孔型復(fù)雜的要求。尤其隨著工業(yè)的發(fā)展，大型復(fù)雜的多軸加工更是引人注目。例如原子能發(fā)電站中大型冷凝器水冷壁管板有15000個(gè)ψ20孔，若以搖臂鉆床加工，單單鉆孔與锪沉頭孔就要842.5小時(shí)，另外還要?jiǎng)澗€工時(shí)151.1小時(shí)。但若以數(shù)控八軸落地鉆床加工，鉆锪孔只要171.6小時(shí)，劃線也簡(jiǎn)單，只要1.9小時(shí)。因此，利用數(shù)控控制的二個(gè)坐標(biāo)軸，使刀具正確地對(duì)準(zhǔn)加工位置，結(jié)合多軸加工不但可以擴(kuò)大加工范圍，而且在提高精度的基礎(chǔ)上還能大大地提高工效，迅速地制造出原來(lái)不易加工的零件。有人分析大型高速柴油機(jī)30種箱形與桿形零件的2000多個(gè)鉆孔操作中，有40%可以在自動(dòng)更換主軸箱機(jī)床中用二軸、三軸或四軸多軸頭加工，平均可減少20%的加工時(shí)間。1975年法國(guó)巴黎機(jī)床展覽會(huì)也反映了多軸加工的使用愈來(lái)愈多這一趨勢(shì)。 多軸加工的設(shè)備：多軸加工是在一次進(jìn)給中同時(shí)加工許多孔或同時(shí)在許多相同或不同工件上各加工一個(gè)孔。這不僅縮短切削時(shí)間，提高精度，減少裝夾或定位時(shí)間，并且在數(shù)控機(jī)床中不必計(jì)算坐標(biāo)，減少字塊數(shù)而簡(jiǎn)化編程。它可以采用以下一些設(shè)備進(jìn)行加工：立鉆或搖臂鉆上裝多軸頭、多軸鉆床、多軸組合機(jī)床心及自動(dòng)更換主軸箱機(jī)床。甚至可以通過(guò)二個(gè)能自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)軸距的主軸或多軸箱，結(jié) 合數(shù)控工作臺(tái)縱橫二個(gè)方向的運(yùn)動(dòng)，加工各種圓形或橢圓形孔組的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)工序?，F(xiàn)在就這方面的現(xiàn)狀作一簡(jiǎn)介。 多軸頭：從傳動(dòng)方式來(lái)說(shuō)主要有齒輪傳動(dòng)與萬(wàn)向聯(lián)軸節(jié)傳動(dòng)二種。這是大家所熟悉的。前者效率較高，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，后者易于調(diào)整軸距。從結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)說(shuō)有不可調(diào)式與可調(diào)式二種。前者軸距　不能改變，多采用齒輪傳動(dòng)，僅適用于大批量生產(chǎn)。為了擴(kuò)大其贊許適應(yīng)性，發(fā)展了可調(diào)式多軸頭，在一定范圍內(nèi)可調(diào)整軸距。它主要裝在有萬(wàn)向.二種。（1）萬(wàn)向軸式也有二種:具有對(duì)準(zhǔn)裝置的主軸。主軸裝在可調(diào)支架中，而可調(diào)支架能在殼體的T形槽中移動(dòng)，并能在對(duì)準(zhǔn)的位置以螺栓固定。（2）具有公差的圓柱形主軸套。主軸套固定在與式件孔型相同的模板中。前一種適用于批量小且孔組是規(guī)則分布的工件（如孔組分布在不同直徑的圓周上）。后一種適用于批量較大式中小批量的輪番生產(chǎn)中，剛性較好，孔距精度亦高，但不同孔型需要不同的模板。 多軸頭可以裝在立鉆式搖臂鉆床上，按鉆床本身所具有的各種功能進(jìn)行工作。這種多軸加工方法，由于鉆孔效率、加工范圍及精度的關(guān)系，使用范圍有限。 多軸箱：也象多軸頭那樣作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)部件生產(chǎn)。美國(guó)Secto公司標(biāo)準(zhǔn)齒輪箱、多軸箱等設(shè)計(jì)的不可調(diào)式多軸箱。有32種規(guī)格，加工面積從300Ｘ300毫米到600Ｘ1050毫米，工作軸達(dá)60根，動(dòng)力達(dá)22.5千瓦。Romai工廠生產(chǎn)的可調(diào)多軸箱調(diào)整方便，只要先把齒輪調(diào)整到接近孔型的位置，然后把與它聯(lián)接的可調(diào)軸移動(dòng)到正確的位置。因此，這種結(jié)構(gòu)只要改變模板，就能在一定范圍內(nèi)容易地改變孔型，并且可以達(dá)到比普通多軸箱更小的孔距。 根據(jù)成組加工原理使用多軸箱或多軸頭的組合機(jī)床很適用于大中批量生產(chǎn)。為了在加工中獲得良好的效果，必需考慮以下數(shù)點(diǎn)：（1）工件裝夾簡(jiǎn)單，有足夠的冷卻液沖走鐵屑。（2）夾具剛性好，加工時(shí)不形變，分度定位正確。（3）使用二組刀具的可能性，以便一組使用，另一組刃磨與調(diào)整，從而縮短換刀停機(jī)時(shí)間。（4）使用優(yōu)質(zhì)刀具，監(jiān)視刀具是否變鈍，鉆頭要機(jī)磨。（5）尺寸超差時(shí)能立即發(fā)現(xiàn)。 多軸鉆床：這是一種能滿足多軸加工要求的鉆床。諸如導(dǎo)向、功率、進(jìn)給、轉(zhuǎn)速與加工范圍等。巴黎展覽會(huì)中展出的多軸鉆床多具液壓進(jìn)給。其整個(gè)工作循壞如快進(jìn)、工進(jìn)與清除鐵屑等都是自動(dòng)進(jìn)行。值得注意的是，多數(shù)具有單獨(dú)的變速機(jī)構(gòu)，這樣可以適應(yīng)某一組孔中不同孔徑的加工需要。1.2.4 自動(dòng)更換主軸箱機(jī)床　 為了中小批量生產(chǎn)合理化的需要，最近幾年發(fā)展了自動(dòng)更換主軸箱組合機(jī)床。 (1) 自動(dòng)更換主軸機(jī)床　　 自動(dòng)更換主軸機(jī)床頂部是回轉(zhuǎn)式主軸箱庫(kù)，掛有多個(gè)不可調(diào)主軸箱?？v橫配線盤予先編好工作程序，使相應(yīng)的主軸箱進(jìn)入加工工位，定位緊并與動(dòng)力聯(lián)接，然后裝有工件的工作臺(tái)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)到主軸箱下面，向上移動(dòng)進(jìn)行加工。當(dāng)變更加工對(duì)象時(shí)，只要調(diào)換懸掛的主軸箱，就能適應(yīng)不同孔型與不同工序的需要。 (2)?多軸轉(zhuǎn)塔機(jī)床　 轉(zhuǎn)塔上裝置多個(gè)不可調(diào)或萬(wàn)向聯(lián)軸節(jié)主軸箱，轉(zhuǎn)塔能自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)位，并對(duì)夾緊在回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái)的工件作進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)。通過(guò)工作臺(tái)回轉(zhuǎn)，可以加工工件的多個(gè)面。因?yàn)檗D(zhuǎn)塔不宜過(guò)大，故它的工位數(shù)一般不超過(guò)4—6個(gè)。且主軸箱也不宜過(guò)大。當(dāng)加工對(duì)象的工序較多、尺寸較大時(shí)，就不如自動(dòng)更換主軸箱機(jī)床合適，但它的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單。 (3)?自動(dòng)更換主軸箱組合機(jī)床 它由自動(dòng)線或組合機(jī)床中的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)部件組成。不可調(diào)多軸箱與動(dòng)力箱按置在水平底座上，主軸箱庫(kù)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)整個(gè)裝置緊固在進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)的溜板上。主軸箱庫(kù)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)與進(jìn)給動(dòng)作都按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)子程序工作。換主軸箱時(shí)間為幾秒鐘。工件夾緊于液壓分度回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái)，以便加工工件的各個(gè)面。好果回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái)配以卸料裝置，就能合流水生產(chǎn)自動(dòng)化。在可變生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)中采用這種裝置，并配以相應(yīng)的控制器可以獲得完整的加工系統(tǒng)。 (4) 數(shù)控八軸落地鉆床 大型冷凝器的水冷壁管板的孔多達(dá)15000個(gè)，它與支撐板聯(lián)接在一起加工?？讖綖?0毫米，孔深180毫米。采用具有內(nèi)冷卻管道的麻花鉆，5－7巴壓力的冷卻液可直接進(jìn)入切削區(qū)，有利于排屑。鉆尖磨成90°供自動(dòng)　定心。它比普通麻花鉆耐用，且進(jìn)給量大。為了縮短加工時(shí)間，以8軸數(shù)控落地加工。 多軸加工趨勢(shì)：多軸加工生產(chǎn)效率高，投資少，生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備周期短，產(chǎn)品改型時(shí)設(shè)備損失少。而且隨著我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展，多軸加工的范圍一定會(huì)愈來(lái)愈廣，加工效率也會(huì)不斷提高。 生產(chǎn)任務(wù)：在一批鑄鐵連接件上有同一個(gè)面上有多個(gè)孔加工。在普通立式鉆床上進(jìn)行孔加工，通常是一個(gè)孔一個(gè)孔的鉆削，生產(chǎn)效率低，用非標(biāo)設(shè)備，即組合機(jī)床加工，生產(chǎn)效率高，但設(shè)備投資大。 但把一批普通立式普通單軸鉆床改造為立式多軸鉆床，改造后的多軸鉆床，可以同時(shí)完成多個(gè)孔的鉆、擴(kuò)、鉸、等工序。 General transformation of multi-axis drilling machine drilling machin At present, China's small and medium enterprises in product quality and production efficiency are the need for a new increase. But the processing means is far from sufficient. Many small and medium enterprises with their actual technical state of equipment improvements, through strengthening its own. In order to self-development.Common drilling for single-axis machine tools, but the installation will become a multi-axis multi-axle box of the drill, transformation into a multi-axis drilling, we could greatly shorten the processing time, improve production efficiency. ????????????? Application of multi-axis machining ：According to statistics, in general machine tools in the workshop in general, the average cutting time rarely exceeds 15% of total working hours. The remaining time is plug-in, loading and unloading the workpiece, exchange tools, operation tools, measurements, and clear the iron filings and so forth. Although the use of CNC machine tools can improve 85%, but the purchase of costly. In some cases, even if the high productivity, but the processing of the same components, the cost is not necessarily lower than the average machine. Therefore must be more to shorten the processing time. Different processing methods have different characteristics, the drilling process, the multi-axis machining is a small investment to increase productivity through effective measures. The advantages of multi-axis machining ：Although it is not the first in automatic multi-axis adjustable long line applications, but only limited to high-volume production. Even with the adjustable multi-axis head expanded the scope of use is still far from being able to meet the volume is small, hole complex requirements. In particular, as industrial development, large and complex multi-axis machining is even more compelling. For example, large-scale nuclear power plants in the water-wall tube plate condenser has 15000 ψ20 holes, if radial drilling machine processing, and simply drilling holes and countersink countersunk head is necessary to 842.5 hours, while also crossed hours 151.1 hours. However, if the 8-axis CNC machining floor drilling, drilling countersink holes as long as 171.6 hours, crossed is also simple, as long as 1.9 hours. Therefore, the use of numerical control of two axis, so that proper alignment tool processing location, combined with multi-axis machining can not only expand the range of processing, but also on the basis of improving the accuracy can greatly enhance the work efficiency, easy to quickly create original processing parts. Some analysis of large high-speed diesel engine with 30 kinds of box-shaped rod-shaped parts of the more than 2,000 drilling operations, 40% could be the automatic replacement of machines using two-axis spindle box, three-axis or four-axis multi-axis machining head, the average can be reduced 20% of the processing time. Machine Tool Exhibition in Paris in 1975 also reflected the multi-axis machining using more and more the trend. Multi-axis machining equipment ：Multi-axis machining is the same time in a feed processing a number of holes or simultaneously in many of the same or different processing of a workpiece on each hole. This will not only shorten the cutting time and improve accuracy, reduce fixturing or positioning time, and in the CNC machine tool is not necessary to calculate the coordinates, reducing the number of character blocks and simplified programming. It can be processed using the following equipment: radial drilling vertical drilling, or upload multi-axis head, multi-axis drilling machine, multi-axis modular machine tool spindle box heart and automatic replacement of machines. May even be able to automatically adjust wheelbase by two or more of the spindle axle box, junction All CNC vertical and horizontal table two directions of movement, processing a variety of round or oval-shaped hole group of one or several steps. Now the status quo in this regard to make a profile. Multi-Axis Head ：Transmission is from the main drive gear drive with two kinds of universal joint couplings. This is our familiar. Former is more efficient, simple structure, which is easy to adjust wheelbase. From the structure is concerned there is not adjustable and the adjustable two kinds. The former can not change the wheelbase, multi-use gear drive, only applies to high-volume production. Adaptability in order to expand its approval to develop a multi-axis adjustable head, in a certain range adjustable wheelbase. It is mainly mounted in a universal. Two. (1) there are two kinds of universal axis: alignment device with a spindle. Spindle mounted on adjustable bracket in an adjustable bracket can be T-shaped slot in the shell move, and the position in alignment with bolted. (2) with a tolerance of cylindrical spindle units. Set of fixed spindle hole with pieces of the same type template. The former applies to small batch and the rules of distribution of pore groups are artifacts (such as the hole groups in different diameter circle). The latter applies to a larger batch-type production of small quantities of turns, rigid better pitch accuracy is also high, but a different hole requires a different template. Multi-axis head can be mounted on vertical drilling-type radial drilling machine, press the drill itself with the various functions work. This multi-axis processing methods, due to drilling efficiency, range and accuracy of processing of the relationship between the use of limited scope. Multi-axle box ：As also the first multi-axis as the production as a standard component. U.S. Secto's standard gear boxes, multi-axle box, etc. are not designed adjustable multi-axle box. 32 kinds of specifications, process size from 300X300 mm to 600X1050 mm, the working-axis up to 60, and power up to 22.5 kilowatts. Romai factory adjustable multi-axle box easy to adjust, as long as the gear should first be adjusted to the location near the pass and then connected with its adjustable-axis move to the correct location. Therefore, this structure changes as long as the template, will be able to pass a certain extent change the content of shoes, and can reach more than ordinary axle box smaller pitch. According to principles of the use of group processing the first multi-axle, or a combination of multi-axis machine tool is applicable to large and medium volume production. In order to process to get good results, need to consider the following points: (1) workpiece clamping simple, there is enough coolant away iron filings. (2) The fixture rigidity, processing, without deformation, dividing the right position. (3) the possibility of using the two group knives for a group to use, another set of grinding and adjustment, thereby reducing tool change downtime. (4) The use of quality tools to monitor whether the blunt tool, drill grinding to machine. (5) Dimensions can be detected immediately when the ultra-poor. Multi-axis drilling machine ：This is a multi-axis machining to meet the requirements of the drill. Such as orientation, power, feed, speed and processing range. Displayed at the Paris Exhibition of multi-axis drilling machine with hydraulic multi-feed. Throughout its work, such as fast-forward through the bad, workers enter and clear the iron filings are all automatically. It is noteworthy that the majority of agencies with separate variable speed, so that one group can adapt to the different pore size hole processing needs. 1.2.4 automatic replacement machine tool spindle box In order to rationalize the needs of small and medium volume production in recent years the development of the automatic replacement of modular machine tool spindle box. (1) The automatic replacement spindle machine Automatic replacement of rotary spindle machine tool spindle box at the top is a library, there are several non-adjustable hanging spindle box. Vertical and horizontal patch panel to the first series of good working procedures, so that the corresponding spindle box into the processing station, location and with the power connection tight, and then turn to the table with the workpiece spindle box below, upward mobility for processing. When the change processing object, as long as the exchange suspension spindle box, you can pass with different processes for different needs. (2) The multi-axis machine tool turret Turret to install more non-adjustable or universal coupling spindle box, turret can automatically switch to digital, and clamp the workpiece in the rotary table to feed motion. Through the rotary table can be a number of workpiece surface. Because the turret not be too big, so it is generally not exceed the median of workers 4-6. And the spindle box is also not too large. When the machining process more objects, size larger, it should automatically replace the machine tool spindle box fit, but its simple structure. (3) Automatic replacement of modular machine tool spindle box It consists of automatic line or a combination of standard machine parts. Non-adjustable multi-axle box and power box by home base in the horizontal, the spindle rotates, the entire case library fastening device to the system in the slip into the board. Library Headstock rotation and feed movement is based on standard routines of work. Headstock time for a few seconds. Clamping the hydraulic sub-degree rotary table so that each workpiece surface. Good fruit rotary table accompanied by discharging device, we can co-flow production automation. In the variable production system using this device, accompanied by the corresponding controller can obtain a complete processing system. (4) 8-axis CNC drill floor Large condenser water wall tube plate holes as many as 15,000, which linked together with the support plate processing. Diameter of 20 mm, hole depth 180 mm. Used inside the cooling pipe has a twist drill ,5-7 bar pressure, coolant directly into the cutting area is conducive to chip removal. And ground into a 90 ° drill point for the self-centering. Durable than regular twist drill, and a large quantity of feed. To shorten the processing time to 8-axis CNC machining floor. trends in multi-axis machining ：Multi-axis machining high production efficiency, low investment and production preparation cycle is short, product modification, when a small loss of equipment. And as China's CNC technology, the scope of multi-axis machining will become the broad, processing efficiency will be improved. production tasks ：A group of cast-iron joints have the same surface processing with multiple holes. In the general processing of vertical holes on the drill, usually a hole a hole drilling, production efficiency is low, use non-standard equipment, that is, combination of machining, production efficiency is high, but the large investment in equipment. However, the number of common vertical drilling machine to transform ordinary single-axis vertical multi-axis drilling machine after transformation, multi-axis drilling machine can simultaneously perform multiple hole drilling, expansion, hinges, and other processes. 17