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1、2、細(xì)胞的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能及微生物分類Structure and Function of Cell and Classification of Microorganism 六大元素: 碳、氫、氧、氮、硫和磷(無(wú)論什么生物，都含有這些元素)，對(duì)于單分子生物，這六大類元素可以占到整個(gè)生物的100%，如蛋白類。而在細(xì)胞生物體中，這六類元素的總量大約占干物質(zhì)的9097 大量元素（macroelements or macronutrients）還有鉀、鈣、鎂、鐵等。微量元素：鉬、鋅、錳、硼、鈷、碘、鎳、釩等 元素含量元素含量元素含量C 50 P 3 Ca 0.5O 20 S 1 Mg 0.5N 14 K 1

2、Fe 0.5H 8 Na 1其它0.5 22 微生物分類vMicrobial TaxonomyvMicroorganisms are tremendously diverse in size, shape, physiology, and lifestyle. General Introduction and Overviewv consists of three separate but interrelated parts: v Classification is the arrangement of organisms into groups or taxa (s., taxon) ba

3、sed on mutual similarity or evolutionary relatedness. v Nomenclture is the branch of taxonomy concerned with the assignmennt of names to taxonomic groups in agreement with published rules. v Identification is the practical side of taxonomy, the process of determining that a particular isolated belon

4、gs to a recognized taxon. Universal Phylogenetic Tree 生物無(wú)細(xì)胞生物單分子純蛋白原生生物純核酸多分子核酸與蛋白復(fù)合體， 細(xì)胞生物原核生物細(xì)菌Bacteria古細(xì)菌Archaea真核生物Eucarya 非細(xì)胞生物單分子純蛋白（，瘋牛病蛋白）原生生物Protista 純核酸質(zhì)粒？多分子核酸與蛋白復(fù)合體， 病毒類 原核生物Procaryote細(xì)菌Bacteria Aquifex原生生物ProtistaThermotogaGreen nonsulfur bacteriaFlavobacteriaGram-positive bacteriaCyano

5、bacteriaSpirochetesProteobacteria古細(xì)菌Archaea PyrodictiumThermoproteusThermococcusMethanococcusMethanobacteriumMethanosarcinaThermoplsama Halobacteria 真核生物Eucarya Diplomonads后生生物MetazoanMicrosporidiaTrichomonadsFlagellates鞭毛蟲，鞭毛藻Entamoeba內(nèi)生阿米巴Slime moldsCiliatesAnimals后生生物MetazoanFungi原生生物Plants后生生物Me

6、tazoan 23 原核生物的大小形狀vSize, Shape, and ArrangementvProcaryotic Cell Organization Figure 2.1 Representative Bacteria Unusually Shaped Bacteria (a)放線菌. (b) 肺炎枝原體. (c) 螺原體屬. (d) 生絲微菌屬. (e) Walsbys 方形細(xì)菌. (f) 含鐵嘉氏鐵柄桿菌 24 細(xì)菌 Morphology of a Gram-Positive Bacterium. Plasma membrane Selectively permeable barr

7、ier, mechanical boundary of cell. nutrient and waste transport, location of many metabolic processes (respiration, photosynthesis). detection of environmental cues for chemotaxis Gas vacuole Buoyancy for floating in aquatic environments Ribosomes Protein synthesis Inclusion bodies Storage of carbon,

8、 phosphate, and other substances Nucleoid Localization of genetic material (DNA) Periplasmic space Contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins for nutrient processing and uptake Cell wall Gives bacteria shape and protection from lysis in dilute solutions Capsules and slime layers Resistance to

9、phagocytosis adherence to surfaces Fimbriae and pili Attachment to surfaces, bacterial mating Flagella Movement Endospore Survival under harsh environmental Conditions (nuclear region or area)核質(zhì)體(nuclear body)原核(prokaryon)擬核(nucleoid)核基因組(genome)染色質(zhì)體（chromatin body)是指原核生物所特有的無(wú)核膜結(jié)構(gòu)、無(wú)固定形態(tài)的原始細(xì)胞核， 一般每個(gè)細(xì)

10、胞含核區(qū)14個(gè)。在快速生長(zhǎng)的細(xì)菌中，核區(qū)DNA可占細(xì)胞總體積的20。擬核與間體（mesosome）或質(zhì)膜（plasma membrane）有聯(lián)系。細(xì)菌的核區(qū)除在染色體復(fù)制的短時(shí)間內(nèi)呈雙倍體外，一般均為單倍體，有些也具有線狀的DNA染色體。對(duì)完全除掉膜的擬核分析發(fā)現(xiàn)它是由重量占60% DNA, 30% RNA和10% 蛋白質(zhì)組成。 planctomycetes的兩個(gè)屬的擬核區(qū)有膜包被，Pireltula具有單層膜包被核區(qū)，形成pirellalosome，其中含有纖維狀的擬核和類似核糖體的顆粒。Gemmata obscuriglobus的核區(qū)被雙膜包被。一些細(xì)菌在染色質(zhì)之外還含有質(zhì)粒。 223 T

11、he Cytoplasmic Matrix223.1 Inclusion Bodies223.2 Ribosomes Figure 3.31 Flagellar Distribution. Figure 4.1 Representative Examples of Eucaryotic Microorganisms.(a)Paramecium as seen with interference-contrast microscopy (115). (b) Mixed diatom frustules (100). (c) Penicillium colonies, and (d) a micr

12、oscopic view of the molds hyphae and conidia (220). (e) Stentor The ciliated protozoa are extended and actively feeding, dark-field microscopy (100) (f) Amanita muscaria, a large poisonous mushroom (5). Plasma membrane Mechanical cell boundary, selectively permeable barrier with transport systems, m

13、ediates cell-cell interactionsand adhesion to surfaces, secretionCytoplasmic matrix Environment for other organelles, location of many metabolic processesMicrofilaments Cell structure and movements, form the cytoskeleton intermediate filaments, and microtubulesEndoplasmic reticulum Transport of mate

14、rials, protein and lipid synthesisRibosomes Protein synthesisGolgi apparatus Packaging and secretion of materials for various purposes, lysosome formationLysosomes Intracellular digestionMitochodria Energy production thorough use of the tricarboxyllc acid cycle, electron transport oxidative phosphor

15、ylation, and other pathways Chloroplasts Photosynthesis-trapping light energy and formation of carbohydrate from CO2 and waterNucleus Repository for genetic information, control center for cellNucleolus Ribosomal RNA synthesis, ribosome constructionCell wall and pellicle Strengthen and give shape to

16、 the cellCilia and flagella Cell movementVacuole Temporary storage and transport, digestion (food vacuoles), water balance (contractile vacuole) 微管結(jié)構(gòu) Golgi Apparatus Structure Lysosome Structure, Formation, and Function. Lysosome Structure, Formation, and Function Membrane Flow in the Vacuome Protea

17、some Degradation of Proteins Chloroplast Structure The Nucleus The Eucaryotic Cell Cycle Coordination of Ciliary Activity Cilia and Flagella Structure Comparison of Procaryotic and Eucaryotic Cell structure. Table 4.2 Comparison of Procaryotic and Euearyotic Cells Property Procaryotes EucaryotesOrga

18、nization of Genetic Material True membrane-bound nucleus Absent Present DNA complexed with histones No Yes Number of chromosomes One a More than one Introns in genes Rare Common Nucleolus Absent Present Mitosis occurs No YesGenetic Recombination Partial, unidirectional transfer of DNA Meiosis and fu

19、sion of gametesMitochondria Absent PresentChloroplasts Absent PresentPlasma Membrane with Sterols Usually no b Yes Table 4.2 Comparison of Procaryotic and Euearyotic Cells Flagella Submicrosopic in size; composedof one fiber Microscopic in size; membrane bound; usually 20 microtubules in 9 + 2 patte

20、rnEndoplasmic Reticulum Absent PresentGoigi Apparatus Absent PresentCell Walls Usually chemically complex with peptidoglycane c Chemically simpler and lacking peptidoglycandifferent in simpler organellesRibosomes 70s 80S (except in mitochondria and chloroplast)Lysosomes and peroxisomes Absent PresentMicrotubules Absent or rare Present Cytoskeleton May be absent PresentDifferentiation Rudimentary Tissues and organs