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1、V Questions 30% 四選二 1. Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy and literature. Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great co

2、ntribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture. 簡述希臘文化的主要成就，如宗教、哲學(xué)和文學(xué)等。 在荷馬時(shí)代，希臘宗教真正成型，并以多神論以及人類的形態(tài)和情感為特征。

3、希臘宗教對希臘文學(xué)、哲學(xué)和藝術(shù)作出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)。希臘宗教是希臘神話的重要開端，荷馬史詩中的宗教故事使希臘神話得到充分的發(fā)展，從而影響了后來的各種希臘文化的發(fā)展。 Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding

4、of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism. The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship” and “co

5、urage”. 希臘哲學(xué)始于泰利斯（希臘哲學(xué)家，公元前640年–公元前547年）他認(rèn)為物質(zhì)世界起源于水。他的哲學(xué)屬于唯物主義。他跟著畢達(dá)哥拉斯的人認(rèn)為，對世界的理解的關(guān)鍵是數(shù)字，對理想主義的發(fā)言人反對。 Plato established the Academy － the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic” which was supposed to embrace his i

6、deals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. 希臘哲學(xué)家的核心（代表人物）

7、是蘇格拉底、柏拉圖和亞里士多德。蘇格拉底很少考慮物質(zhì)財(cái)富，但熱衷于探討一些道德和行為問題的定義，例如“友誼”和“勇氣”。 達(dá)成妥協(xié)。 柏拉圖建立高等學(xué)院 —— 希臘第一所高等學(xué)校。他的貢獻(xiàn)包括他的思想理論和他關(guān)于“共和國”的論點(diǎn)，這一觀點(diǎn)包括他對未來國家的理想，即人類可以享受幸福的生活。亞里士多德也是一個(gè)博學(xué)的人，他的工作涉及廣泛的領(lǐng)域。他作為哲學(xué)家的聲望很大程度上取決于他關(guān)于形而上學(xué)的論點(diǎn)，他試圖在物質(zhì)和神性之間 Literary representation centered round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odysse

8、y, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public. 文學(xué)表現(xiàn)圍繞著伊利亞特和奧德賽這兩首史詩，抒情詩有莎孚和品達(dá)，戲劇有埃斯庫羅斯、歐里庇得斯和阿里斯多芬尼斯，他們的作品融合了希臘神話和社會(huì)生活，贏得了公眾的贊賞和熱忱。 2. Tell br

9、iefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry and architecture. In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. However, the Romans showed the ec

10、lectic aspect in their culture，i.e. Romans did not take in all that they collected from other cultures but modified and developed it according to their own need. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. 簡述羅馬文化的主要特點(diǎn)和貢獻(xiàn)，如宗教、

11、詩歌和建筑。 Before Christianity appeared in Rome, ancient Romans were polytheists. They adopted many cults from other religions, fusing them into their own religion. According to Greek culture and others’ culture, they created their own gods and myth, such as Jupiter, Juno, and Venus, which become sub

12、ject matter for the artist, writers, and architects in their creative production. 在早期，羅馬文化經(jīng)常依賴于對其他文化的引進(jìn)和模仿，尤其是希臘文化。然而，羅馬人在他們的文化中顯示了折衷的方面，也就是說羅馬人沒有全盤接受從其他文化中收集到的一切，而是根據(jù)自己的需要修改和發(fā)展它。羅馬人創(chuàng)造了自己強(qiáng)大的文化，為后來的西方文化在許多領(lǐng)域奠定了基礎(chǔ)。 在羅馬出現(xiàn)基督教之前，古羅馬人是多神論者。他們從其他宗教中吸收了許多教派，把他們?nèi)诤系阶约旱淖诮讨?。根?jù)希臘文化和其他文化，他們創(chuàng)造了自己的神和神話，如朱庇特、朱諾和

13、維納斯，這成為藝術(shù)家、作家和建筑師創(chuàng)作的主題。 In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements, producing numerous distinguished poets and poems. The poet Virgil’s Aeneid is considered as a model epic in the European literary tradition. He is so famous in poetry that he was modeled for many pastoral writers. For exam

14、ple, Italian poet. 在詩歌方面，古羅馬取得了輝煌的成就，造就了眾多杰出的詩人和詩歌。詩人維吉爾的詩被認(rèn)為是歐洲文學(xué)傳統(tǒng)史詩的典范。他在詩歌方面很有名，所以他被許多田園作家所模仿。例如，意大利詩人。 Dante called him his teacher in his masterpiece The Divine Comedy. Horace was not only famous for his poems but his critic. In his Epistles, he advanced many influential principles for c

15、reative writing, exerting great influences on later generations. In the 17th century his work was translated into English. Another important poet was Ovid, whose Metamorphosis was translated into English and quoted frequently by many famous writers, such as Chaucer, Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Shirley

16、and T.S. Eliot. 但丁在他的代表作《神曲》中稱他為老師。賀拉斯不僅以詩歌出名，而且以批評家著稱。在他的書信中，他提出了許多具有影響力的創(chuàng)作原則，對后世產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響。十七世紀(jì)，他的作品被譯成英文。另一個(gè)重要的詩人是奧維德，他的蛻變被翻譯成英文并且被許多著名作家頻繁引用，如喬叟、莎士比亞、本瓊森、雪莉、艾略特。 A number of important historians came forth in the ancient Roman period. Polybius created his tremendous works consisting of 40 books,

17、 History, which spanned about 500 years. Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His works has always been cited by later statesmen, writers and scholars such as Niccolo Machiavelli and Shakespeare. The architecture of ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own

18、purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind. They were more utilitarian and showed an interest in grandeur and scale. They constructed many public edifices which still existed today and became the famous key point of interest for the world. Romans used the arch, the vault and the dome, and di

19、scovered how to make concrete. 古羅馬時(shí)期出現(xiàn)了許多重要的歷史學(xué)家。波力比阿斯（古希臘歷史學(xué)家）創(chuàng)作由40本書組成的巨作，該作品跨距約500年歷史。李維（荷馬歷史學(xué)家）參與了羅馬的重大史的142卷。他的作品一直被后來的政治家、作家和學(xué)者如尼古拉（意大利作家）和莎士比亞所引用。 古羅馬的建筑以希臘風(fēng)格為參考，但羅馬人也開發(fā)了一種新的風(fēng)格。他們更功利，表現(xiàn)出對宏偉和規(guī)模（建筑）的興趣。他們建造了許多公共建筑物，今日依舊存在，并成為世界關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。羅馬人使用拱門、拱頂和圓屋頂，并且發(fā)現(xiàn)如何制作混凝土。 3. Why cou

20、ld Christianity be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe? 為什么基督教可以被羅馬帝國優(yōu)先接受，接著被歐洲的其他王國或帝國接受？ 1）For the common people in the empire who were fed up with wars and social turmoil, they needed something to fill up their sp

21、iritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role to pacify and comfort them with love and care more effectively than other organizations or religions. 對于那些厭倦了戰(zhàn)爭和社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩的普通百姓來說，他們需要一些東西來填補(bǔ)他們的精神空虛。相比其他組織或宗教，基督教發(fā)揮著這樣的作用：他們用愛與關(guān)懷，更有效地安撫和安慰精神空虛者。 2）It could work together with any secular regimes to off

22、er necessary assistance to control ideologically and intellectually the ordinary people, which was thus welcomed by the kings, emperors or aristocrats. 它可以與任何世俗政權(quán)合作，提供必要的援助，以控制普通民眾的思想和智力，從而受到國王、皇帝或貴族的歡迎。 3）The name and influence of Christianity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification

23、, which would help the majority of people to accept the reign of a newly emerging ruler and his followers. 基督教的名字和影響將是一個(gè)神圣和公義的象征，這將有助于大多數(shù)人接受一個(gè)新統(tǒng)治者與其追隨者的支配。 4）Christianity is also a kind of culture, which to many people suggests social stability and recovery of an old life style they are accust

24、omed to. Though conservative as well, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances. 基督教也是一種文化，對許多人來說，這意味著社會(huì)穩(wěn)定和他們所習(xí)慣的舊生活方式的恢復(fù)。雖然保守，但也可以容忍，因?yàn)樗麄兊纳拓?cái)產(chǎn)可以在變化的環(huán)境中得到保障。 4. What are the basic differences between Christiani

25、ty and Judaism? 基督教和猶太教的基本區(qū)別是什么？ In spite of the fact that the two religions both derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them. 盡管這兩種宗教都源于猶太文化，但它們之間存在著一些基本的差異。 1）First are the different images of God. For Judaism, its God Jehovah was representation of Nature as an

26、 almighty, omnipotent supernatural being. He is expected to provide protection for the Jews who suffered so much in history and help the Jews recover their homeland. In contrast, the Christian God Jesus is both human and divine with the origin of humanity and hence shares with humans various kinds o

27、f suffering. 2） Second are the different views of God. Jehovah is viewed with a sort of fear and solemnity since He is like fire or wind which would bring force and harm to the human race while the Christian God is kinder and more helpful, since He personally suffers as a human. 首先是神的不同形象。對猶太教

28、來說，它的上帝耶和華是大自然的代表，是全能的、全能的超自然存在。他希望能為那些在歷史上遭受如此多苦難的猶太人提供保護(hù)，幫助猶太人恢復(fù)家園。相比之下，基督教的神——耶穌，他既有人性，又有神性，具有人類的出生，因此與人類分享各種苦難。 3）Third is the different position each religion holds and hence different contribution each makes. For the early period of Judaism, Jehovah enjoyed every respect and worship from th

29、e Jews since Israel was a country of integrity and built up the grand temple for its God. But with the fall of the country, all were destroyed including the temple. They could do nothing about worship but keep their respect secretly in mind for their God. Comparatively Christian worship of Jesus was

30、 not allowed in the early days since the religion was illegal and only with the improvement of the situation could the Christian disciples openly demonstrate their worship of Jesus in public. 其次是對上帝的不同看法。耶和華被視為一種恐懼和莊嚴(yán)，因?yàn)樗窕鸹蝻L(fēng)，這將給人類帶來力量和傷害，而基督教的神（耶穌）更仁慈，更有幫助，因?yàn)樗麄€(gè)人作為人類受苦。 拜。 第三是不同宗教所持有的不同地位，因此各有不

31、同的貢獻(xiàn)。在猶太教初期，以色列是一個(gè)完整的國家，為它的上帝建立了宏偉的圣殿，耶和華從猶太人那里享有尊敬和崇拜。但是隨著國家的衰落，一切都被毀壞了，包括圣殿。他們對敬拜無能為力，只能將對他們上帝的敬拜默默地藏在心里。由于基督教是非法的，所以相對來說，早期基督教徒對耶穌的崇拜是不被允許的，隨著形勢的改善，基督教的信徒們才能在公眾場合，公開顯明對耶穌的崇 4）Fourth is that Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affected them in spirit occasionally while Christianity b

32、ecame an inseparable part of the secular life of the Westerners. Pope and churches became so powerful that they even tried to seize more political power from the emperors or kings who had to depend sometimes on the Christian church for both spiritual and political support since Christianity could easily exert its influence on the church people and non-church people. 第四是在理論上，耶和華對猶太人很重要，偶爾也影響到他們的精神，而基督教則成為西方人世俗生活中不可分割的一部分。教皇和教會(huì)變得如此強(qiáng)大，他們甚至試圖從皇帝或國王那里奪取更多的政治權(quán)力，而皇帝或國王有時(shí)不得不依靠基督教教會(huì)的精神和政治上的支持，因?yàn)榛浇炭梢院苋菀椎貙掏胶头墙掏疆a(chǎn)生影響。