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1、句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu) 句子種類兩種分類法按句子的用途可分四種：1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old.2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）： Do they like skating? How old is he? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys. Dont talk in class4）感嘆句：How clever the boy is! 按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種： 1) 簡單句2) 并列句3) 復(fù)合句 v1）簡單句：只有一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）。ve.g. He often reads E

2、nglish in the morning.v Tom and Mike are American boys.v She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. v我們可以給句子的動詞加上副詞修飾，給名詞加上形容詞、介詞短語修飾，給句子加上狀語進行修飾等，以使整個句子的意思變得更加的豐富和充實。但不管如何變，都只有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。vHe worked hard all his life. vHe is a school student in No. 1 Middle School. v2) 并列句：v句型：簡

3、單句+并列連詞+簡單句v并列句是由兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連接而成。并列句中的各簡單句意義同等重要，相互之間沒有從屬關(guān)系，是平行并列的關(guān)系。它們之間用連詞連結(jié)。ve.g. You help him and he helps you.v The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 并列句的分類v 1、表示連接兩個同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等連接。ve.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.v 2、表示選擇，

4、常用的連詞有or, eitheror, otherwise等。 e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train. v 3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but, yet, while等。ve.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.v 4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so, for等。ve.g. August is the time of the year for rice harvest,

5、 so every day I work from dawn until dark. 3）復(fù)合句：含有一個或一個以上從句的句子。從句包括名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從 句、表語從句和同位語從句） 定語從句和狀語從句等。句型主句+連詞+從句；或連詞+從句+主句ve.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. v復(fù)合句就是含有兩個或兩個以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子。這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，必定有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是句子的主句部分，而另一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)則是句子的次要部分，即從句部分。vWhere there is a

6、 will, there is a way. Exercises 判斷句型v1.Having finished his homework, the boy went on to help his mother.v2. What he says doesnt suit what he does. (簡單句劃線部分在句中作狀語，修飾整個句子) (復(fù)合句包含兩個名詞性從句：What he says 是一個主語從句；what he does 是一個賓語從句) v3. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.v4. The boy who o

7、ffered me his seat is called Tom.v5. There is a chair in this room, isnt there?簡單句復(fù)合句簡單句 6. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.7. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.8. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.并列句 復(fù)合句

8、 簡單句 9. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.10. What he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it?11. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.并列句 復(fù)合句 簡單句 句子成分和句子結(jié)構(gòu) v簡單句的五個基本句型v主語 不及物動詞 She came. v主語 及物動詞 賓語 She likes English.v主語 系動詞 主語補語 v She is happyv主語 動詞 間接賓語 直接賓語v She gave Joh

9、n a bookv She bought a book for me.v主語 動詞 賓語 賓語補語 v She makes her mother angry v The teacher asked me to read the passage.v（ There +be There is a book on the desk. 1. 主語（subject）：句子的中心詞，說明的人或事物。 The sun rises in the east （名詞） He likes dancing. （代詞） Twenty years is a short time in history. (數(shù)詞) Seein

10、g is believing. （動名詞） To see is to believe.（不定式） What he needs is a book.（主語從句） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主語，主語從句是真正主語） (一）指出下列句中主語的中心詞 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictiona

11、ry was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult. 2.謂語（predicate）：是對主語加以陳述，表示主語的行為或狀態(tài)，常用動詞或者動詞詞組擔(dān)任，放在主語的后面。We study English. He is asleep.(二). 選出句中謂語的中心詞 I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer

12、and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon 3. 表語（predicative）：系動詞之后的成分，表示主語的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征。He is a teacher. （名詞） Y

13、ou dont look it. （代詞）Five and five is ten. （數(shù)詞） He is asleep. （形容詞）His father is in. （副詞） The picture is on the wall. (介詞短語)My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容詞化的分詞）The question is whether they will come. （表語從句） （常見的系動詞有: be, sound（聽起來）, look（看起來）, feel(摸起來，smell（聞起來）, taste（嘗、吃起來）, remain（保持，仍是）

14、, feel（感覺）It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.The door remains open. Now I feel tired. (三) 挑出下列句中的表語 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon

15、 They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it. 4. 賓語：1）動賓表示行為的對象，常由名詞或者代詞擔(dān)任。放在及物動詞或者介詞之后。如：I like China. （名詞） He hates you. （代詞）How many do you need? We need two. （數(shù)詞）I enjoy working with you. （動名詞）I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （賓語從

16、句） 2）介詞后的名詞、代詞和動名詞-介賓 Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3）雙賓語-間賓（指人）和直賓（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money v (四) 挑出下列句中的賓語v My brother hasnt done his homework.v People all over the world speak English.v You must pay good attention to your pr

17、onunciation.v How many new words did you learn last class?v Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? v 5. 賓補：對賓語的補充，全稱為賓語補足語。v We elected him monitor. （名詞） v We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名詞）v We will make them happy. （形容詞）v We found nobody in. ( 副詞

18、)v Please make yourself at home. （介詞短語） Dont let him do that. （省to不定式）v His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （帶to不定式） v Dont keep the lights burning. （現(xiàn)在分詞）v Ill have my bike repaired. （過去分詞） v (五) 挑出下列句中的賓語補足語v She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-roo

19、m.v He asked her to take the boy out of school.v She found it difficult to do the work.v They call me Lily sometimes.v I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.v Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? v to read newspapers and books in the reading-room to take the boy out of schoolv Li

20、ly get on the bus playing football on the playground v 劃出句中的直接賓語和間接賓語v Please tell us a story.v My father bought a new bike for me last week.v Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.v Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.v Did he leave any message for me? v 6.定語：修飾或限制名詞或代詞的詞、詞組或句子。v Yanling is a che

21、mistry teacher.（名詞）v He is our friend. （代詞）v We belong to the third world.（數(shù)詞） v He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容詞）v The man over there is my old friend.(副詞)v The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介詞)v The boys playing football are in Class 2. （現(xiàn)在分詞）v The trees planted la

22、st year are growing well now. （過去分詞） v I have an idea to do it well.（不定式） v You should do everything that I do. （定語從句） v挑出下列句中的定語v They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name.v What is your given name?v On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.v I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.v The ma

23、n downstairs was trying to sleep. v family given third some downstairs v 7.狀語：用來修飾v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、程度、條件、方式和讓步。（以下例句按上述順序排列）v I will go there tomorrow. v The meeting will be held in the meeting room.v The meat went bad because of the hot weather. v He studies hard to learn Engl

24、ish well.v He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam. v I like some of you very much. v If you study hard, you will pass the exam. v He goes to school by bike.v Though he is young, he can do it well. v 挑出下列句中的狀語v There was a big smile on her face.v Every night he heard the noise upstairs.v H

25、e began to learn English when he was eleven.v The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.v With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.v on the face Every night when he was eleven fast off 8. 同位語：對句子中某一成分作進一步解釋、說明，與前面的名詞在語法上處于同等地位的句子成分叫同位語。Mr Lin, our headmaster , is giving us a s

26、peech.Beijing , capital of China , is developing fast.The engineer himself repaired it . We all got angry.We two will go to see you .The news that he will come is true. 9、獨立成分：有時句子中會有一些與句子沒有語法聯(lián)系的成分，稱為句子獨立成分(注意：區(qū)別于分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu))。oh,hello,aha,ah,等。 yes no ：稱呼人的用語。 ：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 v如: The stor

27、y,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,這個故事還遠沒結(jié)束. ,表示說話人的語氣（多作為修飾全句的狀語）:perhaps也許,maybe大概,acturely實際上,certainly當然，等。 10、分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞作狀語時其邏輯主語與句子的主語一致! 否則應(yīng)有自己的邏輯主語，構(gòu)成分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。 Studying hard,your score will go up. v正確：(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up. 或 (2)If you study hard,your score will

28、 go up. v獨立結(jié)構(gòu)還可用with、without引導(dǎo)，作狀語或定語。這種結(jié)構(gòu)不但可以用分詞，還可以用不定式、形容詞、介詞短語、副詞或名詞等。 v如： v With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon./v The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose. v分詞做狀語時，其邏輯主語應(yīng)該與句子的主語保持一致，否則應(yīng)該有自己的邏輯主語，構(gòu)成分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。 v 1）邏輯主語+現(xiàn)在分詞，表主動。v Mary coming back, they discussed it together.(when Mary came

29、back.)v All being well, the project will be finished in five months.(If all is well.)v That being the case, wed better make another plan. (Since that is the case)v She walked along the path, her daughter following close behind. (her daughter followed close behind) v 1）邏輯主語+現(xiàn)在分詞，表主動。v Mary coming bac

30、k, they discussed it together.(when Mary came back.)v All being well, the project will be finished in five months.(If all is well.)v That being the case, wed better make another plan. (Since that is the case)v She walked along the path, her daughter following close behind. (her daughter followed clo

31、se behind) 做狀語v1.做時間狀語，相當于when引導(dǎo)的從句vEg: Hearing the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai.(when they heard the news)vSeen from the pagoda, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.v2. 做原因狀語，相當于as,since, because的從句vBeing Sunday, the shops are overcrowded.vA bit frightened, he stood moti

32、onless. 3. 做方式伴隨vHe walked down the hill, singing softly to himself.vHe hurried to the hall, followed by two guards.vThe boy ran home, crying.v4.做條件狀語，相當于if, unless引導(dǎo)的從句vGiven another chance, Ill do it much better.v5.做結(jié)果狀從， 相當于so that的從句 vHe turned off the light, seeing nothing. 6. 做讓步狀從，相當于though,

33、even if的從句vWounded, the brave soldier continued to fight.vAdmitting what she has said, I still think that she hasnt tried her best. 練習(xí)一.指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：v1. The students got on the school bus.v2. He handed me the newspaper.v3. I shall answer your question after class.v4. What a beautiful Chinese pa

34、inting!v5. They went hunting together early in the morning. S. AttributeO.Predicate AdverbialAttribute Adverbial v6. His job is to train swimmers.v7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.v8. There is going to be an American film tonight.v9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.v10. His wish

35、 is to become a scientist.v11. He managed to finish the work in time.v12. Tom came to ask me for advice.Attribute PredicativeO.Predicate S.PredicateS. PredicativePredicate Adverbial v14. Do you have anything else to say?v15. To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good.v16. Would you please tell m

36、e your address?v17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.v18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.v19. He noticed a man enter the room.v20. The apples tasted sweet.O. AttributeParenthesis O.Adverbial AdverbialPredicativeO.C. O.C.Predicative 劃分句子成分1.we are working .2.I can swim very well

37、 .3.The waiter brought a bottle of beer to me .4.Why does the wind blow ？5.The rain has been pulling down for a whole day .6.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music . 二、用符號劃出下列短文各句中的主語（）、謂語（）、賓語（）：v I hope you are very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad

38、 on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We

39、 have a lot of machines on the farm. 三、用符號劃出下列短文各句中的定語（）、狀語（）、補語（）： v Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. Its great! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink b

40、eer. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I m

41、ust stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents. 句子成分意義充當詞類例句主語表示句子說的是什么人或什么事名，代，數(shù)，不定式，動名詞，短語或句子We study in H uangQ iao Middle School.謂語說明主語做什么，是什么或怎么樣動詞或動詞詞組She is dancing under the tree.賓語表示動作行為的對象同主語Both of us like English.表語與聯(lián)系動詞連用，一起構(gòu)成謂語，說明主語的性質(zhì)或特征同主語H er father is a chemist.H is words sound reasonable.定語用來修飾名詞或代詞形，代，數(shù)，名, 副，介詞短語或句子We have eight lessons every day.狀語修飾動詞，形容詞，副詞，表 示動作發(fā)生的時間，地點，原因，目的，方式，結(jié)果等副詞，介詞短語或句子H e works very hard.They held a party in H ollywood.賓語補足語邏輯上與賓語是主謂關(guān)系形容詞，名詞，介詞短語等She always keeps the house clean.主語謂語是基礎(chǔ)，賓表定狀補輔助。賓主來自名代數(shù)，動詞作謂不可無！