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1、 1 Noun to verb conversion2 Verb + for Construction3 Verb + on Construction4 Translation of attributive clauses5 Translation of culture-loadedexpressionsUseful expressions6 Language in Use Noun to verb conversion1) 2)3) Examples4) Exercise Knowledge of noun to verb conversionNoun to verb conversion

2、in the text Language in Use Noun to verb conversion On a hot September afternoon, four hundred students crashed into a small classroom, looking for seats on the long rows that curved around like giant horseshoes. (Para. 1)1) Noun to verb conversion in the text He clipped on a lavaliere microphone an

3、d cleared his throat. (Para. 2) A soft murmur rippled across the room as students turned from side to side and whispered expressions of disbelief. (Para. 4) to form a curveto fasten wit a clipt spre d like a ripple Language in Use Noun to verb conversion You will not be whipped in the public square

4、if you dont. (Para. 4 ) 1) Noun to verb conversion in the text We have to get excited about probing a vast array of subjects and disciplines. (Para. 12) to beat with a whipto explore or examine with a probe Language in Use Noun to verb conversion2) Knowledge of “noun to verb conversion”Noun to verb

5、conversion is one of the most productive ways, with the meaning:1. “to act as or like N”2. “to give N”3. “to send/go by N”4. “to with N”5. “to put in/on N” 6. “to make/change into N”7. “to deprive of N” Language in Use Noun to verb conversion3) Examples （ 一 ） 動 物 名 詞 轉 化 為 有 該 動 物 習 性 特 點 的 行 為 動作 t

6、o act likeape to ape: to imitate like an ape (模 仿 )dog to dog: to follow or hunt like a dog (尾 隨 ，追 蹤 )monkey to monkey (with): to mimic, play mischievous tricks like a monkey (胡 鬧 ， 瞎 弄 ) Language in Use Noun to verb conversion3) Examples （ 一 ） 動 物 名 詞 轉 化 為 有 該 動 物 習 性 特 點 的 行 為 動作 to act likebull

7、 to bull: to push forcefully like a bull (用 力推 ， 擠 ); to scare sb. by using ones strength like a bull (嚇 唬 ， 威 脅 ) Language in Use Noun to verb conversion3) Examples （ 二 ） 人 體 部 位 和 動 植 物 組 成 部 分 的 名 詞 轉 化 為 具有 其 形 象 特 點 的 行 為 動 詞 to withfinger to finger: to feel or handle with fingers (觸 摸 某 物 )sho

8、ulder to shoulder: to carry sth. with the shoulders (扛 、 擔 、 掮 （ 某 物 ） )elbow to elbow: to push ones way with the elbows (用 肘 強 行 開 路 ) Language in Use Noun to verb conversion3) Examples （ 二 ） 人 體 部 位 和 動 植 物 組 成 部 分 的 名 詞 轉 化 為 具有 其 形 象 特 點 的 行 為 動 詞 to withpeel to peel: to remove the peel from(削 掉

9、 的 皮 )core to core: to take cores out of (去 的 核 ) Language in Use Noun to verb conversion（ 三 ） 自 然 現(xiàn) 象 名 詞 轉 化 為 表 示 以 其 性 質(zhì) 為 特 征 的動 作 動 詞 to likeThey stormed the speaker with questions. 他 們 猛烈 質(zhì) 問 演 講 者 。storm: to speak violently like a stormMisfortunes have rained heavily upon the old man. 不 幸 總

10、是 無 情 地 落 在 這 位 老 人 身 上 。rain: to fall like rain3) Examples Language in Use Noun to verb conversion（ 三 ） 自 然 現(xiàn) 象 名 詞 轉 化 為 表 示 以 其 性 質(zhì) 為 特 征 的動 作 動 詞 to likeHis refusal iced our enthusiasm. 他 的 拒 絕 冷 卻 了我 們 的 熱 情 。ice: to freeze like ice3) Examples Language in Use Noun to verb conversion（ 四 ） 工 具 名

11、稱 的 動 詞 化 to work/do with, to put into, to give sb. sth. 3) Examples hammer to hammer: to strike with a hammer (用 錘 子 敲 )needle to needle: to push ones way like a needle (摩 肩 接 踵 )helicopter to helicopter: to travel by helicopter (坐 直 升 飛 機 旅 行 ) Language in Use Noun to verb conversion（ 四 ） 工 具 名 稱

12、的 動 詞 化 to work/do with, to put into, to give sb. sth. 3) Examples telegram to telegram: to send sb. a telegram (打 電 報 )clothe to clothe: to give clothes to sb. (給 某 人穿 衣 )cage to cage: to put into a cage (用 籠 裝 )corner to corner: to put into a corner (使 某 人走 投 無 路 ) Language in Use Noun to verb con

13、version（ 五 ） 社 會 人 物 to act as or like3) Examples tutor to tutor: to act as or like a tutor to (當 的 教 師 、 輔 導 )father to father: to act as or like the father of (當 父 親 ， 像 父 親 般 對 待 )boss to boss: to act as or like a boss to (當 的 老 板 、 像 老 板 般 對 待 )coach to coach: to act as or like a coach to (當 的 教

14、 練 、 如 教 練 般 對 待 ) Language in Use Noun to verb conversion4) Exercise Complete the following sentences with appropriate words. Make changes where necessary. Language in Use Noun to verb conversion4) Exercise summer showcase crane father radio parrot blanket snowball1) From windows heads were _ for a

15、 view of the parade.2) He doesnt have all idea of his own. He just _ what other people say.3) The law now generally presumes that the husband is the legal father if his wife has the child, even if he didnt _ it. craningparrots father Language in Use Noun to verb conversion4) Exercise summer showcase

16、 crane father radio parrot blanket snowball4) Heavy smog _ the city.5) She fully _ her talents in the reality show.6) The more you try to avoid a problem, the more heavily it _ and finally overwhelms you. blanketsshowcasedsnowballs Language in Use Noun to verb conversion4) Exercise summer showcase c

17、rane father radio parrot blanket snowball7) In the airport, the anxious mother _ for her missing child.8) The family _ at a peaceful mountainous resort. radioedsummered Language in Use1) “Verb + for” construction in the text 2) Knowledge of “for” after verbs 3) Exercise 6 Verb + for Construction Lan

18、guage in Use1) Verb + for construction in the text On a hot September afternoon, four hundred students crashed into a small classroom, looking for seats on the long rows that curved around like giant horseshoes. (Para. 1) If you do,” he concluded, “come back on Wednesday, and prepare for the ride of

19、 a lifetime. (Para. 7) Verb + for Construction Language in Use2) Knowledge of “for after verbs for: (1) When expressing purpose, aim, intention, or destination, “for” often follows verbs indicating desires, wishes or directions.look for seek for search for apply for plea forlong for thirst for striv

20、e for fight for grope for feel for vote for sail for depart fore.g.apply for approval/scholarshipstrive for success/quality lifevote for the candidate/the reformVerb + for Construction Language in Use2) Knowledge of “for after verbs for:(2) When expressing in place of, instead of, or representing, “

21、for” tends to follow verbs indicating substitute, equivalent, or compensation.stand for act for compensate for exchange for trade for substitute fore.g.stand for justice/freedomcompensate for high costs/currency risktrade for fairness/profitsVerb + for Construction Language in Use2) Knowledge of “fo

22、r after verbs for:(3) When expressing cause or reason, “for” usually follows verbs indicating attitudes or moods.weep for blame for denounce for thank for appreciate for criticize for apologize for applaud fore.g.blame for the devastation/the delayappreciate for generosity/mercyapplaud for the perfo

23、rmance/her courageVerb + for Construction Language in Use3) Exercise 6 Complete each sentence with a “verb + for” construction in the box below. Make changes where necessary. Refer to a dictionary if needed.applaud for weep for strive for blame for compensate for substitute . for stand for grope for

24、 Verb + at Construction Language in Use3) Exercise 6 1) He has come across in his research a tricky question, which left him _ an answer in the darkness.2) We can acknowledge that oppression will always be with us, and still _ justice.groping forstrive forVerb + at Constructionapplaud for weep for s

25、trive for blame for compensate for substitute . for stand for grope for Language in Use3) Exercise 6 3) The newly-elected President won media compliments for his commitment to sustainable development; for example, he was _ _ his support of clean, green and renewable energy. applaudedfor Verb + at Co

26、nstructionapplaud for weep for strive for blame for compensate for substitute . for stand for grope for Language in Use3) Exercise 6 4) Gas has become so cheap that it can be _ coal as an electricity-generating fuel.5) Greater GDP growth also would hardly _ the massive losses in lives and national w

27、ealth.substituted for Verb + at Constructionapplaud for weep for strive for blame for compensate for substitute . for stand for grope forcompensate for Language in Use3) Exercise 6 6) It has been believed that cowboys _ a simpler way of life and freedom without restraint. stand forVerb + at Construc

28、tionapplaud for weep for strive for blame for compensate for substitute . for stand for grope for Language in Use3) Exercise 6 7) “I would rather have my people laugh at my economies (節(jié) 儉 ) than _ my extravagance (奢 侈 ),” said Oscar II, the Swedish king. weep forVerb + at Constructionapplaud for wee

29、p for strive for blame for compensate for substitute . for stand for grope for Language in Use3) Exercise 6 8) Now that the new school fell down, it was crucial to make out whether faulty design or poor construction was to _ the collapse (坍 塌 ), and it was equally vital to rebuild a new quality scho

30、ol as soon as possible. blame forVerb + at Constructionapplaud for weep for strive for blame for compensate for substitute . for stand for grope for Language in Use Verb + on Construction1) Verb + on construction in the text2) Knowledge of “on” after verbs3) Micro-lecture4) Exercise 7 Language in Us

31、e Verb + on Construction1) Verb + on construction in the textHe clipped on a lavaliere microphone and cleared his throat. (Para. 2)They believe that if you want to do well in an increasingly specialized world, you must concentrate on a single area and become an expert in that field, forsaking all ot

32、her subjects. (Para. 8) Language in Use Verb + on Construction1) Verb + on construction in the textThey dismiss as meaningless anything about higher learning that doesnt center on training someone to do a task that would make them money. (Para. 10)To grow on the ideas and creations of others, we mus

33、t encounter them, and to do so, we must explore the great works of the mind found in the arts, sciences, mathematics, philosophies, and historical perspectives. (Para. 12) Language in Use Verb + on Constructionon: (1) When expressing aspect or direction, “on” often follows verbs indicating directing

34、 thoughts or actions.center on focus on concentrate on press on force on impose one.g.focus on solutions/your goalpress a label on a trunk; press wine and food on a guestimpose duties on tobacco and wines; impose the wish on the kid2) Knowledge of on after verbs Language in Use Verb + on Constructio

35、n2) Knowledge of on after verbs(2) When expressing basis, dependence, reliance, or subsistence, “on” often follows verbs indicating placing or relying. base on pride oneself on depend on rely on count on hang on rest on insist on live on feed one.g.rely on the experience/ones instinct insist on the

36、original demand/self-reliancelive on plain food/ones parents Language in Use Verb + on Construction(3) When expressing concerning or with regard to, “on” often keeps company with verbs indicating expressing. agree on decide on comment on elaborate on compliment on congratulate one.g.decide on the da

37、te of departure/the careerelaborate on the significance/the detailscompliment on the design/his good behavior2) Knowledge of on after verbs Language in Use Verb + on Construction3) Micro-lecture Watch the following micro-lecture to learn more about “Verb + Preposition” construction. Language in Use

38、Verb + on Construction4) Exercise 7 Complete each sentence with a “verb + on” construction in the box below. Make changes where necessary. Refer to a dictionary if needed. Language in Use Verb + on Construction4) Exercise 7 1) Occasionally auctions (拍 賣 ) contain items so interesting that critics in

39、 newspapers _ their quality, not just the prices they might fetch.2) Before _ a satisfactory tour route, a traveler is highly advised to read some elite (精華 的 ) travel tips as well as visit some official websites of the destination.deciding on comment elaborate on comment on rely on concentrate on i

40、mpose on act on decide on feed onon Language in Use Verb + on Construction4) Exercise 7 3) Although he briefly admitted to being unfaithful to his wife, he didnt _ his marital (婚 姻 的 ) flaws.4) Numerous forces have been _ physicians (內(nèi) 科 醫(yī) 生 ) to make them change their practice behaviors. imposed on

41、 elaborate on comment on rely on concentrate on impose on act on decide on feed onelaborate on Language in Use Verb + on Construction4) Exercise 7 5) Environmentalists have long said the world should _ preventing climate change, not adapting to it.6) A companys success is likely to be affected by ho

42、w much the company _ the feedback it has gathered. elaborate on comment on rely on concentrate on impose on act on decide on feed onconcentrate on acts on Language in Use Verb + on Construction4) Exercise 7 7) Economists say that the economic weakness and the stock markets wild swings have begun to

43、_ themselves.8) She was accountable to (對 負 責 ) no one and was no longer _ by anyone. elaborate on comment on rely on concentrate on impose on act on decide on feed onfeed on relied on Language in UseAttributive clauses can state reasons, results, additional information, etc. In such cases, they are

44、 often translated as independent sentences in Chinese.Attributive clauses1) Examples2) Exercise 8 Language in Use1) Examples:Compare the two versions of translation. Attributive clauses This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.a. 這 本 我 已 經(jīng) 讀 過 三 遍 的 小 說 很 動 人 。b. 這 本 小 說 很 動 人 ， 我

45、 已 經(jīng) 讀 了 三 遍 。 Toward evening, we stopped at an inn, where we passed the night.a. 傍 晚 ， 我 們 停 在 一 家 我 們 在 那 里 過 了 夜 的 旅 店 。b. 傍 晚 ， 我 們 停 留 在 一 家 酒 店 ， 在 那 里 過 了 夜 。 Language in Use1) Examples: Attributive clauses Were living in a remarkable time, when it will soon be impossible to be truly alone.a.

46、 我 們 生 活 在 一 個 真 正 的 獨 處 很 快 將 難 以 企 及 的 非凡 的 年 代b. 我 們 生 活 在 一 個 非 凡 的 年 代 ， 在 這 個 年 代 里 ， 真正 的 獨 處 很 快 將 難 以 企 及 。Compare the two versions of translation. Language in Use1) Examples: Attributive clauses It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your grandfather.a. 是 他 接 到 了 那 封

47、說 你 祖 父 已 經(jīng) 去 世 的 信 。b. 是 他 接 到 了 那 封 信 ， 說 你 的 祖 父 已 經(jīng) 去 世 。 Compare the two versions of translation. Language in Use2) Exercise 8Translate the following sentences into Chinese. Pay attention to the translation of the underlined attributive clauses. Attributive clauses Language in Use2) Exercise 81

48、) Within a few minutes, he had unfurled a brief history of liberal education, and told them that “l(fā)iberal” came from the Latin for “free”, and it was the kind of schooling that free children (as opposite to slaves) received in the ancient world. (Para. 6)接 下 來 的 幾 分 鐘 里 ， 他 簡 要 介 紹 了 通 識 教 育 的 發(fā)展 歷

49、史 ， 告 訴 學 生 們 “ 通 識 ” 一 詞 來 自 拉 丁 語 ，意 為 “ 自 由 ” ， 這 種 學 校 教 育 在 古 代 只 有 自 由 的小 孩 （ 而 非 奴 隸 ） 才 能 享 受 。Attributive clauses Language in Use2) Exercise 82) In the modern version, students explored a host of disciplines from the sciences to the humanities, taking a deep approach to important issues tha

50、t those disciplines could help them address. (Para. 6)現(xiàn) 代 的 通 識 教 育 讓 學 生 接 觸 許 多 理 工 和 人 文 學 科 ，這 些 學 科 知 識 有 助 于 深 入 探 求 人 生 重 大 問 題 的 答案 。 Attributive clauses Language in Use2) Exercise 83) They dismiss as meaningless anything about higher learning that doesnt center on training someone to do a t

51、ask that would make them money. (Para. 10)他 們 認 為 ， 高 等 教 育 如 果 不 以 培 訓 學 生 做 事 掙 錢為 核 心 ， 就 是 毫 無 意 義 的 。Attributive clauses Language in Use2) Exercise 84) If we are to understand what our subjects did that enabled them to fashion such highly productive and creative lives, we must appreciate why th

52、ey valued a broad education before specializing in one or two fields. (Para. 11) Attributive clauses Language in Use2) Exercise 8如 果 想 弄 清 我 們 的 調(diào) 查 對 象 究 竟 做 了 什 么 成 就 了極 富 成 效 與 創(chuàng) 造 力 的 人 生 ， 我 們 就 必 須 理 解 為 什么 他 們 如 此 重 視 在 選 定 專 業(yè) 領 域 之 前 所 接 受 的 通識 教 育 。 Attributive clauses Language in Use2) Ex

53、ercise 85) They understood education as a developmental process in which they sought to grow the power of their minds, and that too influenced the kind of learning they attempted. (Para. 13)他 們 把 教 育 理 解 為 一 種 成 長 歷 程 ， 在 此 過 程 中 ，他 們 致 力 于 思 維 能 力 的 提 升 ， 這 樣 一 種 理 解 也 影響 到 了 他 們 所 嘗 試 的 學 習 方 向 。A

54、ttributive clauses Language in Use Culture-loaded expressions1) Examples in the translation ofculture-loaded expressions2) Exercise 9 Language in Use1)Examples in the translation of culture-loaded expressionsCulture-loaded words refer to those words or phrases which convey a certain kind of cultural

55、 connotations or associations which may or may not be found in other languages or cultures. Four major methods of translation would be illustrated here by means of examples.Culture-loaded expressions(1) literal translation (直 譯 )(2) transliteration (音 譯 )(3) corresponding translation (借 譯 )(4) liber

56、al translation (意 譯 ) Language in Use(1) Literal translation (直 譯 ) 紙 老 虎 東 方 之 珠 一 國 兩 制 一 帶 一 路 Culture-loaded expressionspaper tigerthe oriental pearlone country with two systemsone belt and one road Language in Use(1) Literal translation (直 譯 )Culture-loaded expressionsTip:Sometimes additional r

57、emarks would be added in order to make the literal translation better understood. For example:呂 新 華 表 示 ， 在 反 腐 斗 爭 中 ， 發(fā) 現(xiàn) 一 起 查 處 一 起 ，發(fā) 現(xiàn) 多 少 查 處 多 少 ， 沒 有 不 受 查 處 的 “ 鐵 帽 子 王 ” 。Lyu said that in fighting corruption its important to deal with any and all of it. There will be no “iron-cap princes”

58、 that have immunity, he said. Language in Use(2) Transliteration (音 譯 ) 磕 頭 功 夫 秀 才 牌 樓 琵 琶 Culture-loaded expressionskowtowkungfuxiucaipailoupipa Language in Use Culture-loaded expressionsTip:It is very common for transliteration to be used together with literal or liberal translation, sometimes al

59、so with additional remarks. For example:巴 蜀 文 化 the Bashu culture in Sichuan Province(2) Transliteration (音 譯 ) Language in Use Culture-loaded expressions 潑 冷 水 隔 墻 有 耳 渾 水 摸 魚 腳 踏 實 地 新 官 上 任 三 把 火 (3) Corresponding translation (套 譯 ) pour cold water onThe walls have ears.fish in troubled watersdow

60、n-to-earthA new broom sweeps clean. Language in Use Culture-loaded expressions 一 五 一 十(4) Liberal translation (意 譯 ) 望 子 成 龍 班 門 弄 斧 東 施 效 顰 海 內(nèi) 存 知 己 ，天 涯 若 比 鄰 。 in full detailshope ones children will have a bright futuredisplay ones slight skills before an expertcrude imitationA bosom friend afar

61、 brings distance near. Language in Use2) Exercise 9 Translate into English the following paragraph about the imperial examination system in ancient China.Culture-loaded expressions Language in Use2) Exercise 9 中 國 的 科 舉 制 度 最 早 始 于 隋 朝 ， 歷 經(jīng) 1 3 0 0 多 年 。 在中 國 古 代 ， 階 級 意 識 分 明 ， 下 層 社 會 鮮 有 機 會 在 朝

62、廷 占 一 席 之 地 。The imperial examination system in China began to be put into practice in the Sui Dynasty and lasted more than 1,300 years. In ancient China, class consciousness was distinct and people from lower classes had little chance to gain a position in the official court. Or: Keju, the imperial

63、 examination systemCulture-loaded expressions Language in Use2) Exercise 9 但 自 從 引 進 科 舉 選 拔 制 度 后 ， 寒 門 子 弟 得 以 參 加 考試 ， 有 機 會 光 宗 耀 祖 。But once the imperial examination system was introduced, scholars from poor families had opportunities to take the government exams, which enabled them to bring ho

64、nor to their families.Or: But ever since the introduction of Keju,Or: bring honor to their ancestors. Culture-loaded expressions Language in Use2) Exercise 9 這 種 人 才 選 拔 制 度 不 僅 對 中 國 封 建 社 會 的 政 治 、 經(jīng) 濟 、 教育 、 文 化 觀 念 和 社 會 風 尚 有 重 大 影 響 ， 還 影 響 到 了 周 邊 國家 如 日 本 、 朝 鮮 、 越 南 的 教 育 體 制 。 在 某 種 程 度 上

65、， 中 國現(xiàn) 行 的 教 育 體 制 也 選 擇 性 地 繼 承 了 科 舉 考 試 的 一 些 優(yōu) 越 之處 。 Such a talent-selection system had great impact not only on the politics, economy, education, cultural concepts and social customs in Chinese feudal society, but also on the education systems of such neighboring countries as Japan, Korea and

66、Vietnam. To some extent, Chinas current education system has selectively inherited some advantages from the imperial examination system. Culture-loaded expressions Language in Use1) 闖 入 ， 涌 入2) 與 競 爭3) 清 嗓 子4) 開 始 生 效5) 大 量 的6) 采 取 的 方 法7) 強 迫 離 開8) 退 課9) 不 明 白10) 避 開 ， 讓 開 Useful Expressions 1) crash into2) compete with3) clear ones throat4) kick in5) a host of6) take an approach to7) run out of8) drop the course9) see no reason for10) get out of the way Language in Use Useful Expressions 1 1 )