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1、History of Turfgrasses Biblical references: grasses used in Persian and Arabian gardens 1 3 th century literature referred to the use of turn on lawn “bowling” areas The word “turf” is derived from the Sanskrit “darbhus”, meaning a turf of grass 1 6 -1 7 th century, golf and turf areas developed His

2、tory continued First lawn mower invented by Edwin Budding , England, 1 8 3 0 Private lawns developed in Victorian England, brought to US by English settlers. Had to wait until the hardwood forests were cleared to permit grass establishment. Williamsburg classic example of small turf areas at each ho

3、use. This was the change. Origin of Turfgrasses Most species used for turf are not native to North America, with the exception of buffalograss. All the primary species have been introduced Most turf species are “forest-fringe” species, which distinguishes them from taller prairie species Origin of T

4、urfgrasses Turfgrasses developed in close association with domesticated animals. Man thus unwittingly imposed natural selection on many of the grasses we now use for turf Only grasses able to withstand repeated grazing (close cutting) were able to survive Many grasses introduced to US as feed for li

5、vestock from the ships, or seed that “hitched a ride” Recent History Tremendous changes in last 4 0 yearsLinked to rising interest in golf, TV Many new, improved cultivars (cultivated varieties - a named variety) Pesticide development - 2 ,4 -D one of first Refined fertilizer programs, inorganic fer

6、tilizers New equipment such as aerifier, vertical mower, modern irrigation systems Size of the Turf Grass Industry UNITED STATES (1 9 8 3 ) 2 5 To 3 0 million acres (size of new england) $ 2 5 Billion in annual maintenance COSTS STATE SURVEYS = $ 1 BILLION EACH New York (1 9 8 2 ), California (1 9 8

7、 3 ), Virginia, North Carolina (1 9 8 6 ) Pennsylvania (1 9 9 2 ) North Carolina Survey (1 9 9 4 ) Over 2 Million Acres $ 1 Billion in Annual Maintenance Costs Over 2 Million Homelawns 7 6 ,0 0 0 Miles of Roadsides 5 0 0 Golf Courses (1 2 Million Rounds of Golf) What Species are Grown in NC? Tall fe

8、scue 5 2 % of total Bluegrass/fescue 8 % Bermudagrass 7 % Centipedegrass 4 % others: zoysiagrass, ryegrass, bahiagrass, carpetgrass, St. Augustinegrass Wheres the Money?How Golf Courses Allocate $ Labor, Mowing 2 8 .3 % of total Mowing Equipment etc. 1 5 .1 % Labor, Pesticides 8 .4 % Fertilizer 7 .9

9、 % Labor, Irrigation 3 .6 % Segments of the Turf Grass Industry Homelawns Roadsides Golf Course Lawn Care Parks Athletic Fields Sod Production Schools Commercial Grounds Cemeteries Churches Institutions Turf Sales Airports Selected Turf and Turf-related Occupations Cemeteries Management Consultants

10、Education/ Extension Equipment Manufacturers / Sales Fertilizer Manufacturers / Sales Garden Stores/Nurseries Golf Course Operations More . Selected Turf and Turf-related Occupations Irrigation Installation and Design Journalism, Newsletters, Etc. Landscaping / Construction Lawn Care Lawn Service Fi

11、rms Lime Production/Sales Parks Management Pesticide Manufactures/Sales Research Seed Firms/Sales Sod Production Turf Management, Parks, Etc. Definitions Turf A covering of mowed vegetation plus the medium (soil) in which the grasses are growing Turfgrass the plant community consisting of certain sp

12、ecies in the Poaceae forming a continuous ground cover with persists under regular mowing and traffic Definitions Grass Any Plant of the Poacea Family (Cereals, Forages, Bamboo) Parallel Venation Monocot-Having One Cotyledon (Seedling Leaf) in the Seed Definitions Turfgrass culture Science and pract

13、ice of establishing and maintaining turfgrass Turfgrass management Encompasses labor supervision, recordkeeping, budgeting, and cost accounting as well as culture Sod Harvested turf Definitions Green A closely mowed, highly manicured turfgrass maintained for a specific purpose Types: golf, bowling,

14、tennis Native Grass Originate and persist in a region Naturalized Grass Adapt and persist but not originate from the region CLASSIFICATION OF MERION KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS Kingdom Plantae Division Embryophyta Subdivision Phanaerogama Branch Angiospermae Class Monocotyledoneae Subclass Glumiforae Order P

15、oales Family Poaceae Subfamily Pooideae Tribe Poeae Genus Poa Species pratensis Cultivar Merion The Importance of TurfIn 1 9 7 1 life magazine conducted a survey and found that 9 5 % of respondents said green grass and trees around me is the most important environmental factorIn 1 9 8 0 Better Homes

16、 and Gardens chose lawns as most important landscaping element (6 1 %) Reasons for Turf AestheticsOrnamental Grasses Mental Relaxation RecreationExerciseSporting Events Reasons for Turf SafetyReduce GlareRoadside Stopping Reduce FireReduce Rodents, Snakes Reduce Injuries Reasons for Turf Environment

17、al QualityModerate Temperatures 1 5 Degrees Cooler Than Bare Ground 3 0 Degrees Cooler Than Concrete Reasons for Turf Environmental Quality (continued)Reduce Erosion Reduce dust, lengthen life of equipmentReduce noise 3 0 -4 0 %Convert unusable land - land fills for example Reasons for Turf Environm

18、ental Quality (continued)Recycle effluentRelease oxygen Absorb toxic emissionsReduce allergies (but can also cause allergies) Reasons for Turf EconomicsRealtors say landscaping adds 6 % to valueHomeowners say landscaping adds 1 5 % to selling priceSell fasterRecovery value 1 0 0 -2 0 0 % but only 4

19、0 -7 0 % for patio and deck Sporting Events that Utilize Turf as a Playing Surface Archery Badminton Baseball Cricket Croquet Football Frisbee Golf Horseracing Horseshoes Lawn Bowling Lawn Darts Playgrounds Rugby Skiing, lawn Skiing, snow Soccer Softball Steeple Chase Tetherball Track & Field Volley

20、ball Turf Quality Turf quality is a function of use, appearance and playability There are two categories: Visual Functional Visual Quality Density - number of shoots per area Texture - leaf width Uniformity - even appearance Color Growth habit - type of shoot growth Smoothness - surface feature that

21、 affects quality and playability DensityTexture UniformitySmoothness Functional Quality RigidityResistence of leaves to compression ElasticityTendency of leaves to spring back ResiliencyCapacity to absorb shock without changing surface Yield Clippings removed with mowing RigidityElasticity Ball Roll

22、 ClippingsVerdure Functional Quality (continued) VerdureAerial shoots remaining after mowing RootingAmount, depth of root growth Recuperative capacityRecovery potential TEN GOOD REASONS TO GROW A LAWNHome Lawns Help the Environment The next time youre mowing on a hot day, thinking that green concret

23、e may really be the answer, consider all of the ways your lawn returns your favor of good care: 1 0 Good Reasons to grow a lawn 1 . The front lawns of a block of eight average houses have the cooling effect of about 7 0 tons of air conditioning. The average home central air conditioning unit has abo

24、ut 3 -4 ton capacity. Consider how much energy is saved by those lawns! 1 0 Good Reasons to grow a lawn 2 . On a hot summer day, grass can be 1 0 to 1 4 degrees cooler than exposed soil and as much as 3 0 degrees cooler than concrete or asphalt. 3 . A 5 0 by 1 0 0 foot well-maintained grass area wil

25、l create enough oxygen to meet the needs of a family of four every day. 1 0 Good Reasons to grow a lawn 4 . Acting like a gigantic sponge, lawns absorb all types of airborne pollutants such as soot, dust and carbon monoxide, as well as noise. 5 . Recent studies show healthy lawns absorb rainfall six

26、 times more effectively than a wheat field and four times better than a hay field, being exceeded only by virgin forest. Lawns filter the moisture to the water table where it can again be used by everyone. 1 0 Good Reasons to grow a lawn 6 . A Penn State University study showed thick lawns slow the

27、velocity of runoff and allow the water to infiltrate. A healthy, high quality lawn was at least 1 0 times more effective than a patchy lawn with a lot of weeds. 1 0 Good Reasons to grow a lawn 7 . While a quality turfgrass reduces runoff water, it also prevents erosion by water or wind and the loss

28、of valuable topsoil. 8 . Homes, sports fields and parks with healthy lawns provide safer recreational areas when grass acts as a cushion to reduce shock and potential injury. 1 0 Good Reasons to grow a lawn 9 . Aesthetically, there can be no argument that a beautiful lawn is immediately pleasing to

29、the eye and relaxing in its appearance. l0 . While some may scorn the work, others find lawn maintenance requirements an excellent opportunity to enjoy reasonable exercise and as a diversion from the hustle and bustle of life. Quiz What is the difference between the following terms: A. Turfgrass culture vs turf management? B. Native vs naturalized grass? C. Turf vs turfgrass? D. Density vs texture? E. Resiliency vs rigidity?