升降機外文翻譯-高空作業(yè)升降機的動態(tài)特征和分析【中文3650字】【PDF+中文WORD】,中文3650字,PDF+中文WORD,升降機,外文,翻譯,高空作業(yè),動態(tài),特征,分析,中文,3650,PDF,WORD
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高空作業(yè)升降機的動態(tài)特征和分析
論文提出
學院由
艾琳·埃爾南德斯
喬治·伍德魯夫機械工程學院
佐治亞理工學院2012年12月
概要
空中升降機用于將人和物料提升到高度。有不同類型的航空電梯,具有極大不同的動力學特征。因此,對空中升降機進行新的分類,并通過運動學來組織。使用空中升降機時會發(fā)生許多事故。對這些危險的空中電梯和當前解決方案進行了評估,以了解事故的原因。一些重大事故是由于啟動Z劃升降機的彈性動力學和靈活性,例如振蕩和翻轉(zhuǎn)。測試了全尺寸電梯的振蕩,以確定不同配置中的等效性。仿真并分析了非中心和超中心配置的機器運動引起的關節(jié)運動誘發(fā)振蕩。使用形狀來實現(xiàn)機械誘導振蕩的減少。提示超穩(wěn)定裕度用于模擬和分析非超中心和超中心配置的穩(wěn)定性。平臺增加對提升穩(wěn)定性的影響也進行了分析。本論文的結(jié)果是對航空升降機的分類,包括其危害和減少這些危害的方法,對全尺寸aeria“升降機的動態(tài)響應的實驗驗證”,“雙臂”的全動態(tài)翻轉(zhuǎn)預測模型通過在關節(jié)和現(xiàn)實的速度分布中應用靈活性來闡明空中舉升,以及詳細研究雙臂鉸接升降機的動力學。
有很多方法可以將人送到很高的高度上去工作,例如建筑物,樹木,飛機或其他高層建筑。在許多情況下,高空升降機被用來提供所需的高度和工作環(huán)境。高空作業(yè)升降機,像圖1中所示的,提供了許多好處給那些需要升高工作平臺的用戶。
圖1
從這些事實統(tǒng)計可以推斷有兩個主要問題。第一個問題是如何減少當使用升降機高空作業(yè)時發(fā)生的死亡事故。因此,有必要確定高空升降機最常見的危害以及這些危害發(fā)生的原因。第二個問題是了解不同的高空作業(yè)升降機,其各自的危害和減少這些危害的方法。在確定如何減少事故的發(fā)生時,一定要了解不同的高空作業(yè)車的性能好壞,考慮解決高空作業(yè)車的開發(fā)應用也是非常重要的。
高空作業(yè)升降機有著廣泛應用,然而,所有這些應用,都是用來將人定位在高空中的。不同的機制執(zhí)行不同的升降運動,區(qū)分不同類型的高空作業(yè)升降機是運用到它的運動學結(jié)構。區(qū)別架空纜車首要因素是其運動的方向性:是有垂直和垂直、水平之分的,如圖2所示,垂直升降機使用:垂直桅桿和滑輪系統(tǒng)、垂直運動。水平運動:伸縮式,關節(jié)和伸縮關節(jié)。區(qū)分空中纜車的主要方式是通過自己的能力升高和帶動地面而升高。
圖2
高空作業(yè)的基礎依賴于提高流動性,駕駛室驅(qū)動電源驅(qū)動升降機驅(qū)動。圖3(a)是駕駛室升降機基座的一個例子。如果電梯有一個骨骼結(jié)構為基礎或車載,那么高空作業(yè)無法驅(qū)動而升高,一種不動的高空升降用骨架基的例子示于圖3(b)。
圖3(a) 圖3(b)
使用架空纜車并不取決于其運動的方向性。這取決于預期的工作環(huán)境, 兩種不同的工作環(huán)境時使用空中纜車分別為室內(nèi)和室外環(huán)境。室內(nèi)環(huán)境限制電源,如電動,手動,電池。有時,使用天然氣或柴油戶外電力或電池室內(nèi)的混合體。室外環(huán)境并不像室內(nèi); 因此,所有電源都可以使用。適用于所有高空作業(yè)升降機或其他選項。
垂直升降機分為三部分:剪刀式升降機,桅桿垂直升降機,滑輪式升降機。剪刀式升降機有其獨特的結(jié)構,也就是多個剪刀縮回來降低高度和增加高度,如圖4所示。
圖4
垂直桅桿升降機有多個部分,互相搭配使用,或向上滑動相互對抗,以增加相等的高度。垂直桅桿升降機的一個例子示于圖5。即剪刀式升降機和垂直桅桿升降機具有移動性選擇而升高。
圖5
滑輪升降機使用通用滑輪系統(tǒng)來提升工作平臺,目前,唯一已知滑輪升降機可具有骨架結(jié)構的基體位置?;嗠娞莶荒芤苿佣?,因為它有一個骨架結(jié)構的基礎上,如示于圖6。
圖6
所有的垂直升降機,可在戶外使用。由于小體和垂直升降機的腳印,它們也都可以在室內(nèi)使用,只要它們不是天然氣或柴油動力。
縱向和橫向纜車就包括:闡明升降機,伸縮式升降機,以及伸縮關節(jié)升降機。所有的垂直和水平運動的空中纜車通過轉(zhuǎn)動,表示為紅色虛線在圖2實現(xiàn)提升(B)。一個垂直和水平的高空升降的起重臂通常被稱為高空升降臂。此外,垂直和水平運動架空升降機旋轉(zhuǎn)在基部以提供在所有方向上的運動。圖7(a)示出了在周圍架空升降機通常稱為擺運動的垂直軸的底座的旋轉(zhuǎn)。圖7(b)示出了周圍的架空升降機通常被稱為俯仰運動,這是樞轉(zhuǎn)的吊臂結(jié)果的水平軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)。
圖7(a) 圖7(b)
(注:圖中Base:基體,Boom:激增)
闡明高空作業(yè)車有兩個或兩個以上鉸鏈臂節(jié)是利用轉(zhuǎn)動的鉸鏈,以提升工作平臺[1]。圖8展示出了安裝在卡車上鉸接高空升降與多個起重臂段的鉸鏈。
圖8
架空纜車只有一個鉸鏈臂節(jié)可伸縮。伸縮升降機能變幅,其懸臂長度可以增加。駕駛室安裝伸縮式電梯,如圖9伸出懸臂的頂端部分,可以增加懸臂長度較小的部分。
圖9
伸縮機構闡明了,空中纜車升降機及伸縮升降機的多個鉸鏈臂節(jié)可變幅,他們的長度也可以增加。圖10示出架空升降機具有多個臂和其上部懸臂的長度可以伸長。
圖10
縱向和橫向升降機的可移動性或取決于高空升降的底座不動??v向和橫向的空中纜車有三個基本選項:骨骼,駕駛室安裝,或車載。骨骼肌基架空升降機不能因為驅(qū)動而升高。然而,它們可以在室內(nèi)或室外環(huán)境中使用,如示于圖11。
圖11
車載式高空作業(yè)升降機不能移動但可以提高。此外,車載式高空作業(yè)升降機限制進入室內(nèi)的一個原因是因為內(nèi)燃機產(chǎn)生廢氣。所以車載式高空作業(yè)升降機通常用于戶外應用。一輛卡車式高空作業(yè)車,它有兩個關節(jié)可伸縮,如圖12 。最初主要用于果園櫻桃的采摘,因為他們可以很容易地提升和旋轉(zhuǎn)工作人員卡車的側(cè)面,允許快速訪問農(nóng)產(chǎn)品。類似的情況在生產(chǎn)果園里,高空作業(yè)車可以升高到查電氣線路和電線桿的高度。因此,除了櫻桃采摘,還有常用的就是電器企業(yè)進行日常檢查,維護和修理電源線,特別是經(jīng)過風暴發(fā)生以后,需要的維修都可以用此高空作業(yè)車。美國汽車式高空作業(yè)升降機的品牌有:Altec, Terex, Elliot's Hi-Reach, and Versalift.
圖12
對于許多建筑和公用設施的工作,高空作業(yè)車被用來達到非常高的位置。在較高的位置,不存在對運營商很多風險,在不同空中纜車就有不同程度的風險。首先,危險可以通過其嚴重程度被定義為:災難性的,關鍵性的,邊緣性的,意味著危險很可能會導致死亡,或者身體大面積嚴重受傷,當身體小部分受傷時,可以用繃帶和包裹緊急處理處理就可以忽略不計此傷害,因為幾乎沒有任何身體傷害發(fā)生。二,危險可以通過危害發(fā)生的概率來定義:頻繁的,可能的,偶然的,或不可能。經(jīng)常意味著危險已經(jīng)發(fā)生的概率最大,可能是出現(xiàn)的第二個概率最高;偶爾是發(fā)生的第二小的概率,而不可能是有發(fā)生的可能性最小的一個意外。這種風險評估是一個一階段進行一般評估,仔細評估使用空中作業(yè)車的細節(jié)方面,以降低這些風險,以進一步描述可能的風險。
常見高空作業(yè)的危害可分為十一種不同的事件:觸電翻倒,汽車碰撞,破碎,電源故障,平臺,掉落的工具或用品,振動,碰撞障礙物,和恐高癥。最嚴重和普遍發(fā)生的危險是高空升降平臺操作人員的觸電。超過三分之一的觸電等意外都是因為接觸到高空電力線路,因為接觸高電流的電源線而死亡。電擊,是由于接觸到較低的電流,不會導致死亡?,F(xiàn)在許多電力公司都保證了空中纜車所使用的較高位置的電氣線路,如圖13,當然也有觸電發(fā)生的一個偶然概率。垂直和水平架空升降機運行最容易觸電,因為它們能容易地朝著電力線旋轉(zhuǎn)。
圖13
偶爾出現(xiàn)的另一個災難性的事件是站在高空升降機的欄桿最邊或者俯身時,而導致墜落。大多數(shù)的跌倒發(fā)生在縱向和橫向的空中纜車,因為他們的平臺是小于垂直升降機的范圍。在高空升降機中最有可能發(fā)生災難性的一個危害是自動的碰撞。汽車碰撞時,其他車輛撞擊作業(yè)車,通常導致從平臺中飛出。汽車碰撞可以發(fā)生在任何的空中纜車,只要作業(yè)車處于接近附近其他車輛時。架空纜車接近其他車輛時,在建筑工地,特別是當他們在車行道。車載式高空作業(yè)升降機一般在道路上工作,因此,他們更可能發(fā)生汽車碰撞。
結(jié)論和未來的工作
對空中纜車以及它們的動態(tài)進行了研究。所使用的許多空中纜車都能達到很高的高度??罩欣|車用于建筑工地,窗洗滌,從風暴中清理廢墟,修理電氣線路,甚至在電影制作中也會得到應用。有許多不同類型的高空纜車,它們有六種基本類型,可以有效地描述他們的運動。振蕩和高空升降機翻倒有效的控制了危害。
創(chuàng)建一個高空作業(yè)的動力學模型來研究高空升降的動態(tài)。振蕩模擬表明偏心和減少殘余幅度。剩余振幅為回轉(zhuǎn)動作迅速效應出現(xiàn)了一個擴展回轉(zhuǎn)動作。從研究回轉(zhuǎn)的殘留振蕩并結(jié)合回轉(zhuǎn)和俯仰移動時,振蕩頻率和阻尼比為闡明高空升降模型進行了計算,形成一個輸入整形器。輸入整形減少剩余振幅為回轉(zhuǎn)運動以及回轉(zhuǎn)和變幅肘動作。
在本文的實驗中,調(diào)查研究了某些高空升降機,對未來的空中纜車領域的工作有了一個方向性的好建議,以幫助消除或減少其中的一些較大危害的風險。模擬它們行為的并調(diào)查不同的輸入整形器的模型來闡明高空作業(yè)車的性能,并比較它們的穩(wěn)定時間和不定形的穩(wěn)定時間。此外,最大殘余振幅為每個整形對比,可以闡明空中作業(yè)試驗對振蕩的結(jié)果進行比較以確定更適合的控制器。此外,該模型架空升降機可給予成形的輸入進行比較,以得到成形的仿真結(jié)果。最后,闡明空中纜車有兩個關節(jié)誘導振蕩。對于今后的工作,可以研究并分別了解選擇最適合的控制器,用于闡明高空升降機的性能。
DYNAMIC CHARACTERJZATION AND ANALYSIS OF AERJAL LIFTS
A Thesis Presented to
The Academic Faculty by
Eileen C. Hernandez
In Partial Ful丑llment
of the Rβquirements for the Degree Master of Science in the
George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology December 2012
SUMMARY
Aerial lifts 町e used to elevate people and material to high heights. There 町e 皿皿y different types of aerial lifts which have vastly different dyn缸nics characteristics. Thus, a new categorization for aerial lifts w出created and organizes them by their kinematics. Many accidents occur while using aerial lifts. Haz町ds of aerial lifts and current solutions to those hazards were reviewed to understand the causes of the accidents. Some major accidents are due to the compl缸 dynamics and flexibility of a啟Z劃 lifts, such as oscillations and tip-overs. Oscillations of full-size a町ial lifts were experimenta』ly tested to determine 仕equencies in different configurations. Machine-motion induced oscillations of an articulati衛(wèi)g aerial lift were simulated and analyzed for both non-overcenter and overcenter configurations. fuput shaping was used to achieve reduction in machine-皿otion induced oscillations. Tip-over stability margin was used to simulate and analyze the stability of both non-overcenter and overcenter configurations. The effect of increased platform m回s on tip-over stability m町gin W出also analyzed. The results in this thesis are a categorization of aerial lifts including their hazards and methods of reducing those hazards, an experimental verification of the dyna皿ic response of full-size aeria』 lifts, a fully dynamic tip-over prediction model of double-boom articulating aerial lift by applying flexibility in the joints and realistic velocity profiles, and a detailed study of the dynamics of a double-boom articulating aerial lift.
Xl
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
There are many ways people reach high heights to work on buildings, trees, airplanes, and other tall structures. In many cases, aerial lifts 缸e used to provide the desired height and work environment. Aerial work lifts, like the one shown in Figure 1, provide many necess町y benefits to users that need an elevated work platform. However, with those benefits come significant hazards.
“According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics about 26 construction workers die each ye町 from using aerial lifts. Approximately 70% involve boom- supported lifts, such as bucket trucks and cherry pickers; 25% of the other
deaths involve scissor lifts” [ 1].
//
Figure 1: An Altec truck-mounted articulated aerial lift working on electrical lines.
1
From 也ese statistica.1. facts two ma.in challeng四can be infeITed. The 位就 challenge is deter回國ng how to reduce fatalities that occur when using aerial lifts. Tb創(chuàng)甘:ore, there is a n四d to identi島r 也e most co皿mon hazards of 樹總al lifts and how they occur. The second
challenge is widersta.nding the 祖erent aerial work lifts (i息 bucket trucks, cbeny pick,棚,
SC兇sor lifts, etc.), their respective b相ards, and m創(chuàng)hods to reduce those h拙ards. Before detennilling how to redu,創(chuàng) 制iden餡,it is 國1portant to understand 也e different 槌rial 且她 well enough to develop po協(xié)ntial solutions that could be applied to the 嗣ria.l work lifts under consideration.
1.1 Desc時俐 ” and Categoriza銳on of Ae付 t L梆s
Aerie.I work lifts have e. wide range of a.ppearan臼s; however, all of them, a.re 四ed to position people high 兇the air [1]. Different m礎.anisms m四創(chuàng) 始 陽form this 兇ing motion.
The kinematic structur程 ie what 部,para也·ee difl趾·ent typ劇 f aerie.I work lifts. The 缸'St
distinguishing factor 礎 ng 棉對al lifts is 必rectionality of 白白motion: i) only vertical or, 總) Vi ical and horizontal,掘礎 wn in Figure 2. A S部ond catego歸ation is 也.e method used to elev在te the work platform. 四ere are thr錦 different m礎 ds of elevation within each
位ectional ca.te靜思 Ve民ic創(chuàng)兇s use:斗 部i筋 z,總.) ve約iβal mast,礎d i均 pulley Sy侃錮s.
’
Lifts performing v的ical and horizontal motion use: i) tel制叩ic, ii) a.rticul就問,and 詛) te1錦oopic articulating. The final major way to dilferentia:悔 aerial 1出s is by their a.b山在y or 國功迫ity to drive on the ground while elevated.
3
Jf
,,
,
,
,
,,
,
····-
4
一
,
‘ ’川 ,
,
1也·u·····a
(礙 nly vertical motion
(均 Vertical and ho歸ontal motion
Figure 2: Two Categori郁 f Aerial Li成 Motion.
Mobility while elevat.ed depends on the b副e ofthe aeriAl lift. L也a 份1at are able 協(xié) 缸ive while i總 部eration have a cab base to hold the power supply 仰d削略 Figure 3(a) 兇礎 example of a cab-base lift. Ifa lift b錦a skeletal struct山珍 for the base or is 也ruck-mounted, then the aeria.I lift is unable to drive while elevat創(chuàng).A1l 姐ample of 8ll immobile aerial lift with a skeletal b毗兇shown in R腳跟 3{b).
(a) Genie Z-80 mobile cab base (b) Genie TZ-34/到回mobile telescopic tele閡 ,pie 惱ticulating lift articulating lift with an skeletal base
Figure 3: Examples of mobile 1and immobile 輔rill』 lifts a.
Overall, moat aeri劍 work 兇S 錦n be 以aced 恒 ne of 出.e following 膽 d翩翩:
1. Sci”。r L出a
2. Verti惱J Mast L出8
3. Pulley Lifts
a τelesc。p沁 Lifts
、
5. Articula.ting Lifts
6. τ lesco以c Articulating Lifts
Scissor 崎S, V礎ica.I m崎t 溢缸,and pulley li島sperform only v礎ica.I motion. τ副閣copic lifu:I 館也ic叫.a.t墜g lifu:I, and teleacopic articulating lifts perform verti兇J and horizontal mo- tion. Each cate伊叩h礎varia悅 ns that c礎 r c礎not drive while elevated. By including 輔ria.I lifts’ mobility or i.mm抽出ty while el劇時時,th.e complete categorizat沁n of a衍兇險加 is giv, in Table 1.
1http://www.gemelilt.com/en/prod.uct吶何:.equipmeutfb即脅/iDdex.h陽
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τ'he power supply used by aerial lifts do四not depend on the directionality of itsmotion. It depends on the intended work environment. Two different work environments for aerial l出s are: i) indoor 皿d ii) outdoor environments. Indoor environments re的rict the power supplies to those that do not emit 但:ha.ust such as electric, manual, battery, and sometim四 a hybrid that uses E翩 r diesel outdoors and electricity or b也.ttery indoors. Outdoor en- vironments 町e not 田restrictive as indoors; thus, all power suppli田can be used. Other options that apply to all aerial lifts 町e insulation for electrical work and/or reinforced heavy duty for industrial work.
Some companies that 町e well lmown for aerial work lifts include:τer眩 Ni缸yli丘 Alt鈕,
JLG, Haulotte, R刷.chm嗣ter, Skyjack, Snorkel, E血的,Versalift, MLE Man Li晶 Manuf脅 tur國g Co., and Hi-Rea.ch. MLE Man Li丘 Manufacturing Co. sp臼ializ由國皿a.king custom aerial lifts such 回clean room lifts and pedestal mount man-lifts. Bridge Across Specialties,
Wes也 Co屆t Under Bridge Platforms, and Pal.finger specialize in truck-mounted aerial work l監(jiān)s capable of accessing beneath bridges for rep膛,皿aintena.nce, and 且spection,劇由傭n in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Palfinger’s vehicle-mounted bridge 皿spection l出performing 皿aintenance under a bridge. 14
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1.1.1 Verti恤l Lifts
V目世cal 兇s are 11Plit into thr喃wbl蜘ti()Illj: IICis盹r lift8, vertical 國劇t lifts 阻d pulley 蹄,Sci閡 r lift.a a.re 陸ntilied by th席四que structure that r酬mbles mul句,le scis陽m retra.c出sto redu曲M梆礎d 8X陰.nd問to m翩翩e heigl攏 幽幽翩 in Figure 5.
Figure 5: Genie GS”1530 刷刷 r lift with 鈾b b割e.15
W此icsl. m翩 翩e ha晦 田1且]ti 陽ti 但a a篇 either fit in.side 惆e 礎 由er or equal 鵬也io惚也at slide up agAilJBt one a:na也er to 總翩翩lheight. A且但.11111ple of a verti錦l m礎 lift Iss』own InFi .ire 6. Both 能lssor lifts and var舶d mast lifts have 也e option of mob心lty while ell!V就ed. If the lift h劇 a cab bl!i酶,lib the 咽ne i且 F地歸嗡 5,他刷出e lift c皿 dri喃
W祖ile d回事協(xié)d.
Pulley lifts 1幽也e comm仙”ill!’\ ”腳,m t.oelev&te 他e locatlon 。.fthe響出且g plat陽m.
Cun回街 th晴 啞ly known pulley H島倒亂ilable has & sb,let侃 而ucture 如‘b劇院 A pulley 溢ft 創(chuàng)地not be mobile W洶l(fā)e ele喃,ted b帽刷晶e it b嗣a d岱坊ta! struct植re for a b制峙 楠ab.own in Fi .Ire 7.
All var悅陽I lifts 曲n be us創(chuàng)帆1tdoore. Due to t』.e small bodi帽 and fo的prints of vertical
溢疵,they c陸al陽all be uaed indoors 棉long 礎 they a.re not 伊a or di回el p陽惚ed.
抽油囂,fl曹帽嘟由她 ;叫.事 曲礎':t.11/'IJ8W·啪”回國國叫陸/m幅幅
Figure 6: Haulotte immobile vertical mast lift.6
Figure 7: JLG’s Liftpod that uses a pulley system.7
1.1.2 Vertical and Horizontal Lifts
Vertical and horizontal lifts are comprised of: articulating lifts, telescopic lifts, and telescopic articulating lifts. All vertical and horizontal motion aerial lifts achieve lifting by pivoting their boom(s), represented 回 a dashed red line in Figure 2(b). The booms of a vertical and horizontal aβrial lift are commonly referred to as the arm of the aerial lift. In addition, vertical and horizontal motion aerial lifts rotate at the base to provide access in all directions.
Figure 8(a) shows a rotation at the base around the vertical axis of an aerial lift commonly referred to as a slew movement. Figure 8(b) shows a rotation around a horizontal 缸is of an aerial lift commonly referred to as a luffing moveme時,which is the result from pivoting their booms.
Base
+
1
TW
」
TL
(a) Slewing motion (overhead view) (b) Luffing motion (side view) Figure 8: Movements of vertical and horizontal motion aerial lifts.
An articulating aerial lift has two or more hinged boom sections that pivot at the hinges to elevate the working platform [1]. Figure 9 shows a truck-mounted articulating aerial lift with multiple boom sections.
Figure 9: Altec articulating aerial lift.
Aerial lifts with only one hinged boom section may be telescopic lifts or just a one boom aerial lift. Telescopic lifts can slew, luff, and their boom length can increase due to the
Figure 10: Genie S-60’sτ'ra.x cab base t.elesc呻ic aerial lift. 16
multiple s出tions wi也in e. boom. The c配,b-mount.ed telescopic li丘 in Figure 10 b幅a.sm刻ler
”ction extendi.Dg out of the top pa.rt of 出怠 boom to i.Dcrease the boom length.
白lesc ,pie 缸銳cul.at兇惡 aer圳 ]出s are 館ti,.ua創(chuàng)ng lifts and t.el,鄰copie 坦fts comb麗時- Teleacopic 彼ticulating lifts have multiple hinged boom 錦ctior邸 傭a slew, luff 礎d 也heir
booms c陽were回e in length. F泡出e 11sho· 植 樹rial 時b with multiple booms and its
upper boom can 部pa.nd iD Ieng協(xié) due to the tel倒copic sectio出.
Fig11. 1re 11: Ge皿e Z-60β4 c也b b嗣e telescopic a.r秘culat兇g lift. 10
V創(chuàng)tical. and horizontal. lifts ca.n. be mobile or immobile w.垣le elevated dependi噸 upon the base of the aerial lift. Vi儀tical a.nd ho巾,ntal aerial lifts have three base optioDS:
1ehttp://www.陰洶洶倒也/en/prod.ucts/阻何呻quipment/boom-兇s/劇創(chuàng)啕ic-b倒四/irJm!x.比m
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