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1、十年（2010~2020）高考英語真題分項詳解18 閱讀理解·說明文體類 1.（2020年，江蘇卷） For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity. Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performan

2、ce. However, far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise might affect general health. To find out, British scientists conducted a study. They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those of

3、 most of us. They tested the men’s fitness and resting metabolic (新陳代謝的) rates and took samples (樣品) of their blood and fat tissue. Then, on two separate morning visits to the scientists’ lab, each man walked for an hour at an average speed that, in theory, should allow his body to rely mainly on f

4、at for fuel. Before one of these workouts, the men skipped breakfast, meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnight fast (禁食). On the other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking. Just before and an hour after each worko

5、ut, the scientists took additional samples of the men’s blood and fat tissue. Then they compared the samples. There were considerable differences. Most obviously, the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a

6、 result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand, they burned slightly more calories (卡路里), on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting. But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most

7、 significant, the researchers found. Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether someone had eaten or not before walking. Many of these genes produce proteins (蛋白質(zhì)) that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin (胰島素) levels throughout the body and so are associated with improved m

8、etabolic health. These genes were much more active when the men had fasted before exercise than when they had breakfasted. The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first. 1.The underlined expression “stomach it” in P

9、aragraph 1 most probably means “______”. A.digest the meal easily B.manage without breakfast C.decide wisely what to eat D.eat whatever is offered 2.Why were the 10 people chosen for the experiment? A.Their lifestyles were typical of ordinary people. B.Their lack of exercise led to overweight.

10、 C.They could walk at an average speed. D.They had slow metabolic rates. 3.What happened to those who ate breakfast before exercise? A.They successfully lost weight. B.They consumed a bit more calories. C.They burned more fat on average. D.They displayed higher insulin levels. 4.What could be l

11、earned from the research? A.A workout after breakfast improves gene performances. B.Too much workout often slows metabolic rates. C.Lifestyle is not as important as morning exercise. D.Physical exercise before breakfast is better for health. 【答案】1.B 2.A 3.B 4.D 【解析】本文是說明文。文章介紹了一項研究，結(jié)果表明對于那些

12、能忍受的人來說，不吃早餐鍛煉可能對健康更有益。 1.詞句猜測題。根據(jù)下文working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first可知，早餐前鍛煉可能比先吃飯再鍛煉對健康更有益，因此推斷這里說的是那些不吃早飯先鍛煉的人，因此推斷劃線詞與B項“不吃早飯能應付”意思相近。故選B。 2.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles

13、are far better and worse, representative of those of most of us.可知，他們首先找到了10個超重的，不活躍但健康的年輕人，他們的生活方式可以說更好，也可以說更糟，代表了我們大多數(shù)人。因此可知，實驗時選擇的10個人的生活方式代表了普通人。故選A。 3.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第六段的As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand. they burned s

14、lightly more calories(卡路里), on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting.可知，結(jié)果，他們空腹散步時燃燒的脂肪比他們首先吃東西時所燃燒的脂肪要多。 另一方面。平均而言，他們在早餐后鍛煉時燃燒的卡路里略多于禁食后。因此可知，鍛煉前吃早飯消耗更多一點的熱量。故選B。 4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it

15、may be wise to skip eating first.可知，這些結(jié)果的暗示，為了從運動中獲得最大的健康益處，先不吃東西可能更明智。因此推斷早飯前的體育鍛煉對健康更有益。故選D。 2.（2020年，江蘇卷） Sometimes it’s hard to let go. For many British people, that can apply to institutions and objects that represent their country’s past-age-old castles, splendid homes… and red phone boxes.

16、 Beaten first by the march of technology and lately by the terrible weather in junkyards (廢品場), the phone boxes representative of an age are now making something of a comeback. Adapted in imaginative ways, many have reappeared on city streets and village greens housing tiny cafes, cellphone repair s

17、hops or even defibrillator machines (除顫器). The original iron boxes with the round roofs first appeared in 1926. They were designed by Giles Gilbert Scott, the architect of the Battersea Power Station in London. After becoming an important part of many British streets, the phone boxes began disappea

18、ring in the 1980s, with the rise of the mobile phone sending most of them away to the junkyards. About that time, Tony Inglis’ engineering and transport company got the job to remove phone boxes from the streets and sell them out. But Inglis ended up buying hundreds of them himself, with the idea o

19、f repairing and selling them. He said that he had heard the calls to preserve the boxes and had seen how some of them were listed as historic buildings. As Inglis and, later other businessmen, got to work, repurposed phone boxes began reappearing in cities and villages as people found new uses for

20、them. Today, they are once again a familiar sight, playing roles that are often just as important for the community as their original purpose. In rural areas, where ambulances can take a relatively long time to arrive, the phone boxes have taken on a lifesaving role. Local organizations can adopt t

21、hem for l pound, and install defibrillators to help in emergencies. Others also looked at the phone boxes and saw business opportunities. LoveFone, a company that advocates repairing cellphones rather than abandoning them, opened a mini workshop in a London phone box in 2016. The tiny shops made e

22、conomic sense, according to Robert Kerr, a founder of LoveFone. He said that one of the boxes generated around $13,500 in revenue a month and cost only about $400 to rent. Inglis said phone boxes called to mind an age when things were built to last. “I like what they are to people, and I enjoy brin

23、ging things back,” he said. 5.The phone boxes are making a comeback ______. A.to form a beautiful sight of the city B.to improve telecommunications services C.to remind people of a historical period D.to meet the requirement of green economy 6.Why did the phone boxes begin to go out of service

24、 in the 1980s? A.They were not well-designed. B.They provided bad services. C.They had too short a history. D.They lost to new technologies. 7.The phone boxes are becoming popular mainly because of ______. A.their new appearance and lower prices B.the push of the local organizations C.their cha

25、nged roles and functions D.the big funding of the businessmen 【答案】5.C 6.D 7.C 【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章講述了在英國，電話亭在20世紀80年代開始停止使用。后來，一些商人使電話亭的角色和功能發(fā)生了變化，電話亭又變得流行起來。 5.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段Sometimes it’s hard to let go. For many British people, that can apply to institutions and objects that represent their country’s

26、 past-age-old castles, splendid homes.. and red phone boxes.(有時候真的很難放手。對許多英國人來說，這可以適用于代表他們國家過去歷史的機構(gòu)和物品--古老的城堡、輝煌的住宅……還有紅色的電話亭)和最后一段Inglis said phone boxes called to mind an age when things were built to last.(英格利斯說，電話亭讓人想起了一個東西經(jīng)久耐用的時代)可知，電話亭正在卷土重來，以提醒人們一個歷史時期。故選C。 6.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段After becoming an imp

27、ortant part of many British streets, the phone boxes began disappearing in the 1980s, with the rise of the mobile phone sending most of them away to the junkyards.(在成為英國許多街道的重要組成部分后，電話亭在20世紀80年代開始消失，隨著移動電話的興起，大部分電話亭被扔到了垃圾場)可知，電話亭在20世紀80年代開始停止使用是因為它們輸給了新技術(shù)。故選D。 7.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段As Inglis and, later othe

28、r businessmen, got to work, repurposed phone boxes began reappearing in cities and villages as people found new uses for them. Today, they are once again a familiar sight, playing roles that are often just as important for the community as their original purpose.(隨著英格利斯和后來的其他商人開始工作，改裝后的電話亭開始在城市和鄉(xiāng)村重新

29、出現(xiàn)，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)了它們的新用途。今天，它們再次成為人們熟悉的景象，扮演著與它們最初的目的同樣重要的角色)和第六段In rural areas, where ambulances can take a relatively long time to arrive, the phone boxes have taken on a lifesaving role.(在農(nóng)村地區(qū)，救護車要花相當長的時間才能到達，電話亭就起到了拯救生命的作用)以及第七段Others also looked at the phone boxes and saw business opportunities.(其他人也在電話亭

30、尋找商機)可推斷出，電話亭之所以變得流行，主要是因為它們的角色和功能發(fā)生了變化。故選C。 3.（2020年7月，浙江卷） Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests. Researchers from the University

31、 of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1, 000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests

32、. Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive(認知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for

33、 the participants’ overall health status. “This works just like physical exercise, ” says Francisca Then, who led the study. “After a long run, you may feel like you’re in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work-sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain

34、stay healthy. ” It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit, Then points out. A waiter’s job, for example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision-making could be just as stimulating as any high-level office work. And “running a family household requi

35、res high-level planning and coordinating(協(xié)調(diào)), ” she says. “You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries. ” Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons-including other environmental influences or genetic factors. Still, conti

36、nuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help. 8.Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests? A.To assess their health status. B.To evaluate their work habits. C.To analyze their personality. D.To measure their mental ability. 9.How does Francisca

37、Then explain her findings in paragraph 4? A.By using an expert’s words. B.By making a comparison. C.By referring to another study. D.By introducing a concept. 10.Which of the following is the best title for the text? A.Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills B.Old People Should Take Challenging

38、Jobs C.Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp D.Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age 【答案】8.D 9.B 10.C 【解析】這是一篇說明文。《神經(jīng)病學》雜志發(fā)布的一則研究顯示，需要大量的分析思考、細致規(guī)劃和其他管理技能有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作，有可能會幫助你的大腦隨著年齡的增長而保持敏銳。 8.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1,000 retir

39、ed workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests.(來自德國萊比錫大學的研究人員召集了1000多名75歲以上的退休老人，并通過一系列的測試對他們的記憶力和思維能力進行了評估。)”可知，科學家讓志愿者做測試是為了測試他們的心智能力。故選D項。 9.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中Francisca Then說的話“This works just like physical exercise,( 這就像體育鍛煉一樣有效。)”及

40、接下來進一步的解釋“長跑后人就會感到痛苦和疲憊，但它確實能強身健體。工作一天下來會感到勞累，但這也使你的大腦處于健康狀態(tài)”可知，F(xiàn)rancisca Then是通過與“身體鍛煉”作比較來解釋他的發(fā)現(xiàn)的。故選B項。 10.主旨大意題。第一段“Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age(需要大量的分析思考、細致規(guī)劃和其他管理技能有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作，有可能會幫助你的大腦

41、隨著年齡的增長而保持敏銳。)”是本文的主題句，結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知，文章主要講述了有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作可能會使大腦保持敏捷，所以C項“困難的工作可能有助于大腦保持敏捷”適合作本文標題。故選C項。 4.（2020年7月，浙江卷） The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington, generally don't flash the same length of green twice in a row, especially at rush hour. At 9:30am, the full red/yellow/

42、green signal cycle might be 140 seconds. By 9:33am, a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds. Less traffic at 9:37am could push it down to 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes. That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-growing city just east of Seattle, u

43、ses a system that is gaining popularity around the US: intersection(十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions. These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home. “Adaptive signals can make s

44、ure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed, ” says Alex Stevanovic, a researcher at Florida Atlantic University. For all of Bellevue’s success, adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways. Kevin Balke, a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Inst

45、itute, says that while smart lights can be particularly beneficial for some cities, others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference. “It’s not going to fix everything, but adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities,” he

46、 says. In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches. In the past, there was often an automatic reaction to increased traffic: just widen the roads, says Mark Poch, the Bellevue Transportation Department’s traffic engineering manager. Now he

47、hopes that other cities will consider making their streets run smarter instead of just making them bigger. 11.What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to? A.Increased length of green lights. B.Shortened traffic signal cycle. C.Flexible timing of traffic signals. D.Smooth traffic

48、flow on the road. 12.What does Kevin Balke say about adaptive signals? A.They work better on broad roads. B.They should be used in other cities. C.They have greatly reduced traffic on the road. D.They are less helpful in cities seriously jammed. 13.What can we learn from Bellevue’s success? A

49、.It is rewarding to try new things. B.The old methods still work today. C.I pays to put theory into practice. D.The simplest way is the best way. 【答案】11.C 12.D 13.A 【解析】這是一篇說明文。美國華盛頓州的Bellevue采用了能隨交通狀況而調(diào)節(jié)交通燈時間的適應性信號燈，大大緩解了交通壓力，也表明人們對于交通阻塞問題不再只是拓寬道路，而是能夠采用新方法。 11.指代猜測題。That位于第二段句首，應是指代第一段的內(nèi)容。根據(jù)

50、第一段內(nèi)容尤其是第一段最后一句“Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.(就像交通本身一樣，信號燈的時間也會變化)”可知，第一段主要講述的是信號燈的時間會靈活變化；“That is by design.”意為“那是有意為之”，由此可推知，That指代第一段中“信號燈的靈活時間”。故選C項。 12.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句中“adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways(但自適應信號并不是解決擁堵道路的萬能藥)”及第二句中“others

51、are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference(其他城市交通堵塞如此嚴重，只有減少道路上的車輛才能起有意義的作用) ”可推知，Kevin Balke認為適應性信號燈對于交通堵塞很嚴重的城市沒有太大幫助。故選D項。 13.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both the t

52、rouble and cost of travels between work and home.(這些燈，被稱為適應性信號燈，已經(jīng)大大減少了通勤的麻煩和花費)”最后一段第一句“In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches.(在Bellevue，對適應性信號燈的轉(zhuǎn)變是一個在歡迎新方法的價值方面的榜樣)”可推知，從Bellevue的成功中可以得出，嘗試新事物是值得的。故選A項。 5.（2020年7月，浙江卷） I am an acti

53、ve playgoer and play-reader, and perhaps my best reason for editing this book is a hope of sharing my enthusiasm for the theater with others. To do this I have searched through dozens of plays to find the ones that I think best show the power and purpose of the short play. Each play has a theme or

54、central idea which the playwright(劇作家) hopes to get across through dialogue and action. A few characters are used to create a single impression growing out of the theme. It is not my intention to point out the central theme of each of the plays in this collection, for that would, indeed, ruin the pl

55、easure of reading, discussing, and thinking about the plays and the effectiveness of the playwright. However, a variety of types is represented here. These include comedy, satire, poignant drama, historical and regional drama. To show the versatility(多面性) of the short play, I have included a guidanc

56、e play, a radio play and a television play. Among the writers of the plays in this collection, Paul Green, Susan Glaspell, Maxwell Anderson, Thornton Wilder, William Saroyan, and Tennessee Williams have all received Pulitzer Prizes for their contributions to the theater. More information about the

57、playwrights will be found at the end of this book. To get the most out of reading these plays, try to picture the play on stage, with you, the reader, in the audience. The houselights dim(變暗). The curtains are about to open, and in a few minutes the action and dialogue will tell you the story. 14.

58、What do we know about the author from the first paragraph? A.He has written dozens of plays. B.He has a deep love for the theater. C.He is a professional stage actor. D.He likes reading short plays to others. 15.What does the author avoid doing in his work? A.Stating the plays’ central ideas. B.

59、Selecting works by famous playwrights. C.Including various types of plays. D.Offering information on the playwrights. 16.What does the author suggest readers do while reading the plays? A.Control their feelings. B.Apply their acting skills. C.Use their imagination. D.Keep their audience in mind.

60、 17.What is this text? A.A short story. B.An introduction to a book. C.A play review. D.An advertisement for a theater. 【答案】14.B 15.A 16.C 17.B 【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了作者的書籍的序言部分，包括其編寫目的，書籍內(nèi)容主體，以及如何實現(xiàn)有樂趣的閱讀本書的建議。 14.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段內(nèi)容“…and perhaps my best reason for editing this book is a hope of

61、 sharing my enthusiasm for the theater with others”可知，作者編輯這本書的最好的原因是希望與他人分享對戲劇的熱情，因此可知作者對于戲劇飽含熱情。故選B項。 15.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段內(nèi)容“It is not my intention to point out the central theme of each of the plays in this collection, for that would, indeed, ruin the pleasure of reading, discussing, and thinking abo

62、ut the plays and the effectiveness of the playwright.”可知，作者并不想指出這本書中每一部戲劇的中心主題，因為那樣確實會破壞閱讀、討論和思考戲劇以及劇作家的有效性的樂趣。A項“Stating the plays”central ideas(陳述戲劇的中心思想)”與原文表達信息一致。故選A項。 16.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章末尾段內(nèi)容“To get the most out of the reading these plays, try to picture the play on stage, with you, the reader, in

63、the audience.”可知，作者建議讀者試著想象戲劇在舞臺上上演，不再是讀者而是成為觀眾，才能實現(xiàn)最佳的閱讀樂趣。C項“Use their imagination”與原文“try to picture the play on the stage”表達信息一致。故選C項。 17.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章首段內(nèi)容“I am an active playgoer and play-reader, and perhaps my best reason for editing this book is a hope of sharing my enthusiasm for the theater w

64、ith others”可知，該句內(nèi)容應是書籍的“自序”內(nèi)容，且結(jié)合末尾“To get the most out of the reading these plays, try to picture the play on stage, with you, the reader, in the audience.”可知，在講述如何更好地實現(xiàn)閱讀樂趣，再結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可推知，作者通過該文章介紹自己的一本書。故選B項。 6.（2020年，天津卷，第一次高考） Transport has a lot to answer for when it comes to harming the planet.

65、 While cars and trains are moving towards greener, electric power, emissions from air travel are expected to increase massively by 2050. If we want big green sky solutions, we need blue sky thinking Fortunately, there's plenty of that happening right now, particularly the short-haul flights powered

66、by batteries. Harbour Air is the largest seaplane airline in North America, flying 30, 000 commercial flights in 40 seaplanes each year. Significantly, all Harbour Air routes last less than 30 minutes, making it perfectly fit for electric engines. “As an airline, we're currently in the process of turning all our planes into electric airplanes. says CEO Greg Mc Dougall. To make this happen, the airline has partnered up with MagniX to create the worlds first commercial flight with an electric eng