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1、及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞
定義:
A 有些動(dòng)詞只是及物動(dòng)詞 ; 它們不可以單獨(dú)用,后面必須跟賓語(yǔ)。
False: They always want after lunch.
{Right: They always want a cup of tea
after lunch.
False: He is sending now.
{Right: He is sending a letter now.
B 有些動(dòng)詞只是不及物動(dòng)詞; 它們可以單獨(dú)用, 如果后面想接賓語(yǔ), 動(dòng)詞后面必 須加上介詞。
Right: He is looking around.
False: He is loo
2、king me.
Right: He is looking at
me.
Right: He is listening carefully.
False: He is listening the teacher carefully.
Right: He is listening to the teacher
carefully.
C 有些動(dòng)詞既是及物動(dòng)詞,又是不及物動(dòng)詞 ; 但是有時(shí)候詞義會(huì)改變。
The customer is asking loudly.
The customer is asking for you now.
The customer is asking
3、 a question now.
If you work hard, you will succeed.
If you work hard, you will If you work hard, you will meaning).
succeed in passing the exam ( same meaning ).
succeed John as the manager of this company ( different
動(dòng)詞使用的建議:
當(dāng)使用動(dòng)詞時(shí),一定要分清楚這個(gè)動(dòng)詞屬于哪一類 [ 動(dòng)詞分類 ] ,然后再根據(jù)不同的使用規(guī)則使
用不同動(dòng)詞。
及物不及物 詞義大不
4、同
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在美國(guó),一些廁所里經(jīng)常寫著這樣的標(biāo)示語(yǔ) :
We Aim to Please,
You Aim It Too Please.
你知道它的意思嗎?這里的關(guān)鍵詞是 aim,這兩個(gè)aim的詞義和用法不一樣,第一個(gè) aim是
不及物動(dòng)詞,意思為"旨在,目的是",第二個(gè)aim是及物動(dòng)詞,意思是"使…瞄準(zhǔn)”.另外, 這兩個(gè)please的含義
5、也不一樣,第一個(gè)是不及物動(dòng)詞,意為 "使人高興",第二個(gè)是副詞,
意思是"請(qǐng)",it在這里是"大小便".這兩句抽韻話的意思是:我們想讓你高興,也請(qǐng)你便時(shí) 瞄準(zhǔn).這種詼諧的標(biāo)語(yǔ),目的是告訴人們要自覺保持廁所干凈,不要便在池外.
英語(yǔ)里有很多動(dòng)詞,既可以是及物動(dòng)詞,也可以是不及物動(dòng)詞;但及物與不及物 ,詞義不一
樣.不及物時(shí),一般要加介詞,才能跟賓語(yǔ).所以一定要弄清楚,動(dòng)詞在什么情況下當(dāng)及物動(dòng) 詞,在什么情況下當(dāng)不及物動(dòng)詞.看下面兩個(gè)句子有什么區(qū)別.
A: He is preparing the exam. 他在準(zhǔn)備考試.(實(shí)際意思是,他在準(zhǔn)備出考題,他是個(gè)老
師.)
B: He is
6、 preparing forthe exam. 他在準(zhǔn)備考試.(實(shí)際意思是,他在復(fù)習(xí),為參加考試
做準(zhǔn)備,他是個(gè)學(xué)生.)
A句中的prepare是個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞,可跟賓語(yǔ),詞義是"籌備",如:
prepare his lessons 準(zhǔn)備功課,預(yù)習(xí)功課
prepare a bed for a guest 為客人準(zhǔn)備床
prepare a report 起草——份報(bào)告
prepare a medicine 配藥
B句中的prepare是個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞,不能跟賓語(yǔ),詞義是“做準(zhǔn)備”.要跟賓語(yǔ),必須跟介
詞for ,如:prepare for the worst 做最壞的打算.
The
7、teacher is preparing the exam while the students are preparing for the exam.
老師在準(zhǔn)備考題,學(xué)生在準(zhǔn)備考試.
請(qǐng)仔細(xì)體會(huì)下面的句子,特別要關(guān)注一下動(dòng)詞及物與不及物進(jìn)意思的區(qū)別:
1. I dont know the writer, but i know of him.
2. Please hand the paper to me, so that I could hand it in.
3. You can offend me but you cannot offend against the law.
8、4. Ifyou call on me at 6 pm, please call me at 12 am.
5. I believe what he said but I dont believe in him.
1. 我不認(rèn)識(shí)這位作家,但是我聽說過.
2. 請(qǐng)把那篇論文遞給你,我要上交.
3. 你可以冒犯我,但不能違背法律.
4. 如果你下午六點(diǎn)來(lái)找我,你上午十二點(diǎn)給我打電話.
5. 我相信他說的話,但我不相信他.
常見的及物 afford,allow,blame,bring,contain,deny,enjoy,examine,excuse,fetch,fix, get,gr
9、eet,have,hit,inform,let,like,love,make,mean,need,omit,owe,prefe r,prove,put,remind,select,wrap.
不及物的: faint,hesitate,lie,occur,pause,rain,remain,sleep,sneeze.
常見的及物,不及物的:
answer,ask,begin,borrow,choose,climb,dance,eat,enter,fail,fill,grow,h elp,hurry,jump,know,leave,marry,meet,obey,pull,read,see,
10、sell,touch,wa sh,watch,win,write
動(dòng)詞的及物不及物是在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中必須解決的首要問題。動(dòng)詞及物與不及物通常有以下幾種情況:
a.主要用作及物動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面必須跟賓語(yǔ)??梢杂糜冢?"主十謂十賓";"主十謂十雙賓";"主
+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ) " 結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
He reached Paris the day before yesterday.
Please hand me the book over there.
They asked me to go fishing with them.
類似的還有: buy, catch, invent, found,
11、 like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell
b.主要用作不及物的動(dòng)詞。不及物動(dòng)詞后面不跟賓語(yǔ)。只能用于: "主十謂"結(jié)構(gòu)。
This is the room where I once lived.
類似的還有: agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise,
12、arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed
c .既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動(dòng)詞,其意義不變。如 begin 都是作 " 開始 "講。 everybody , our gamebegins. let us begin our game. 類似的還有: start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve
d.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動(dòng)詞,其意義完全不同。
這類動(dòng)詞作不及物動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)意義; 而作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)卻是另一個(gè)意義
13、。 如 lift 作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)是指煙
霧的 "消散 " 。 we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted. 作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)是 "升高;舉起 " 。
He lifted his glass and drank.
類似的還有: beat vi. 跳動(dòng) vt. 敲、打 ; grow vi. 生長(zhǎng) vt. 種植
play vi. 玩耍 vt. 打(牌、球) , 演奏 smell vi. 發(fā)出(氣味) vt. 嗅
ring vi. (電話、鈴)響 vt. 打電話 speak vi. 講話 vt. 說(語(yǔ)言)
hang vi. 懸掛 vt. 絞死 operate vi. 動(dòng)手術(shù) vt. 操作
需要注意的一點(diǎn)是:少數(shù)不及物動(dòng)詞唯一可跟的賓語(yǔ)是同源賓語(yǔ),如: I dreamed a dream last night.
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